1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:18,311 --> 00:00:22,231 I have therefore chosen this time and place 4 00:00:22,440 --> 00:00:26,819 to discuss a topic on which ignorance too often abounds 5 00:00:26,819 --> 00:00:29,822 and the truth too rarely perceived, 6 00:00:29,989 --> 00:00:33,868 and that is the most important topic on earth, peace. 7 00:00:34,785 --> 00:00:35,995 What kind of a peace do I mean 8 00:00:36,204 --> 00:00:39,248 and what kind of a peace do we seek? 9 00:00:39,248 --> 00:00:44,003 Not a Pax Americana enforced on the world 10 00:00:44,003 --> 00:00:46,881 by American weapons of war. 11 00:00:46,881 --> 00:00:48,090 Not the peace of the grave 12 00:00:49,467 --> 00:00:51,010 or the security of the slave. 13 00:00:52,053 --> 00:00:55,598 I am talking about genuine peace, 14 00:00:55,598 --> 00:00:59,560 the kind of peace that makes life on earth worth living. 15 00:00:59,560 --> 00:01:02,647 The kind that enables men and nations to grow 16 00:01:02,647 --> 00:01:04,106 and to hope 17 00:01:04,273 --> 00:01:07,109 and build a better life for their children, 18 00:01:07,276 --> 00:01:12,949 not merely peace for Americans but peace for all men and women. 19 00:01:12,949 --> 00:01:17,286 Not merely peace in our time, but peace in all time. 20 00:01:17,453 --> 00:01:19,956 [tranquil music playing] 21 00:01:32,677 --> 00:01:35,555 [woman] That straight, sleek look that it should have, 22 00:01:35,555 --> 00:01:37,056 and very often you'll find 23 00:01:37,056 --> 00:01:41,060 a zipper hidden in the, uh, arm and-- 24 00:01:43,104 --> 00:01:44,272 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. 25 00:01:44,438 --> 00:01:46,399 You'll excuse the fact that I'm out of breath, 26 00:01:46,399 --> 00:01:48,943 but about 10 or 15 minutes ago, 27 00:01:48,943 --> 00:01:51,696 a tragic thing, from all indications at this point, 28 00:01:51,696 --> 00:01:52,947 has happened in the city of Dallas. 29 00:01:54,282 --> 00:01:56,576 This is Walter Cronkite in our newsroom. 30 00:01:56,576 --> 00:01:59,829 Here's a, uh, piece of copy that was rushed to-- to me 31 00:01:59,829 --> 00:02:01,998 and was torn off from the United Press. 32 00:02:01,998 --> 00:02:03,165 President Kennedy has been shot in Dallas. 33 00:02:03,332 --> 00:02:05,918 Along with Governor Connally of Texas. 34 00:02:05,918 --> 00:02:08,212 They've been taken to Parkland Hospital there, 35 00:02:08,212 --> 00:02:11,048 where their condition is, as yet, unknown. 36 00:02:11,048 --> 00:02:12,174 [reporter 1] And just now we've received 37 00:02:12,174 --> 00:02:13,676 reports here at Parkland 38 00:02:13,676 --> 00:02:16,429 that Governor Connally was shot in the upper left chest, 39 00:02:16,429 --> 00:02:18,848 and the first unconfirmed reports 40 00:02:18,848 --> 00:02:20,891 say the President was hit in the head. 41 00:02:20,891 --> 00:02:22,393 That's an unconfirmed report 42 00:02:22,393 --> 00:02:24,228 that the President was hit in the head. 43 00:02:24,228 --> 00:02:25,605 [reporter 2] Police began chasing 44 00:02:25,605 --> 00:02:29,025 an unknown gunman across the railroad tracks. 45 00:02:29,025 --> 00:02:31,027 Would you see if they need some coffee or something? 46 00:02:31,027 --> 00:02:32,194 These people are awfully shaken up. 47 00:02:32,194 --> 00:02:33,362 They were in the line of fire. 48 00:02:33,529 --> 00:02:35,197 [man] The President's car was some 50 feet 49 00:02:35,197 --> 00:02:37,033 when we heard the first shot. 50 00:02:37,033 --> 00:02:39,410 And then as the car got directly in front of us, 51 00:02:39,410 --> 00:02:41,454 a gunshot from the top of the hill 52 00:02:41,454 --> 00:02:43,789 hit the President's side-- side of the temple. 53 00:02:43,789 --> 00:02:45,374 [reporter over phone] Where did the shots come from? 54 00:02:45,374 --> 00:02:46,792 [woman over phone] The shots came from the hill. 55 00:02:46,792 --> 00:02:47,585 [reporter] From the hill? 56 00:02:47,585 --> 00:02:48,252 [woman] Yes. 57 00:02:48,252 --> 00:02:49,420 [reporter 3] Excuse me just a moment, John. 58 00:02:49,420 --> 00:02:51,005 Uh, there was just word from the hospital 59 00:02:51,172 --> 00:02:54,008 that they have dispatched a call for a neurosurgeon. 60 00:02:54,008 --> 00:02:56,010 All we can do now is pray for him, 61 00:02:56,010 --> 00:02:57,720 and that's about all we can do. 62 00:03:00,640 --> 00:03:02,725 [reporter 4] President's wife, Jackie Kennedy, was not hurt. 63 00:03:02,725 --> 00:03:05,895 She walked into the hospital. A priest has been ordered. 64 00:03:05,895 --> 00:03:07,063 Emergency supplies of blood 65 00:03:07,063 --> 00:03:08,648 also being rushed to the hospital. 66 00:03:08,814 --> 00:03:11,275 [reporter 5] Just a moment. We have a bulletin coming in. 67 00:03:11,275 --> 00:03:13,152 We'll now put you directly through Parkland Hospital 68 00:03:13,152 --> 00:03:15,571 and KBLX news director, Bill Hamdon. 69 00:03:15,571 --> 00:03:17,448 [reporter 6] Two priests, who were with 70 00:03:17,448 --> 00:03:19,742 President Kennedy, say he is dead. 71 00:03:19,742 --> 00:03:20,910 [woman gasps] 72 00:03:22,286 --> 00:03:24,580 -Just two priests announced it? -[man] Yes. 73 00:03:24,580 --> 00:03:25,998 But it's not the truth, is it? 74 00:03:31,212 --> 00:03:33,089 [Walter Cronkite] The flash, apparently official, 75 00:03:34,090 --> 00:03:36,509 President Kennedy died 76 00:03:36,509 --> 00:03:39,053 at 1:00 p.m. Central Standard Time, 77 00:03:40,680 --> 00:03:42,848 some 38 minutes ago. 78 00:03:45,726 --> 00:03:47,770 [boy] I just can't see why anybody would want 79 00:03:47,770 --> 00:03:51,232 to shoot Mr. Kennedy for all the things he's done for us. 80 00:03:51,399 --> 00:03:54,318 He tried to keep us from getting into war and everything. 81 00:03:54,318 --> 00:04:01,534 It's a simple matter of a bullet right through the head. 82 00:04:01,534 --> 00:04:03,744 [officer] All the information that we have received 83 00:04:03,911 --> 00:04:05,788 now indicates that it did come 84 00:04:05,788 --> 00:04:08,833 from about the fifth or fourth floor of that building. 85 00:04:09,834 --> 00:04:11,711 We're checking it out now. 86 00:04:11,877 --> 00:04:13,087 10-4 now, and 112. 87 00:04:14,922 --> 00:04:17,258 We found empty rifle shells, 88 00:04:17,466 --> 00:04:20,261 and it looked like the man had been there for some time. 89 00:04:20,261 --> 00:04:21,887 [reporter 7] Police made a systematic search 90 00:04:21,887 --> 00:04:23,013 of the building. 91 00:04:23,389 --> 00:04:24,932 They found no weapon. 92 00:04:25,141 --> 00:04:26,392 [reporter 8] We just got the word. 93 00:04:26,392 --> 00:04:28,352 Lyndon B. Johnson has been sworn in 94 00:04:28,352 --> 00:04:31,147 as the President of the United States 95 00:04:31,355 --> 00:04:34,567 just prior to a takeoff to return to Washington. 96 00:04:35,151 --> 00:04:40,072 [reporter 9] Behind the casket is Mrs. Jacqueline Kennedy. 97 00:04:40,281 --> 00:04:41,866 They are helping her down. 98 00:04:43,159 --> 00:04:46,996 Now, new President, Lyndon Baines Johnson. 99 00:04:46,996 --> 00:04:51,000 We have suffered a loss that cannot be weighed. 100 00:04:51,000 --> 00:04:52,543 [reporter 10] At Bethesda Naval Hospital, 101 00:04:52,543 --> 00:04:54,587 the autopsy team has completed work. 102 00:04:54,587 --> 00:04:57,339 Now the body of the slain President and his widow 103 00:04:57,506 --> 00:05:00,843 are at last brought home to the White House. 104 00:05:00,843 --> 00:05:02,595 [reporter 11] Who do you think would do something like this? 105 00:05:04,513 --> 00:05:07,224 Probably some segregationist crackpot or something. 106 00:05:07,224 --> 00:05:09,560 Just... They had it all planned out. 107 00:05:09,560 --> 00:05:12,354 I really believe that his blood will be on their hands. 108 00:05:14,815 --> 00:05:15,816 [reporter 12] Here is the suspect. 109 00:05:16,025 --> 00:05:16,734 Can we roll it please? 110 00:05:16,734 --> 00:05:18,110 [Lee Harvey Oswald] People have given me a hearing 111 00:05:18,110 --> 00:05:20,404 without legal representation or anything. 112 00:05:20,404 --> 00:05:22,406 -Did you shoot the President? -I didn't shoot anybody. 113 00:05:22,573 --> 00:05:24,825 I emphatically deny these charges. 114 00:05:24,825 --> 00:05:27,661 [reporter 13] This is 24-year-old Lee H. Oswald. 115 00:05:27,661 --> 00:05:29,455 He answers the description of a young man 116 00:05:29,455 --> 00:05:31,832 sighted at the Book Depository Building. 117 00:05:31,832 --> 00:05:34,084 [reporter 14] Police chased Oswald into a movie theater. 118 00:05:34,084 --> 00:05:37,630 Police said he fired at them, killing Patrolman J.D. Tippit. 119 00:05:37,630 --> 00:05:40,466 A rifle was found in a building where he worked. 120 00:05:40,466 --> 00:05:42,468 [reporter 15] Police refused to say whether they have 121 00:05:42,468 --> 00:05:44,762 any fingerprints from that weapon as yet. 122 00:05:44,762 --> 00:05:48,265 The man obviously was an excellent shot or very lucky, 123 00:05:48,432 --> 00:05:51,060 in that witnesses said three shots were fired, 124 00:05:51,227 --> 00:05:53,270 at least two of them found their marks. 125 00:05:53,270 --> 00:05:54,522 [reporter 16] At the Capitol Rotunda, 126 00:05:54,522 --> 00:05:56,941 there will be three short speeches 127 00:05:56,941 --> 00:05:59,819 before the public is allowed to start viewing the body. 128 00:05:59,819 --> 00:06:03,155 Chief, do you have any concern for the safety of your prisoner? 129 00:06:03,155 --> 00:06:04,824 [officer] No, but because necessary 130 00:06:04,824 --> 00:06:06,492 precautions will be taken, of course. 131 00:06:06,492 --> 00:06:07,952 [reporter 17] Is there any doubt in your mind, Chief, 132 00:06:07,952 --> 00:06:09,745 that Oswald is the man who killed the President? 133 00:06:09,745 --> 00:06:11,705 [officer] I think this is the man who killed the President. 134 00:06:11,705 --> 00:06:13,541 I'm just a patsy. 135 00:06:13,541 --> 00:06:16,335 [reporter 18] So great is the crush outside the Capitol, 136 00:06:16,502 --> 00:06:19,672 that people who have not been in line can't possibly. 137 00:06:19,839 --> 00:06:21,549 We are now switching to Dallas 138 00:06:21,549 --> 00:06:23,884 where they are about to move Lee Oswald and whether-- 139 00:06:24,051 --> 00:06:25,010 [gunshot] 140 00:06:25,010 --> 00:06:26,720 [reporter 19] He's been shot. 141 00:06:26,720 --> 00:06:29,181 [indistinct] 142 00:06:29,181 --> 00:06:30,641 [reporter 20] There's a man with a gun. 143 00:06:30,641 --> 00:06:32,685 [Cronkite] Lee Harvey Oswald, 144 00:06:32,685 --> 00:06:35,855 the man who Dallas police say killed President Kennedy, 145 00:06:36,021 --> 00:06:37,481 himself is dead. 146 00:06:37,648 --> 00:06:40,693 The man Dallas police seized at the scene, 147 00:06:40,693 --> 00:06:43,946 and are holding, has been identified as Jack Ruby. 148 00:06:43,946 --> 00:06:48,033 He is being held by the Dallas police. Now, back to Washington. 149 00:06:49,660 --> 00:06:51,078 [reporter 21] Fifty-three countries 150 00:06:51,245 --> 00:06:53,706 are represented in all today. 151 00:06:53,706 --> 00:06:57,293 There are a dozen members of ruling royal families, 152 00:06:57,293 --> 00:06:59,920 30 foreign ministers. 153 00:07:00,129 --> 00:07:01,213 [reporter 22] Things should be all right 154 00:07:01,422 --> 00:07:02,756 in the few months ahead. 155 00:07:02,965 --> 00:07:05,301 [Dwight D. Eisenhower] I'm sure the, uh, 156 00:07:05,301 --> 00:07:07,636 entire citizenry of the nation 157 00:07:07,636 --> 00:07:12,266 will stand faithfully behind the government. 158 00:07:12,266 --> 00:07:16,562 This bizarre sequence of double killings raise great questions. 159 00:07:16,562 --> 00:07:19,273 Who actually fired the shots that killed Kennedy? 160 00:07:19,273 --> 00:07:21,191 Was there a conspiracy? 161 00:07:21,191 --> 00:07:25,446 The first wound described is a wound in the back of the head 162 00:07:25,446 --> 00:07:27,615 and would seem to indicate a shot from behind. 163 00:07:27,615 --> 00:07:29,283 But the doctors also said there was 164 00:07:29,283 --> 00:07:31,035 a wound in the throat at the front, 165 00:07:31,035 --> 00:07:33,621 which seemed to indicate a shot from the other direction. 166 00:07:33,621 --> 00:07:35,581 [Cronkite] The new President, Lyndon Johnson, 167 00:07:35,581 --> 00:07:37,791 appointed a commission of seven prominent Americans 168 00:07:37,791 --> 00:07:40,127 to investigate the whole affair. 169 00:07:40,127 --> 00:07:42,796 Earl Warren, Chief Justice of the United States. 170 00:07:42,963 --> 00:07:45,633 Richard B. Russell, senator from Georgia. 171 00:07:45,633 --> 00:07:48,385 John Sherman Cooper, senator from Kentucky. 172 00:07:48,552 --> 00:07:51,388 Hale Boggs, representative from Louisiana 173 00:07:51,555 --> 00:07:54,725 Gerald R. Ford, representative from Michigan. 174 00:07:54,725 --> 00:07:57,436 John J. McCloy, presidential adviser. 175 00:07:57,436 --> 00:08:01,106 Allen W. Dulles, ex-head of the CIA. 176 00:08:01,106 --> 00:08:02,691 - Are you convinced that he was shot from 177 00:08:02,900 --> 00:08:04,109 the School Book Depository? 178 00:08:04,109 --> 00:08:06,654 Well, I think we better leave all that, you know. 179 00:08:06,862 --> 00:08:09,448 The evidence report will cover all-- all of that. 180 00:08:27,216 --> 00:08:28,592 [reporter 23] The Warren Commission 181 00:08:28,801 --> 00:08:30,010 makes these major findings. 182 00:08:30,010 --> 00:08:32,638 Lee Harvey Oswald assassinated President Kennedy. 183 00:08:32,638 --> 00:08:34,264 He did it alone. 184 00:08:34,431 --> 00:08:36,100 He was not a part of any conspiracy, 185 00:08:36,100 --> 00:08:37,685 either domestic or foreign. 186 00:08:37,685 --> 00:08:38,894 [reporter 24] Some other details 187 00:08:39,061 --> 00:08:41,021 will be of interest mainly to historians 188 00:08:41,188 --> 00:08:42,982 and others having some special interest. 189 00:08:42,982 --> 00:08:45,234 [reporter 25] But there was one further piece of evidence 190 00:08:45,401 --> 00:08:47,444 that the public cannot see. 191 00:08:47,444 --> 00:08:50,698 Abraham Zapruder's film of the actual assassination. 192 00:08:50,698 --> 00:08:53,283 This murder now is the most thoroughly 193 00:08:53,283 --> 00:08:55,577 documented crime in American history. 194 00:08:55,577 --> 00:08:57,579 And for those who care to pursue it 195 00:08:57,579 --> 00:09:00,082 down to the last detail, it's all there. 196 00:09:12,344 --> 00:09:15,264 [Oliver Stone] This is Dealey Plaza. 197 00:09:15,264 --> 00:09:18,976 To this day, it remains a crime scene. 198 00:09:18,976 --> 00:09:21,395 In the years since the Warren Report, 199 00:09:21,395 --> 00:09:23,731 many significant re-investigations were made 200 00:09:23,897 --> 00:09:26,025 into the murder of President Kennedy. 201 00:09:27,568 --> 00:09:30,154 Each one revealed new facts and evidence 202 00:09:30,320 --> 00:09:33,490 that shed more light on what really happened here that day. 203 00:09:35,576 --> 00:09:39,163 Starting in 1975, after the Watergate scandal, 204 00:09:39,329 --> 00:09:41,999 Senator Frank Church conducted an investigation 205 00:09:41,999 --> 00:09:46,211 into the abuses and crimes of the FBI and CIA. 206 00:09:46,211 --> 00:09:49,131 During that time, the public learned of the CIA plots 207 00:09:49,298 --> 00:09:51,175 to assassinate foreign leaders 208 00:09:51,175 --> 00:09:53,927 like Patrice Lumumba of the Republic of Congo 209 00:09:53,927 --> 00:09:56,555 and Fidel Castro of Cuba. 210 00:09:56,722 --> 00:10:00,768 Plots orchestrated under Director Allen Dulles. 211 00:10:00,768 --> 00:10:03,020 But the Church committee didn't stop there. 212 00:10:03,020 --> 00:10:05,647 Senators Richard Schweiker and Gary Hart 213 00:10:05,647 --> 00:10:09,359 were tasked to reexamine the roles of the CIA and FBI 214 00:10:09,359 --> 00:10:13,197 as the chief investigators for the Warren Commission, 215 00:10:13,197 --> 00:10:15,991 and look for signs of conflicts or cover-ups. 216 00:10:17,076 --> 00:10:18,535 J. Edgar Hoover writes, 217 00:10:18,535 --> 00:10:20,954 "Yes, we did have a relationship with Mr. Ruby 218 00:10:21,121 --> 00:10:23,540 and he acted as our informant." 219 00:10:23,540 --> 00:10:26,460 Now, who said that at the time of the Warren Commission report? 220 00:10:26,460 --> 00:10:30,339 Did anybody ever imply that-- that Jack Ruby 221 00:10:30,339 --> 00:10:33,092 was a confidential informant for the FBI? 222 00:10:33,092 --> 00:10:36,637 Nobody breathed that. That was classified. 223 00:10:36,637 --> 00:10:38,680 [Stone] Faith in what the American public was told 224 00:10:38,680 --> 00:10:41,767 by the Warren Commission was starting to unravel. 225 00:10:41,934 --> 00:10:45,020 The intelligence agencies did all the wrong things 226 00:10:45,020 --> 00:10:47,564 if they really were looking for conspiracy 227 00:10:47,564 --> 00:10:49,942 or to find out who killed John Kennedy. 228 00:10:49,942 --> 00:10:53,570 [Stone] The search for real answers gained momentum. 229 00:10:53,570 --> 00:10:55,948 Then, 12 years after the assassination, 230 00:10:55,948 --> 00:10:58,742 the most iconic piece of evidence was leaked 231 00:10:58,909 --> 00:11:00,994 and finally shown to the public. 232 00:11:01,161 --> 00:11:03,247 It's the film shot by the Dallas 233 00:11:03,247 --> 00:11:06,625 dress manufacturer, Abraham Zapruder. 234 00:11:06,792 --> 00:11:10,003 And it's the execution of President Kennedy, 235 00:11:10,170 --> 00:11:11,839 and, uh, Bob and Dick, 236 00:11:11,839 --> 00:11:13,215 would you please narrate 237 00:11:13,382 --> 00:11:15,467 what we're seeing as we show this film? 238 00:11:15,467 --> 00:11:17,219 [Robert Groden] Now, before he goes behind the sign, 239 00:11:17,219 --> 00:11:19,096 the President is waving to the crowd. 240 00:11:19,096 --> 00:11:20,889 When he comes out from behind the sign, he is shot. 241 00:11:20,889 --> 00:11:22,432 Then Governor Connally is shot. 242 00:11:22,432 --> 00:11:23,684 [Geraldo Rivera] He's already been hit. 243 00:11:23,684 --> 00:11:25,060 [Groden] He's already been hit. 244 00:11:25,060 --> 00:11:26,854 [Rivera] And now? 245 00:11:26,854 --> 00:11:29,439 [Groden] At the bottom of the screen, the head shot. 246 00:11:29,439 --> 00:11:32,067 [Rivera] That's the shot that blew off his head. 247 00:11:32,067 --> 00:11:34,236 That's the most upsetting thing I've ever seen. 248 00:11:34,236 --> 00:11:35,529 We'll talk about it in a minute. 249 00:11:35,529 --> 00:11:37,406 [Stone] Seeing the shock and brutality 250 00:11:37,573 --> 00:11:39,783 of the actual assassination 251 00:11:39,783 --> 00:11:41,410 caused a public outcry. 252 00:11:41,410 --> 00:11:43,036 The government formed 253 00:11:43,036 --> 00:11:48,208 the House Select Committee on Assassinations, the HSCA. 254 00:11:48,208 --> 00:11:50,544 The committee will come to order. 255 00:11:50,544 --> 00:11:53,046 [Stone] The HSCA re-interviewed witnesses 256 00:11:53,046 --> 00:11:54,673 and took new testimonies 257 00:11:54,673 --> 00:11:56,466 that exposed massive inconsistencies 258 00:11:56,466 --> 00:11:58,844 with the original Warren Report. 259 00:11:58,844 --> 00:12:01,180 Has any other scientist to date 260 00:12:01,180 --> 00:12:06,310 linked the so-called pristine bullet to the injuries? 261 00:12:06,310 --> 00:12:08,187 Not that I'm aware of. No. 262 00:12:08,187 --> 00:12:14,276 The Pentagon has destroyed its Kennedy assassination file, 263 00:12:14,276 --> 00:12:17,529 and we don't know why that was done. 264 00:12:17,529 --> 00:12:19,615 [Stone] But at the end of that investigation, 265 00:12:19,615 --> 00:12:22,326 what the HSCA learned was considered 266 00:12:22,326 --> 00:12:24,745 too damaging to be made public. 267 00:12:24,745 --> 00:12:27,164 And close to a half-million records 268 00:12:27,164 --> 00:12:30,709 were to remain sealed until 2029, 269 00:12:30,709 --> 00:12:33,128 a fact that we made clear 270 00:12:33,128 --> 00:12:35,881 at the conclusion to our 1991 film, JFK. 271 00:12:37,299 --> 00:12:39,051 The media controversy that accompanied 272 00:12:39,051 --> 00:12:41,845 the film forced Congress to do something about 273 00:12:41,845 --> 00:12:46,141 the secrecy that still surrounded these classified files. 274 00:12:46,141 --> 00:12:48,352 Hearings were held on Capitol Hill. 275 00:12:48,352 --> 00:12:49,937 Most Americans did not 276 00:12:49,937 --> 00:12:51,813 believe or support the verdict 277 00:12:51,813 --> 00:12:54,066 of the Warren Commission initially. 278 00:12:54,066 --> 00:12:56,944 And now more than three in four, 279 00:12:56,944 --> 00:12:59,905 according to all recent samplings of public opinion, 280 00:13:00,072 --> 00:13:03,617 think some conspiracy was involved. 281 00:13:03,617 --> 00:13:05,827 And in 1992, the John F. Kennedy 282 00:13:05,827 --> 00:13:08,580 Records Collection Act was passed. 283 00:13:08,580 --> 00:13:10,040 Clerk will report the title. 284 00:13:10,040 --> 00:13:11,583 Senate 3006, an act to provide 285 00:13:11,750 --> 00:13:13,835 for the expeditious disclosure of records 286 00:13:13,835 --> 00:13:17,047 relevant to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. 287 00:13:17,047 --> 00:13:18,715 [Stone] This act provided funding 288 00:13:18,715 --> 00:13:21,760 and formed the Assassination Records Review Board, 289 00:13:24,012 --> 00:13:27,307 The public wasn't going to have to wait until 2029. 290 00:13:27,307 --> 00:13:30,519 Declassification was to begin now. 291 00:13:30,519 --> 00:13:32,229 The board was given a budget 292 00:13:32,229 --> 00:13:34,398 and timeline of four years to declassify 293 00:13:34,398 --> 00:13:36,608 and make public as many documents 294 00:13:36,608 --> 00:13:39,194 and records as possible. 295 00:13:39,361 --> 00:13:41,613 They managed to collect over two million pages 296 00:13:41,613 --> 00:13:45,117 of declassified records and artifacts. 297 00:13:45,117 --> 00:13:48,620 They are all housed at the National Archives in Maryland, 298 00:13:48,620 --> 00:13:50,789 and since then, the public has been free 299 00:13:50,956 --> 00:13:54,835 to view, study, and investigate. 300 00:13:54,835 --> 00:13:57,379 There is now so much more that we know, 301 00:13:57,546 --> 00:13:59,631 and with those facts in hand, 302 00:13:59,631 --> 00:14:01,883 we will go back and piece together 303 00:14:02,050 --> 00:14:03,927 what really happened that day, 304 00:14:03,927 --> 00:14:06,847 and discover the reasons why. 305 00:14:08,557 --> 00:14:09,641 Let's begin. 306 00:14:11,101 --> 00:14:12,185 [reporter] Something has happened 307 00:14:12,185 --> 00:14:12,978 in the motorcade. 308 00:14:12,978 --> 00:14:13,979 Standby, please. 309 00:14:13,979 --> 00:14:15,647 [Whoopi Goldberg] The JFK case 310 00:14:15,647 --> 00:14:18,108 was such a mass of confusion. 311 00:14:18,108 --> 00:14:20,235 For example, the Warren Commission 312 00:14:20,402 --> 00:14:23,488 was limited to only three shots, 313 00:14:23,488 --> 00:14:26,700 because three shells were found on the sixth floor 314 00:14:26,700 --> 00:14:28,660 of the School Book Depository. 315 00:14:28,869 --> 00:14:29,870 [J. Edgar Hoover] On that floor, 316 00:14:30,078 --> 00:14:32,789 we found the three empty shells that had been fired, 317 00:14:32,998 --> 00:14:35,292 but they had characteristics on them 318 00:14:35,500 --> 00:14:37,544 so that our ballistics expert 319 00:14:37,544 --> 00:14:40,630 was able to prove that they were fired by this gun. 320 00:14:40,630 --> 00:14:42,299 [Lyndon Johnson] Any of them fired at me? 321 00:14:42,299 --> 00:14:43,258 [Hoover] No, there was never any... 322 00:14:43,258 --> 00:14:44,468 [Johnson] All three at the President? 323 00:14:44,468 --> 00:14:45,469 [Hoover] All three at the President, 324 00:14:45,469 --> 00:14:46,678 and we have them. 325 00:14:46,678 --> 00:14:48,096 [Goldberg] The FBI concluded that 326 00:14:48,096 --> 00:14:51,016 all three bullets struck inside the car. 327 00:14:51,016 --> 00:14:52,893 [Hoover] He was hit by the first and the third. 328 00:14:53,060 --> 00:14:54,686 The second shot hit the governor. 329 00:14:54,853 --> 00:14:56,480 The third shot tore a large part 330 00:14:56,480 --> 00:14:59,316 of the President's head off. 331 00:14:59,316 --> 00:15:02,486 The Warren Commission put itself in a straitjacket. 332 00:15:02,486 --> 00:15:05,781 They could not possibly allow more than three shots, 333 00:15:05,781 --> 00:15:07,657 because four shots or more 334 00:15:07,657 --> 00:15:09,785 would have clearly indicated conspiracy. 335 00:15:09,785 --> 00:15:11,578 And they were not going there. 336 00:15:11,578 --> 00:15:13,497 [James Tague speaking] 337 00:15:21,588 --> 00:15:23,590 [Goldberg] Records show the first shot 338 00:15:23,590 --> 00:15:25,759 had missed its target completely, 339 00:15:25,926 --> 00:15:28,970 and the final shot hit Kennedy in the head. 340 00:15:29,137 --> 00:15:32,724 So, how does one account for one bullet hitting two victims, 341 00:15:32,933 --> 00:15:34,142 and doing all this damage? 342 00:15:35,519 --> 00:15:38,188 Arten Specter was a Yale Law School graduate 343 00:15:38,188 --> 00:15:41,400 working in the Philadelphia district attorney's office, 344 00:15:41,400 --> 00:15:44,569 when he was asked to serve on the Warren Commission. 345 00:15:44,569 --> 00:15:48,865 Aha! What if one bullet made all seven wounds? 346 00:15:48,865 --> 00:15:50,325 Arten Specter, he is the one 347 00:15:50,325 --> 00:15:52,869 that gave birth to the single-bullet theory. 348 00:15:52,869 --> 00:15:55,330 What if one bullet went into Kennedy's back 349 00:15:55,330 --> 00:15:57,999 and came out his neck, 350 00:15:57,999 --> 00:16:01,211 and then went into Connally's back, piercing the lung, 351 00:16:01,211 --> 00:16:03,880 destroying four inches of the right fifth rib, 352 00:16:03,880 --> 00:16:05,966 exiting from the front of his chest, 353 00:16:05,966 --> 00:16:07,426 going into the back of the wrist, 354 00:16:07,426 --> 00:16:09,553 shattering the distal end of the radius. 355 00:16:09,553 --> 00:16:11,179 In a 6-foot-4 guy like Connally, 356 00:16:11,179 --> 00:16:13,682 that's a big heavy bone comminuted fracture. 357 00:16:13,682 --> 00:16:15,434 Exits from the front of the wrist, 358 00:16:15,434 --> 00:16:17,436 goes into his left thigh. 359 00:16:17,602 --> 00:16:19,813 Whatever you want, whatever you need, 360 00:16:19,980 --> 00:16:22,816 this bullet happily and readily obliges you. 361 00:16:22,816 --> 00:16:25,068 It is indeed a magic bullet. 362 00:16:26,319 --> 00:16:28,989 CE-399 was the magic bullet, 363 00:16:29,156 --> 00:16:32,200 and all government investigations so far 364 00:16:32,367 --> 00:16:34,953 have treated that bullet 365 00:16:34,953 --> 00:16:37,831 as absolutely foundational to this case. 366 00:16:37,998 --> 00:16:39,749 How important is chain of custody 367 00:16:39,749 --> 00:16:41,751 in a legal proceeding? 368 00:16:41,751 --> 00:16:43,670 Chain of custody basically refers to 369 00:16:43,670 --> 00:16:45,255 the integrity of evidence. 370 00:16:45,255 --> 00:16:47,048 If I, uh, pick up a piece of evidence 371 00:16:47,048 --> 00:16:49,426 and I transfer it to somebody else 372 00:16:49,593 --> 00:16:51,219 for holding or processing, 373 00:16:51,219 --> 00:16:53,847 my name is the first name on this list. 374 00:16:53,847 --> 00:16:55,265 The second person who touches this 375 00:16:55,265 --> 00:16:57,392 and takes possession of it is next. 376 00:16:57,392 --> 00:17:00,103 And if you don't do that, there's no way to prove 377 00:17:00,103 --> 00:17:02,022 that the evidence you collected on day one 378 00:17:02,022 --> 00:17:04,900 is the same one you get on day 25 when you go to court. 379 00:17:04,900 --> 00:17:06,735 Can you walk us through 380 00:17:06,735 --> 00:17:09,112 the magic bullet's chain of custody 381 00:17:09,279 --> 00:17:14,576 from the Parkland employees to the Secret Service to the FBI? 382 00:17:14,576 --> 00:17:17,746 Well, the magic bullet was supposedly found on a stretcher 383 00:17:17,746 --> 00:17:18,872 at Parkland Hospital, 384 00:17:19,039 --> 00:17:20,874 and went through several hands 385 00:17:21,041 --> 00:17:24,544 before it got to the Secret Service. 386 00:17:24,544 --> 00:17:27,339 Richard Johnsen was the first Secret Service agent 387 00:17:27,339 --> 00:17:31,176 to handle it, and he carried it back to Washington, D.C. 388 00:17:31,176 --> 00:17:33,303 When he got back to Washington, D. C., 389 00:17:33,470 --> 00:17:35,722 he gave it to the chief of the Secret Service, 390 00:17:35,722 --> 00:17:37,807 who was James Rowley. 391 00:17:39,309 --> 00:17:41,686 And at the White House, James Rowley 392 00:17:41,853 --> 00:17:45,148 gave it to Elmer Lee Todd, 393 00:17:45,148 --> 00:17:46,900 and Todd then took it to the FBI lab 394 00:17:46,900 --> 00:17:50,153 and gave it to Robert Frazier. 395 00:17:50,153 --> 00:17:54,157 We have interesting information produced by John Hunt, 396 00:17:54,157 --> 00:17:56,535 a private citizen who went to the archives 397 00:17:56,535 --> 00:17:58,286 on four or five occasions 398 00:17:58,286 --> 00:18:02,332 to track down the story about the magic bullet, 399 00:18:02,332 --> 00:18:04,793 and what he found was truly astounding. 400 00:18:04,793 --> 00:18:07,128 He practically moved into 401 00:18:07,128 --> 00:18:09,631 the National Archives in Washington, D.C. 402 00:18:09,631 --> 00:18:11,800 They allowed him to set up a desk 403 00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:15,053 with a computer and his own scanner-. 404 00:18:15,053 --> 00:18:18,473 And he also, uh, did something different. 405 00:18:18,473 --> 00:18:21,851 He didn't interview policemen and FBI people, 406 00:18:21,851 --> 00:18:24,646 and he wasn't swayed by their excuses. 407 00:18:24,646 --> 00:18:26,398 He went straight to, 408 00:18:26,398 --> 00:18:30,193 "This is what you told and you sighed your name." 409 00:18:30,193 --> 00:18:32,237 [Goldberg] Working with the FBI 410 00:18:32,237 --> 00:18:33,989 and Warren Commission documents, 411 00:18:33,989 --> 00:18:36,992 John Hunt asked the most basic question. 412 00:18:36,992 --> 00:18:40,370 "Was CE-399 in evidence 413 00:18:40,370 --> 00:18:43,665 the same bullet that was found on the stretcher?"” 414 00:18:44,583 --> 00:18:46,918 At 7:30 at night, 415 00:18:46,918 --> 00:18:48,795 this is the day of the assassination, 416 00:18:48,795 --> 00:18:51,089 November 22nd, 1963, 417 00:18:51,089 --> 00:18:54,217 a bullet appears in the record, 418 00:18:54,217 --> 00:18:58,221 and it's signed for by Robert Frazier, 419 00:18:58,221 --> 00:19:01,182 who is the main investigator at the FBI lab. 420 00:19:02,267 --> 00:19:04,060 And it's not just one document. 421 00:19:04,227 --> 00:19:06,646 There are multiple documents that indicate 422 00:19:06,646 --> 00:19:12,277 that Frazier signed for a bullet at 7:30 that night. 423 00:19:12,277 --> 00:19:14,696 Now, here's where things get interesting. 424 00:19:14,696 --> 00:19:18,658 Elmer Lee Todd received the bullet at the White House 425 00:19:18,658 --> 00:19:23,496 from chief of the Secret Service, James Rowley. 426 00:19:23,496 --> 00:19:27,876 And Todd documents, very clearly in writing, 427 00:19:27,876 --> 00:19:32,505 that he got this bullet at 8:50 p.m. 428 00:19:32,505 --> 00:19:33,590 How is that possible? 429 00:19:33,590 --> 00:19:36,217 How can Robert Frazier receive the bullet 430 00:19:36,217 --> 00:19:40,221 in the lab at 7:30 from Elmer Lee Todd, 431 00:19:40,221 --> 00:19:43,308 when Todd didn't get the bullet until 8:50? 432 00:19:43,475 --> 00:19:47,354 You would think that they would have handled it, uh, you know, 433 00:19:47,354 --> 00:19:49,648 like it would have been gold going to the bank. 434 00:19:49,648 --> 00:19:51,316 There it is in the record, 435 00:19:51,316 --> 00:19:54,653 someone is lying about when they got the bullet. 436 00:19:54,819 --> 00:19:55,904 [David Mantik] It gets worse, though. 437 00:19:55,904 --> 00:19:57,656 Todd initialed that bullet, 438 00:19:57,656 --> 00:20:01,910 the one that he got at 8:50, 439 00:20:01,910 --> 00:20:04,079 and everyone else who touched the bullet 440 00:20:04,079 --> 00:20:06,081 after that initialed it too, 441 00:20:06,081 --> 00:20:07,457 including Robert Frazier. 442 00:20:07,457 --> 00:20:10,293 I went to the archives to look at this bullet. 443 00:20:10,293 --> 00:20:12,462 And specifically, what we want to know is, 444 00:20:12,462 --> 00:20:15,715 do we see Todd's initials on this bullet? 445 00:20:15,715 --> 00:20:17,967 He said he initialed the bullet. 446 00:20:17,967 --> 00:20:20,345 It is not there. 447 00:20:20,345 --> 00:20:23,181 Todd's initials are not on the magic bullet. 448 00:20:25,225 --> 00:20:27,852 I was very interested in finding out what the Review Board 449 00:20:27,852 --> 00:20:29,270 would show us about this. 450 00:20:29,437 --> 00:20:32,482 So, we began scouring their evidence, 451 00:20:32,482 --> 00:20:34,693 and we found out something very interesting. 452 00:20:34,693 --> 00:20:36,695 We found out that the Warren Report 453 00:20:36,695 --> 00:20:38,279 had from an FBI report 454 00:20:38,279 --> 00:20:40,323 saying that the guys that found the bullet 455 00:20:40,323 --> 00:20:42,492 later identified that as the bullet they'd seen. 456 00:20:42,492 --> 00:20:44,035 The internal record didn't show that at all. 457 00:20:44,202 --> 00:20:46,329 The internal records said this bullet 458 00:20:46,329 --> 00:20:47,872 didn't look like that bullet at all. 459 00:20:48,039 --> 00:20:50,500 But the FBI had reported to the Warren Commission that it did. 460 00:20:50,500 --> 00:20:51,292 They'd lied. 461 00:20:51,292 --> 00:20:53,294 We then talk to the FBI agent 462 00:20:53,294 --> 00:20:55,255 that was supposed to have carried that bullet around. 463 00:20:55,255 --> 00:20:57,132 His name was Bar dwell Odum. 464 00:20:57,132 --> 00:20:58,925 I got Bar dwell Odum on the phone. 465 00:20:58,925 --> 00:21:02,303 I sent him the documents that said that he had done this. 466 00:21:02,303 --> 00:21:04,013 He said, "I never had that bullet. 467 00:21:04,013 --> 00:21:05,682 I never showed any bullet to anyone. 468 00:21:05,682 --> 00:21:07,350 "If I'd had the bullet, there'd be a 302. 469 00:21:07,517 --> 00:21:09,644 "I would have filed a report, particularly in that area. 470 00:21:09,644 --> 00:21:12,021 Everybody was very uptight about getting everything right." 471 00:21:12,021 --> 00:21:13,898 So, we scoured for 302 reports. 472 00:21:14,065 --> 00:21:16,192 His name appears nowhere in the record. 473 00:21:16,192 --> 00:21:18,153 This is just something that the FBI invented. 474 00:21:18,153 --> 00:21:20,822 It's conceivable that some mysterious bullet 475 00:21:20,822 --> 00:21:22,365 showed up from who knows where. 476 00:21:23,658 --> 00:21:25,160 Todd did not initial it, 477 00:21:25,326 --> 00:21:29,497 and it ended up in the FBI lab as the magic bullet. 478 00:21:29,497 --> 00:21:32,625 One can only surmise that, somewhere in the FBI, 479 00:21:32,625 --> 00:21:35,128 they realized they had to close the loop on Oswald's guilt. 480 00:21:35,295 --> 00:21:37,172 And so they just switched it out. 481 00:21:37,172 --> 00:21:40,049 Because none of the four people, 482 00:21:40,049 --> 00:21:42,093 either the guys at Parkland, 483 00:21:42,093 --> 00:21:43,136 or the two Secret Service agents, 484 00:21:43,136 --> 00:21:44,679 could identify the bullet. 485 00:21:44,679 --> 00:21:46,556 The guy who is supposed to have gotten confirmation that 486 00:21:46,556 --> 00:21:49,976 they did identify the bullet said he never did it. 487 00:21:49,976 --> 00:21:51,144 And the record supports that. 488 00:21:51,311 --> 00:21:53,521 So, there's-- there's good reason to be 489 00:21:53,521 --> 00:21:56,399 very suspicious about the magic bullet. 490 00:21:56,399 --> 00:22:01,821 The chain of custody doesn't start from the laboratory. 491 00:22:01,821 --> 00:22:04,449 It starts from the crime scene. 492 00:22:04,449 --> 00:22:07,035 Each piece of evidence should be photographed, 493 00:22:07,035 --> 00:22:11,164 documented, and preserved properly. 494 00:22:12,415 --> 00:22:14,209 From the scene, 495 00:22:14,209 --> 00:22:18,087 evidence is collected, sent to the laboratory. 496 00:22:18,087 --> 00:22:20,882 We have to keep the chain of custody 497 00:22:20,882 --> 00:22:22,133 when they enter the lab. 498 00:22:22,133 --> 00:22:23,468 Who examined? 499 00:22:24,803 --> 00:22:27,263 Who did the further analysis? 500 00:22:27,263 --> 00:22:31,017 And each step have to maintain 501 00:22:31,017 --> 00:22:33,770 until you submit to the court. 502 00:22:33,770 --> 00:22:35,063 If this chain broke, 503 00:22:36,439 --> 00:22:39,442 then my evidence becomes inadmissible. 504 00:22:41,236 --> 00:22:43,029 [Goldberg] The other problem 505 00:22:43,029 --> 00:22:44,864 is the lack of damage to the bullet 506 00:22:44,864 --> 00:22:48,743 after going through two men, smashing two bones, 507 00:22:48,743 --> 00:22:50,620 and making seven wounds. 508 00:22:50,787 --> 00:22:52,664 Dr. Joseph Dolce 509 00:22:52,664 --> 00:22:56,668 was a much-honored battlefield surgeon during World War II. 510 00:22:56,668 --> 00:22:58,837 He worked for the Warren Commission. 511 00:22:59,003 --> 00:23:03,341 And so they gave us the original rifle, the Mannlicher-Carcano, 512 00:23:03,341 --> 00:23:07,387 plus 100 bullets, 6.5 millimeters. 513 00:23:07,387 --> 00:23:10,765 And we went and we shot the cadaver wrists, 514 00:23:10,765 --> 00:23:13,351 and in every instance, 515 00:23:13,351 --> 00:23:17,313 the front or the tip of the bullet was smashed. 516 00:23:17,313 --> 00:23:19,065 Under no circumstances, 517 00:23:19,232 --> 00:23:21,776 do I feel that this bullet could hit the wrist, 518 00:23:21,776 --> 00:23:23,403 and still not be deformed. 519 00:23:23,403 --> 00:23:25,113 [Goldberg] Dolce came to believe 520 00:23:25,113 --> 00:23:28,032 that two bullets had struck Connally. 521 00:23:28,032 --> 00:23:30,326 Since Arten Specter pre-screened 522 00:23:30,326 --> 00:23:32,078 the medical witnesses for the commission, 523 00:23:32,245 --> 00:23:35,123 Dolce"s name is not in the Warren Report, 524 00:23:35,290 --> 00:23:38,418 and his testimony is not in the volumes. 525 00:23:38,418 --> 00:23:40,670 And even Connally refused to accept 526 00:23:40,837 --> 00:23:42,463 the single-bullet theory. 527 00:23:45,550 --> 00:23:47,719 [reporter] Former Senator John Sherman Cooper 528 00:23:47,886 --> 00:23:49,929 is the first member of the Warren Commission 529 00:23:49,929 --> 00:23:51,973 to agree to talk on television 530 00:23:51,973 --> 00:23:55,351 about what went on inside the deliberations. 531 00:23:55,351 --> 00:23:57,312 Yes, there were disagreements. 532 00:23:57,312 --> 00:24:00,023 I think the most serious one 533 00:24:00,023 --> 00:24:03,651 that comes to me the most vividly, 534 00:24:03,651 --> 00:24:07,155 of course, is the question of whether or not the first shot 535 00:24:07,322 --> 00:24:09,157 went through President Kennedy 536 00:24:09,157 --> 00:24:11,701 and then through Governor Connally. 537 00:24:11,701 --> 00:24:13,369 [Goldberg] Although it never specified 538 00:24:13,369 --> 00:24:15,496 the order of the shots, 539 00:24:15,496 --> 00:24:18,458 the Warren Report had one bullet 540 00:24:18,458 --> 00:24:21,002 going through Kennedy and Governor Connally, 541 00:24:21,002 --> 00:24:22,587 another missing the car, 542 00:24:22,754 --> 00:24:26,382 hitting a bystander on Commerce Street, James Tague, 543 00:24:26,382 --> 00:24:29,093 and the final shot hitting Kennedy in the head. 544 00:24:30,178 --> 00:24:32,430 I could not convince myself 545 00:24:32,430 --> 00:24:35,850 that the same bullet struck both of them, although... 546 00:24:35,850 --> 00:24:39,020 [reporter] You mean that you yourself didn't-- 547 00:24:39,020 --> 00:24:40,813 Weren't convinced about the single-bullet theory, which... 548 00:24:40,813 --> 00:24:43,483 No, I wasn't convinced by it. Neither was Senator Russell. 549 00:24:43,483 --> 00:24:45,610 [Goldberg] Senator Richard Russell of Georgia 550 00:24:45,610 --> 00:24:48,404 did not want to serve on the commission. 551 00:24:48,404 --> 00:24:50,490 After he attended the first meeting, 552 00:24:50,490 --> 00:24:53,785 he quickly became disenchanted with the proceedings. 553 00:24:53,785 --> 00:24:56,788 Particularly the roles of J. Edgar Hoover 554 00:24:56,788 --> 00:25:00,625 and acting attorney general Nicholas Katzenbach. 555 00:25:00,625 --> 00:25:03,836 His personal papers at the University of Georgia Library 556 00:25:04,003 --> 00:25:05,588 contain a memo 557 00:25:05,588 --> 00:25:09,467 written after the initial December 5th, 1963, 558 00:25:09,467 --> 00:25:11,469 executive session. 559 00:25:11,469 --> 00:25:13,930 "Something strange is happening. 560 00:25:13,930 --> 00:25:17,141 "Warren and Katzenbach know all about the FBI 561 00:25:17,141 --> 00:25:19,894 "and are apparently planning to show Oswald 562 00:25:19,894 --> 00:25:22,271 "as the only one considered. 563 00:25:22,271 --> 00:25:26,109 This to me is an untenable position.” 564 00:25:26,109 --> 00:25:29,153 His papers revealed that he wrote a dissenting opinion 565 00:25:29,153 --> 00:25:31,447 for the presentation at the final 566 00:25:31,447 --> 00:25:34,242 commission meeting of September 18th. 567 00:25:34,242 --> 00:25:36,953 On that day, he shared his concerns 568 00:25:36,953 --> 00:25:38,413 with President Johnson. 569 00:26:17,368 --> 00:26:21,164 [Goldberg] He also thought that Oswald did not act alone. 570 00:26:21,164 --> 00:26:23,958 Russell was strongly influenced by the Zapruder film 571 00:26:24,125 --> 00:26:26,961 and by the testimony of Governor Connally. 572 00:26:26,961 --> 00:26:28,755 I understand there's some, uh, 573 00:26:28,921 --> 00:26:31,132 some question in the minds of the experts 574 00:26:31,299 --> 00:26:33,342 about, uh, whether or not 575 00:26:33,342 --> 00:26:35,845 we could both have been hit by the same bullet, 576 00:26:35,845 --> 00:26:37,472 and that was the first bullet. 577 00:26:37,472 --> 00:26:39,932 Uh, I just don't happen to believe that. 578 00:26:40,099 --> 00:26:42,226 I don't believe that I will believe it. 579 00:26:42,226 --> 00:26:44,103 [Goldberg] This forced the other commissioners 580 00:26:44,103 --> 00:26:46,773 to include Connally's dissent in the report. 581 00:26:46,773 --> 00:26:50,109 And as a result, they could not absolutely deny 582 00:26:50,109 --> 00:26:53,738 the possibility of a conspiracy. 583 00:26:53,738 --> 00:26:55,531 Russell became the first commissioner 584 00:26:55,698 --> 00:26:58,743 to criticize the Warren Report in public. 585 00:26:58,743 --> 00:27:00,578 He was followed by commission members 586 00:27:00,578 --> 00:27:04,957 John Sherman Cooper and Hale Boggs. 587 00:27:04,957 --> 00:27:08,461 But then Walter Cronkite interviewed John McCloy 588 00:27:08,461 --> 00:27:12,215 during a four-night special, co-hosted by Dan Rather. 589 00:27:12,381 --> 00:27:15,259 Are you satisfied that as much effort 590 00:27:15,259 --> 00:27:19,639 was put into challenging that case as into establishing it? 591 00:27:19,806 --> 00:27:21,057 I'll answer that in just a moment. 592 00:27:21,057 --> 00:27:22,850 If I may just say one thing, I would-- 593 00:27:23,017 --> 00:27:24,143 I'd like to say in the first place, 594 00:27:24,143 --> 00:27:25,770 I had some questions 595 00:27:25,770 --> 00:27:27,814 as to the propriety of my appearing here 596 00:27:27,980 --> 00:27:30,149 as a former member of the commission 597 00:27:30,149 --> 00:27:32,443 to comment on the evidence of the commission. 598 00:27:32,443 --> 00:27:35,738 [Goldberg] McCloy never answered Cronkite's question. 599 00:27:35,947 --> 00:27:39,033 But even worse, CBS employee Roger Feinman 600 00:27:39,242 --> 00:27:41,661 later discovered internal documents 601 00:27:41,661 --> 00:27:43,830 showing McCoy consulted extensively 602 00:27:43,830 --> 00:27:46,249 on the series through his daughter, Ellen, 603 00:27:46,415 --> 00:27:51,003 an administrative assistant to CBS President Richard Salant. 604 00:27:51,170 --> 00:27:54,757 In 1992, reporter Jerry Policoff 605 00:27:54,757 --> 00:27:57,677 confronted Salant and Ellen McCoy 606 00:27:57,677 --> 00:28:01,139 with the documents revealing John McCloy's instructions 607 00:28:01,139 --> 00:28:03,349 for the content of the show. 608 00:28:03,516 --> 00:28:07,353 Only then did Salant admit to their concealment. 609 00:28:07,353 --> 00:28:10,231 CBS, NBC, and The New York Times 610 00:28:10,231 --> 00:28:12,984 continued to support the commission's finding 611 00:28:12,984 --> 00:28:14,694 and never publicly reviewed 612 00:28:14,861 --> 00:28:19,365 the 26 volumes of supplemental evidence. 613 00:28:19,365 --> 00:28:22,118 Mr. Dulles, let me put some of the criticisms to you. 614 00:28:22,118 --> 00:28:23,411 Surely. 615 00:28:23,411 --> 00:28:25,329 Some of the papers and some of the documents 616 00:28:25,329 --> 00:28:27,832 that are in the archives are-- are there 617 00:28:27,832 --> 00:28:31,460 but are withheld from public view by the FBI, the CIA, 618 00:28:31,460 --> 00:28:34,172 an organization with which you have some experience. 619 00:28:34,172 --> 00:28:36,924 Is there anything in those which years from now 620 00:28:36,924 --> 00:28:39,135 when they may be released will upset applecarts? 621 00:28:39,135 --> 00:28:40,636 Oh, no, I don't think so. 622 00:28:40,636 --> 00:28:43,723 No, I think everything that really is-- is vital 623 00:28:43,723 --> 00:28:45,766 insofar as forming a judgment as to what 624 00:28:45,766 --> 00:28:48,477 really happened has been made available. 625 00:28:51,355 --> 00:28:53,191 [Goldberg] The Warren Commission was aware 626 00:28:53,191 --> 00:28:55,943 of something else that was wrong with their evidence. 627 00:28:55,943 --> 00:28:59,155 All kinds of ballistic tests show that the bullets, in fact, 628 00:28:59,155 --> 00:29:01,574 came from that rifle. That was his rifle. 629 00:29:01,741 --> 00:29:03,576 You took a picture of him with it. 630 00:29:03,743 --> 00:29:05,494 -No, no. -His home prints and fingerprints 631 00:29:05,494 --> 00:29:07,580 are all over the School Book Depository. 632 00:29:07,747 --> 00:29:09,373 [Marina Porter] You have been misinformed. 633 00:29:09,373 --> 00:29:14,003 The ballistics tests did not prove anything at all. 634 00:29:14,003 --> 00:29:16,214 [reporter] This is the weapon that was used. 635 00:29:16,214 --> 00:29:19,842 A rather well-worn military rifle. 636 00:29:19,842 --> 00:29:24,430 We know that Oswald had possession of that rifle 637 00:29:24,430 --> 00:29:26,265 because we have him photographed with it. 638 00:29:26,265 --> 00:29:30,102 And we have his wife saying that it was, quote, 639 00:29:30,102 --> 00:29:32,396 "Faithful rifle of Lee Oswald.” 640 00:29:33,898 --> 00:29:35,983 [Stone] Is the rifle in evidence today 641 00:29:36,150 --> 00:29:37,777 the same rifle the commission said 642 00:29:37,777 --> 00:29:39,779 Oswald ordered through the mail? 643 00:29:39,779 --> 00:29:41,822 The rifle that Lee Oswald 644 00:29:41,822 --> 00:29:45,618 allegedly ordered under an alias of Alex Hidell, 645 00:29:45,618 --> 00:29:48,037 was obtained through Klein's Sporting Goods store in Chicago. 646 00:29:48,037 --> 00:29:51,916 It was a mail-order, got it out of American Rifleman magazine. 647 00:29:51,916 --> 00:29:54,252 He wrote on the coupon he wanted 648 00:29:54,252 --> 00:29:56,379 a 36-inch model, Mannlicher-Carcano, 649 00:29:56,545 --> 00:30:00,841 6.5 millimeter, for $19.95. 650 00:30:00,841 --> 00:30:03,135 Robert Frazier was one of the examiners 651 00:30:03,135 --> 00:30:05,346 and he was a firearms expert for the FBI. 652 00:30:05,346 --> 00:30:07,640 And he testified that he did measure it, 653 00:30:07,640 --> 00:30:08,641 and the measurement 654 00:30:08,641 --> 00:30:10,810 was 40.2 inches in length, 655 00:30:10,810 --> 00:30:12,478 from barrel to stock. 656 00:30:12,478 --> 00:30:14,814 There's a 4.2-inch difference in the one he ordered, 657 00:30:14,814 --> 00:30:17,984 versus what they found in the Book Depository. 658 00:30:17,984 --> 00:30:20,611 [Goldberg] Klein's may have indeed delivered 659 00:30:20,611 --> 00:30:24,031 a different Mannlicher-Carcano model to Oswald, 660 00:30:24,031 --> 00:30:27,159 but there are other anomalies to the story. 661 00:30:27,159 --> 00:30:29,370 The model that Oswald ordered 662 00:30:29,370 --> 00:30:31,831 showed these strap attachment points 663 00:30:31,831 --> 00:30:34,208 on the bottom of the barrel and stock. 664 00:30:34,375 --> 00:30:36,627 [Brian Edwards] In the photograph is Lieutenant Carl Day, 665 00:30:36,627 --> 00:30:38,045 with the Dallas Police Department 666 00:30:38,045 --> 00:30:40,423 bringing a rifle out of the Book Depository. 667 00:30:40,589 --> 00:30:43,801 One of the straps at the back of the gun is on the left side 668 00:30:43,968 --> 00:30:47,013 of the stock embedded in the stock. 669 00:30:47,013 --> 00:30:49,015 That's clearly not the rifle that was ordered, 670 00:30:49,015 --> 00:30:52,018 or at least appears in the Klein' Sporting Goods store. 671 00:30:52,184 --> 00:30:55,229 [Goldberg] The straps shown in the so-called backyard photos 672 00:30:55,229 --> 00:30:59,400 are on the bottom and not on the side of the stock. 673 00:30:59,400 --> 00:31:03,696 Marina Oswald took backyard photographs of Lee Oswald 674 00:31:03,696 --> 00:31:06,907 holding a rifle and a pistol on his hip. 675 00:31:06,907 --> 00:31:10,494 And in that first photograph, that she took three of, 676 00:31:10,494 --> 00:31:16,125 Commission Exhibit 133A and 133B 677 00:31:16,125 --> 00:31:21,172 show a ring on the ring finger of the right hand. 678 00:31:21,172 --> 00:31:25,718 133C, the ring appears on the left hand. 679 00:31:25,718 --> 00:31:28,304 In fact, the Dallas Police showed Lee Oswald 680 00:31:28,304 --> 00:31:30,723 one of the pictures while he was still in custody. 681 00:31:30,723 --> 00:31:32,516 He said, "That's my face, but I don't remember 682 00:31:32,516 --> 00:31:35,561 ever having that picture taken of me." 683 00:31:35,561 --> 00:31:37,855 [Goldberg] But after all these questions are asked, 684 00:31:37,855 --> 00:31:40,232 the underlying mystery remains. 685 00:31:40,399 --> 00:31:44,570 Why would anyone use a rifle in an assassination, 686 00:31:44,570 --> 00:31:46,655 knowing there was a paper trail 687 00:31:46,655 --> 00:31:50,076 that would lead right back to them? 688 00:31:50,076 --> 00:31:53,079 Was there a palm print found on the rifle? 689 00:31:53,079 --> 00:31:57,583 The foremost fingerprint expert the FBI had, Sebastian La ton a, 690 00:31:57,583 --> 00:32:01,253 took that rifle and attempted to lift prints off of the rifle, 691 00:32:01,253 --> 00:32:03,172 the stock and/or the barrel. 692 00:32:03,172 --> 00:32:04,924 Uh, he testified to the Warren Commission 693 00:32:04,924 --> 00:32:07,760 that he found no usable prints 694 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:11,555 anywhere on that rifle, on the metal or the stock. 695 00:32:11,722 --> 00:32:14,642 But yet, Lieutenant Day in Dallas 696 00:32:14,642 --> 00:32:17,603 before the rifle went to Washington, said he found 697 00:32:17,603 --> 00:32:20,356 a partial palm print on the trigger guard on the left side 698 00:32:20,356 --> 00:32:24,110 and a partial print underneath the stock on the barrel. 699 00:32:24,276 --> 00:32:26,570 But Sebastian La ton a said there was no evidence 700 00:32:26,570 --> 00:32:27,947 that a lift had even been attempted. 701 00:32:27,947 --> 00:32:29,782 [Stone] No partials at all? 702 00:32:29,782 --> 00:32:31,242 Nothing that he could use in court. 703 00:32:31,242 --> 00:32:33,744 There has to be eight points of identification. 704 00:32:33,911 --> 00:32:36,747 He found nothing that would match that. 705 00:32:36,956 --> 00:32:39,208 [woman on recorder] J. Edgar Hoover, on 2192. 706 00:32:40,376 --> 00:32:43,212 [Hoover] Yes, I've seen the reports 707 00:32:43,421 --> 00:32:45,214 on this investigation. 708 00:32:45,214 --> 00:32:48,551 This man, Oswald, he had fired three shots. 709 00:32:48,551 --> 00:32:50,719 He then threw the gun aside, 710 00:32:50,719 --> 00:32:56,976 and, uh, he apparently had come down the five flights of steps. 711 00:32:57,143 --> 00:32:59,770 A stairway from the fifth floor. 712 00:32:59,770 --> 00:33:01,480 [Johnson] You can prove that? 713 00:33:01,480 --> 00:33:03,816 [Hoover] OA, yes. Oh, yes, we can prove that. 714 00:33:03,816 --> 00:33:06,610 [Johnson] Did anybody hear, anybody see him? 715 00:33:06,777 --> 00:33:09,613 [Hoover] Most of the employees were down on a lower floor, but 716 00:33:09,613 --> 00:33:13,409 he was stopped at the second floor by a police officer. 717 00:33:13,409 --> 00:33:16,454 And some workers, some manager in the building 718 00:33:16,454 --> 00:33:18,414 told the police officer, ""Well, he's all right, he works here. 719 00:33:18,581 --> 00:33:20,082 You needn't hold him."” 720 00:33:20,082 --> 00:33:22,585 So they let him go. That's how he got out. 721 00:33:22,585 --> 00:33:24,670 [Marrion Baker] At the time that I heard those shots, 722 00:33:24,670 --> 00:33:28,549 I ran into that building and made it up to the second floor. 723 00:33:28,549 --> 00:33:32,052 It was approximately a minute and a half to two minutes. 724 00:33:32,052 --> 00:33:34,472 [Cronkite] In possibly less than two minutes, 725 00:33:34,472 --> 00:33:37,057 investigators came to the School Book Building 726 00:33:37,224 --> 00:33:39,602 with stopwatches and critical eyes. 727 00:33:39,602 --> 00:33:42,480 Not only police and government agents traced that route, 728 00:33:42,480 --> 00:33:44,815 Chief Justice Warren and some other commission members 729 00:33:44,815 --> 00:33:46,150 did it for themselves. 730 00:33:47,776 --> 00:33:50,070 I was interested in finding 731 00:33:50,070 --> 00:33:52,573 a specific witness to the assassination, 732 00:33:52,740 --> 00:33:54,783 which was Victoria Adams. 733 00:33:56,410 --> 00:33:58,120 She worked on the fourth floor 734 00:33:58,120 --> 00:34:00,414 of the Texas School Book Depository, 735 00:34:00,581 --> 00:34:02,917 and she knew Oswald. 736 00:34:03,083 --> 00:34:05,127 I went to the National Archives 737 00:34:05,127 --> 00:34:09,548 searching for her original testimony. 738 00:34:09,548 --> 00:34:11,133 I was told that the tape 739 00:34:11,133 --> 00:34:14,261 containing her testimony was missing. 740 00:34:14,261 --> 00:34:16,555 And later I learned that that tape 741 00:34:16,555 --> 00:34:19,975 had been destroyed by the Warren Commission. 742 00:34:19,975 --> 00:34:21,894 And so I finally ended up finding her 743 00:34:22,061 --> 00:34:25,314 and getting her side of the story. 744 00:34:25,314 --> 00:34:28,943 Vicki Adams was 22 at the time of the assassination, 745 00:34:28,943 --> 00:34:30,694 and she testified that immediately 746 00:34:30,694 --> 00:34:33,739 after the assassination, 747 00:34:33,739 --> 00:34:35,699 she ran down the back stairs 748 00:34:35,866 --> 00:34:37,868 to get outside to see what was going on. 749 00:34:38,744 --> 00:34:40,371 If that were true, 750 00:34:40,371 --> 00:34:44,416 she would have seen Oswald on the back stairs. 751 00:34:44,416 --> 00:34:47,044 But she testified that she saw and heard no one. 752 00:34:48,504 --> 00:34:50,923 She had realized that something was wrong, 753 00:34:51,090 --> 00:34:52,967 because no one was believing her. 754 00:34:52,967 --> 00:34:56,554 So she asked David Belin, who was questioning her, 755 00:34:56,554 --> 00:34:58,556 "Interview Sandra Styles, 756 00:34:58,556 --> 00:35:02,059 a coworker who went down the stairs with me."” 757 00:35:02,059 --> 00:35:04,520 This became a rather serious problem 758 00:35:04,520 --> 00:35:06,188 for the Warren Commission, 759 00:35:06,355 --> 00:35:11,819 because discrediting one woman was easy to do. 760 00:35:11,819 --> 00:35:14,989 But discrediting a corroborating witness, 761 00:35:14,989 --> 00:35:17,199 that may have been a little bit tougher. 762 00:35:17,199 --> 00:35:21,161 So Belin said, "We don't need Sandra Styles, 763 00:35:21,161 --> 00:35:22,079 we have you." 764 00:35:23,122 --> 00:35:24,415 [man] We've had Mr. Belin here 765 00:35:24,415 --> 00:35:26,041 with us too, one of our counselors 766 00:35:26,041 --> 00:35:28,002 who's been here several times, and... 767 00:35:28,002 --> 00:35:31,589 He knows this city now as very few people do. 768 00:35:31,797 --> 00:35:33,799 [Barry Ernest] According to Vicki's original 769 00:35:34,008 --> 00:35:38,053 FBI testimony she left the window on the fourth floor 770 00:35:38,262 --> 00:35:41,599 within 15 to 30 seconds of the assassination. 771 00:35:41,599 --> 00:35:45,144 The Warren Commission elevated that time to one minute. 772 00:35:45,144 --> 00:35:47,813 She said she arrived on the first floor 773 00:35:47,813 --> 00:35:50,357 within 60 seconds of the assassination. 774 00:35:50,524 --> 00:35:54,820 The Warren Commission elevated that time to several minutes. 775 00:35:54,820 --> 00:35:56,947 So what the Warren Commission did 776 00:35:57,114 --> 00:35:59,658 was successfully deceive the public 777 00:35:59,658 --> 00:36:03,454 into thinking that Vicki was just another confused witness. 778 00:36:03,454 --> 00:36:04,788 Case closed. 779 00:36:04,788 --> 00:36:06,081 Reenactments prove, 780 00:36:06,248 --> 00:36:08,709 the report says, that Oswald did have time, 781 00:36:08,709 --> 00:36:11,879 just enough time to fire the shots, secret the rifle, 782 00:36:12,046 --> 00:36:14,214 and get down to the second floor cafeteria. 783 00:36:16,258 --> 00:36:22,097 But in 1999, I found a document in the National Archives 784 00:36:22,097 --> 00:36:25,851 that had been suppressed for 35 years. 785 00:36:25,851 --> 00:36:28,437 It was a letter written 786 00:36:28,437 --> 00:36:32,274 by Assistant US Attorney Martha Jo Stroud. 787 00:36:32,274 --> 00:36:35,277 It was a transmittal letter forwarding 788 00:36:35,444 --> 00:36:38,572 Vicki's signed testimony to J. Lee Rankin, 789 00:36:38,572 --> 00:36:40,949 the head honcho of the Warren Commission's 790 00:36:40,949 --> 00:36:43,494 investigation at that point. 791 00:36:43,494 --> 00:36:45,913 In the last paragraph of that letter, 792 00:36:45,913 --> 00:36:47,790 almost as an afterthought, 793 00:36:47,790 --> 00:36:52,044 we're introduced to a woman by the name of Dorothy Garner. 794 00:36:52,211 --> 00:36:56,048 Garner was Vicki's immediate supervisor 795 00:36:56,215 --> 00:36:59,301 who had stood at the window with Vicki. 796 00:36:59,301 --> 00:37:02,888 The letter quotes Garner as saying that she saw 797 00:37:02,888 --> 00:37:04,556 Vicki go down the stairs 798 00:37:04,723 --> 00:37:10,646 before she saw Officer Baker and Roy Truly come up. 799 00:37:10,646 --> 00:37:13,941 When I found and interviewed Dorothy Garner, 800 00:37:13,941 --> 00:37:15,734 she confirmed everything. 801 00:37:15,901 --> 00:37:18,529 She said that she had been at the window with Vicki, 802 00:37:18,696 --> 00:37:22,366 that Vicki had left the window immediately, 803 00:37:22,533 --> 00:37:26,620 that she actually followed Vicki outside the office 804 00:37:26,620 --> 00:37:30,457 and to a point where she could see her going down the stairs. 805 00:37:30,457 --> 00:37:33,877 And during that whole time, she never saw Oswald. 806 00:37:33,877 --> 00:37:37,548 So the Stroud letter became a very dangerous document 807 00:37:37,756 --> 00:37:38,882 for the Warren Commission. 808 00:37:40,259 --> 00:37:42,386 [Goldberg] Without the Review Board's 809 00:37:42,594 --> 00:37:43,887 declassification process, 810 00:37:43,887 --> 00:37:47,599 we would never have learned of the corroborating testimony 811 00:37:47,599 --> 00:37:51,478 of three witnesses that provide powerful evidence 812 00:37:51,478 --> 00:37:53,939 that Oswald was not on the sixth floor 813 00:37:53,939 --> 00:37:56,275 at the time of the shooting. 814 00:38:07,870 --> 00:38:12,249 Legally speaking, the autopsy should have been done in Dallas, 815 00:38:12,249 --> 00:38:15,210 and there was a forensic pathologist, Earl Rose. 816 00:38:15,377 --> 00:38:17,713 He was there to assume jurisdiction 817 00:38:17,713 --> 00:38:20,090 and to do the autopsy. 818 00:38:20,090 --> 00:38:22,050 He was pushed up against the wall 819 00:38:22,050 --> 00:38:24,219 and threatened, hands on guns, 820 00:38:24,386 --> 00:38:26,263 a lot of expletives and so on. 821 00:38:26,263 --> 00:38:28,056 He followed them out of the driveway, 822 00:38:28,223 --> 00:38:31,518 and they took the body illegally out of Dallas 823 00:38:31,518 --> 00:38:34,021 in violation of the laws in the state of Texas. 824 00:38:35,439 --> 00:38:37,024 [Goldberg] After Air Force One 825 00:38:37,024 --> 00:38:38,734 left Dallas for Washington, 826 00:38:38,734 --> 00:38:42,029 two of the key doctors who had tried to save Kennedy's life 827 00:38:42,196 --> 00:38:45,365 at Parkland Hospital, held a press conference. 828 00:38:45,365 --> 00:38:49,286 They were Dr. Malcolm Perry and Dr. Kemp Clark. 829 00:38:49,286 --> 00:38:51,663 When were the two major points of evidence 830 00:38:51,663 --> 00:38:53,123 revealed by Kemp Clark and Malcolm Perry 831 00:38:53,123 --> 00:38:55,083 at the press conference? 832 00:38:55,083 --> 00:38:57,002 Dr. Perry performed the tracheotomy 833 00:38:57,002 --> 00:38:59,421 to help Kennedy breathe, 834 00:38:59,421 --> 00:39:01,507 and at a press conference right after 835 00:39:01,673 --> 00:39:04,510 the failed resuscitation efforts in Dallas, 836 00:39:04,676 --> 00:39:06,386 he was asked, "Well, where was the bullet?” 837 00:39:06,386 --> 00:39:08,263 He said, "The bullet looked like it was coming at him. 838 00:39:08,263 --> 00:39:09,973 He had an entrance wound in the throat."” 839 00:39:10,933 --> 00:39:12,351 [Douglas Horne] Kemp Clarke 840 00:39:12,351 --> 00:39:13,769 was the head of neurosurgery at Parkland. 841 00:39:13,769 --> 00:39:16,897 He said that the President had a gaping wound 842 00:39:16,897 --> 00:39:18,524 in the occipital-parietal area. 843 00:39:18,524 --> 00:39:21,151 That's, you know, the right rear of the head. 844 00:39:21,151 --> 00:39:23,153 And so the description he gave of that 845 00:39:23,153 --> 00:39:26,114 was entirely consistent with an exit wound. 846 00:39:26,114 --> 00:39:27,282 We have a transcript today 847 00:39:27,449 --> 00:39:29,243 of what they said at the press conference. 848 00:39:29,243 --> 00:39:32,079 So it's White House transcript 1327C. 849 00:39:32,246 --> 00:39:33,914 That's a very important historical document, 850 00:39:33,914 --> 00:39:37,000 because the Secret Service confiscated the videotapes 851 00:39:37,000 --> 00:39:38,836 from the local TV stations. 852 00:39:38,836 --> 00:39:42,756 [Goldberg] There is, however, a surviving clip of Dr. Perry 853 00:39:42,756 --> 00:39:45,634 recorded not long after the press conference. 854 00:39:59,064 --> 00:40:01,692 [Goldberg] What Clark and Perry both revealed that day 855 00:40:01,859 --> 00:40:05,487 would indicate an assassin from the front. 856 00:40:05,654 --> 00:40:07,656 And Assistant White House Press Secretary 857 00:40:07,823 --> 00:40:10,200 Malcolm Kilduff's statement 858 00:40:10,200 --> 00:40:13,704 seems to support this conclusion. 859 00:40:13,704 --> 00:40:19,960 It's a simple matter of a bullet right through the head. 860 00:40:22,129 --> 00:40:23,630 [Goldberg] The day after the shooting, 861 00:40:23,630 --> 00:40:26,550 Dr. Perry was seen by Nurse Audrey Bell, 862 00:40:26,550 --> 00:40:28,927 who had been with him in the operating room. 863 00:40:28,927 --> 00:40:31,513 [Audrey Bell] Saturday morning, when I got over there, 864 00:40:31,680 --> 00:40:33,891 Dr. Perry came up to the office. 865 00:40:33,891 --> 00:40:35,350 I said, "You look awful. 866 00:40:35,350 --> 00:40:37,728 Did you get any sleep last night?" 867 00:40:37,895 --> 00:40:39,938 He said, "Well, not too much, 868 00:40:39,938 --> 00:40:43,692 between the calls from Bethesda that came in during the night.” 869 00:40:43,692 --> 00:40:45,527 I said, "What about?" 870 00:40:45,527 --> 00:40:48,280 He said, "Oh, whether that was an entrance wound 871 00:40:48,447 --> 00:40:50,532 or an exit wound in the throat." 872 00:40:50,532 --> 00:40:52,117 He said, "They were wanting me to change my mind." 873 00:40:53,327 --> 00:40:55,329 In his Warren Commission testimony, 874 00:40:55,329 --> 00:40:58,123 he basically retracted what he had said 875 00:40:58,123 --> 00:41:00,459 and they forced him to back down 876 00:41:00,459 --> 00:41:02,586 and intimidated him on the witness stand. 877 00:41:02,753 --> 00:41:05,589 It was really quite embarrassing for me as a physician 878 00:41:05,589 --> 00:41:08,216 to see how someone else who was telling the truth 879 00:41:08,383 --> 00:41:10,844 was basically forced to recant his own opinion. 880 00:41:10,844 --> 00:41:13,513 Did it occur to you at the time or did you think, 881 00:41:13,513 --> 00:41:17,601 "Was this an entry wound or was this an exit wound?" 882 00:41:17,768 --> 00:41:20,187 Actually, I didn't really give it much thought 883 00:41:20,354 --> 00:41:22,189 and I realized that perhaps 884 00:41:22,189 --> 00:41:23,982 it would have been better had I done so. 885 00:41:23,982 --> 00:41:26,985 But I actually applied my energies, 886 00:41:26,985 --> 00:41:29,071 and those of us there all did, 887 00:41:29,071 --> 00:41:30,781 to the problem at hand. 888 00:41:30,948 --> 00:41:32,783 And I didn't really concern myself too much 889 00:41:32,783 --> 00:41:35,202 with how it happened or why. 890 00:41:35,202 --> 00:41:39,831 In 1975, Dr. Shires hired me 891 00:41:39,831 --> 00:41:43,001 on the faculty at the University of Washington 892 00:41:43,168 --> 00:41:45,045 in the cardiac surgery division. 893 00:41:45,045 --> 00:41:49,216 So I got to know Malcolm when I joined the faculty. 894 00:41:49,216 --> 00:41:51,301 We developed a professional relationship, 895 00:41:51,301 --> 00:41:55,055 and we would operate together on complex cases. 896 00:41:55,055 --> 00:42:01,103 I was particularly interested in, uh, Dr. Perry's position 897 00:42:01,103 --> 00:42:02,854 with the JFK assassination 898 00:42:02,854 --> 00:42:07,067 because he did the tracheotomy on him after he was shot. 899 00:42:07,067 --> 00:42:11,029 The problem is that Malcolm categorically refused 900 00:42:11,029 --> 00:42:14,658 to ever discuss the assassination, 901 00:42:14,658 --> 00:42:16,410 uh, and he wouldn't answer my questions 902 00:42:16,618 --> 00:42:17,703 about that neck wound. 903 00:42:17,703 --> 00:42:20,497 And then one night after we had operated together 904 00:42:20,497 --> 00:42:23,583 for many hours on a complex case, 905 00:42:23,583 --> 00:42:25,627 we were sitting in the surgeons' lounge alone, 906 00:42:25,627 --> 00:42:27,713 drinking coffee, 907 00:42:27,713 --> 00:42:31,383 and I once again asked him about that neck wound. 908 00:42:31,383 --> 00:42:37,305 And this time, he said it was an entrance wound, 909 00:42:37,305 --> 00:42:41,351 unquestionably an entrance wound. 910 00:42:41,351 --> 00:42:45,439 One of the-- the main reasons Dr. Perry changed his testimony 911 00:42:45,605 --> 00:42:48,442 and publicly agreed it was an exit wound 912 00:42:48,442 --> 00:42:52,446 is a Secret Service agent, uh, put the pressure on him, 913 00:42:52,612 --> 00:42:55,198 and that person was Elmer Moore. 914 00:42:56,450 --> 00:42:58,869 In 1970, Elmer Moore was the head 915 00:42:59,036 --> 00:43:01,997 of the Secret Service office in Seattle 916 00:43:01,997 --> 00:43:05,375 and a graduate student named Jim Gochenaur 917 00:43:05,375 --> 00:43:07,419 became friends with him, 918 00:43:07,419 --> 00:43:09,963 and he admitted to Gochenaur that he regretted 919 00:43:09,963 --> 00:43:13,341 putting pressure on Dr. Perry. 920 00:43:13,508 --> 00:43:15,343 So I asked him directly. 921 00:43:15,510 --> 00:43:21,183 I said, "Mr. Moore, did you pressure Dr. Perry?" 922 00:43:21,183 --> 00:43:22,559 He stopped for a minute. 923 00:43:22,559 --> 00:43:24,936 He says, "Well, I was ordered to do that." 924 00:43:24,936 --> 00:43:26,354 He expanded on it. 925 00:43:26,354 --> 00:43:27,981 And he said that Inspector Kelley 926 00:43:27,981 --> 00:43:31,318 had ordered him to talk with Perry 927 00:43:31,318 --> 00:43:33,320 and, uh, convince him that it could be 928 00:43:33,320 --> 00:43:36,114 either an exit or an entry wound, 929 00:43:36,114 --> 00:43:38,658 not an entry wound. 930 00:43:38,658 --> 00:43:41,953 And I thought it was pretty interesting 931 00:43:42,120 --> 00:43:46,792 that he would admit to something that's pretty close to a felony. 932 00:43:46,792 --> 00:43:49,586 [Donald Miller] Elmer Moore was also in charge 933 00:43:49,586 --> 00:43:51,254 of getting the doctors at Parkland 934 00:43:51,254 --> 00:43:53,590 to change their testimony, 935 00:43:53,590 --> 00:43:55,383 and agree that there was no big hole 936 00:43:55,383 --> 00:43:58,595 in the back of Kennedy's head. 937 00:43:58,595 --> 00:44:01,473 [Goldberg] Charles Crenshaw, a third year resident, 938 00:44:01,473 --> 00:44:04,893 was in the emergency room at Parkland that day. 939 00:44:04,893 --> 00:44:08,438 He later said in public that he felt the wounds in Kennedy 940 00:44:08,438 --> 00:44:10,899 originated from the front. 941 00:44:10,899 --> 00:44:13,193 From here, through. 942 00:44:13,360 --> 00:44:15,612 [Gary Aguilar] Charles Crenshaw wrote a book, 943 00:44:15,612 --> 00:44:18,281 Conspiracy of Silence, in the wake of the film JFK, 944 00:44:18,281 --> 00:44:20,242 saying, "Look, I was at Parkland Hospital. 945 00:44:20,242 --> 00:44:23,245 "I saw Kennedy, I was involved in the treatment, 946 00:44:23,245 --> 00:44:25,080 "and Kennedy's wounds were not consistent 947 00:44:25,080 --> 00:44:27,165 "with a shot from above and behind because 948 00:44:27,165 --> 00:44:29,876 he had a defect involving the right rear of his head.” 949 00:44:32,087 --> 00:44:33,630 [man over recorder] Using the most precise 950 00:44:33,630 --> 00:44:35,257 medical terminology that you can use. 951 00:44:35,257 --> 00:44:36,424 [Audrey Bell over recorder] Okay, let's see, 952 00:44:36,591 --> 00:44:39,845 it was on the right rear 953 00:44:39,845 --> 00:44:43,849 and he shifted the head, a little bit, to the left, 954 00:44:43,849 --> 00:44:48,145 lifted up the, well, kind of the matted area, the flap. 955 00:44:48,145 --> 00:44:52,107 And you could see the, uh, hole, 956 00:44:52,107 --> 00:44:54,442 and there was, uh, 957 00:44:54,442 --> 00:44:58,738 brain and spinal fluid dripping down out of it. 958 00:44:58,738 --> 00:45:01,658 Then I noticed it was dripping, you know, down into a bucket. 959 00:45:04,119 --> 00:45:06,121 [Stone] As early as 1981, 960 00:45:06,121 --> 00:45:08,540 copies of the autopsy photos were leaked 961 00:45:08,540 --> 00:45:11,751 and distributed among JFK researchers. 962 00:45:11,751 --> 00:45:13,545 The image of Kennedy's head wound 963 00:45:13,545 --> 00:45:18,133 contradicted what was witnessed by the Parkland doctors. 964 00:45:18,133 --> 00:45:22,846 I recall the injury being right along in this area. 965 00:45:26,057 --> 00:45:29,519 [Mantik] It's as if the autopsy materials were designed 966 00:45:29,519 --> 00:45:32,022 to hide what was really happening, 967 00:45:32,022 --> 00:45:34,441 as opposed to what they should usually do. 968 00:45:34,441 --> 00:45:39,029 They're supposed to reveal the full extent of things. 969 00:45:39,029 --> 00:45:41,031 [Goldberg] The evening of the assassination, 970 00:45:41,031 --> 00:45:44,743 the body of President Kennedy was returned to Washington. 971 00:45:44,743 --> 00:45:48,288 The autopsy was performed at Bethesda Medical Center, 972 00:45:48,288 --> 00:45:50,081 a naval institution. 973 00:45:50,248 --> 00:45:52,209 All of the top forensic pathologists 974 00:45:52,209 --> 00:45:53,585 in the United States 975 00:45:53,793 --> 00:45:56,463 were within one-hour drive or flying time from D.C. 976 00:45:57,339 --> 00:45:59,424 Not one of them was called upon. 977 00:45:59,424 --> 00:46:01,384 There were two Navy pathologists, 978 00:46:01,551 --> 00:46:03,011 Commander James Humes 979 00:46:03,178 --> 00:46:05,347 and his associate, J. Thornton Boswell. 980 00:46:05,347 --> 00:46:09,017 These two military pathologists who had never done 981 00:46:09,017 --> 00:46:12,395 a single gunshot-wound autopsy in their entire careers. 982 00:46:12,562 --> 00:46:14,189 This is something that really 983 00:46:14,189 --> 00:46:16,024 has to be emphasized to every American. 984 00:46:16,024 --> 00:46:18,193 I don't care, Democrat, Republican, liberal, conservative. 985 00:46:18,193 --> 00:46:19,694 This is your president, 986 00:46:19,694 --> 00:46:21,988 and you've got multiple gunshot wounds 987 00:46:21,988 --> 00:46:24,950 to determine angles, trajectory, range, sequence. 988 00:46:25,116 --> 00:46:26,368 And then you've got to correlate 989 00:46:26,534 --> 00:46:28,328 with the multiple gunshot wounds in Connally. 990 00:46:28,328 --> 00:46:30,580 This is a formidable task that would have required 991 00:46:30,747 --> 00:46:35,043 two or three major forensic pathologists to-- to undertake. 992 00:46:35,043 --> 00:46:37,254 So they called Humes and Boswell. 993 00:46:37,254 --> 00:46:38,588 They realized they were over their head. 994 00:46:38,588 --> 00:46:39,923 They called in an expert 995 00:46:39,923 --> 00:46:41,800 from the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, 996 00:46:41,800 --> 00:46:43,218 a guy named Pierre Finck. 997 00:46:43,385 --> 00:46:45,804 Dr. Humes and Boswell started the autopsy 998 00:46:45,804 --> 00:46:48,265 before their forensics consultant even got there, 999 00:46:48,265 --> 00:46:50,141 but they realized they were in over their head. 1000 00:46:50,141 --> 00:46:53,436 So they asked to have a medical examiner because Dr. Finck, 1001 00:46:53,436 --> 00:46:56,398 who is a forensic pathologist, wasn't doing autopsies. 1002 00:46:56,398 --> 00:46:58,233 He hadn't done one in more than two years. 1003 00:46:58,233 --> 00:47:00,193 So they asked for permission to bring in somebody 1004 00:47:00,193 --> 00:47:04,072 who knew what they were doing. Permission was denied. 1005 00:47:04,072 --> 00:47:05,490 [Aguilar] There were a lot of people 1006 00:47:05,699 --> 00:47:06,700 at the Bethesda morgue. 1007 00:47:06,700 --> 00:47:08,118 The latest count by all the researchers 1008 00:47:08,118 --> 00:47:10,704 that I know of is about 33 people. 1009 00:47:10,704 --> 00:47:12,914 There was a gallery, bleachers. 1010 00:47:12,914 --> 00:47:15,917 Apparently, all three rows were filled with people. 1011 00:47:15,917 --> 00:47:18,837 These three autopsy pathologists were given a body, 1012 00:47:19,004 --> 00:47:20,171 told, "Here's the body, 1013 00:47:20,171 --> 00:47:22,132 he was shot from behind, he fell forward," 1014 00:47:22,132 --> 00:47:23,842 which they wrote in their autopsy report, 1015 00:47:23,842 --> 00:47:25,093 figure out how the wounds fit 1016 00:47:25,260 --> 00:47:27,137 the known circumstances of the shooting. 1017 00:47:27,137 --> 00:47:30,682 But what this really speaks to is the fact that the autopsy 1018 00:47:30,682 --> 00:47:32,100 was not in the control of the surgeons 1019 00:47:32,267 --> 00:47:34,311 that were charged with doing it. 1020 00:47:34,311 --> 00:47:36,271 It was in the control of people who were there, 1021 00:47:36,271 --> 00:47:38,023 who were telling them what they could do 1022 00:47:38,231 --> 00:47:39,441 and what they couldn't do. 1023 00:47:39,441 --> 00:47:42,152 [reporter] Let's talk about those two wounds, Captain. 1024 00:47:42,152 --> 00:47:44,863 You examined this whole area of the back. 1025 00:47:44,863 --> 00:47:46,072 [James J. Humes] Yes, sir. 1026 00:47:46,072 --> 00:47:47,657 [Wecht] So on the night of the autopsy, 1027 00:47:47,824 --> 00:47:49,701 Humes and Boswell said, 1028 00:47:49,701 --> 00:47:51,870 "Hey, we got a bullet hole in the President's back," 1029 00:47:51,870 --> 00:47:54,789 which they examined with the finger, 1030 00:47:54,789 --> 00:47:56,041 then with an instrument, then took x-rays, 1031 00:47:56,207 --> 00:47:57,876 then took out the lungs. 1032 00:47:57,876 --> 00:47:59,044 And no bullets. 1033 00:47:59,210 --> 00:48:00,712 In a murder case, 1034 00:48:00,712 --> 00:48:03,465 that is a very serious problem for them. 1035 00:48:03,465 --> 00:48:04,966 So where did that bullet go? 1036 00:48:05,133 --> 00:48:07,886 It was just, like you say, a work of fiction. 1037 00:48:07,886 --> 00:48:10,138 A call came in from the FBI in Dallas. 1038 00:48:10,138 --> 00:48:11,765 A bullet was found. 1039 00:48:11,765 --> 00:48:13,350 Darrell Tomlinson, a maintenance man 1040 00:48:13,350 --> 00:48:15,101 at Parkland Hospital, 1041 00:48:15,101 --> 00:48:17,896 trying to get to the men's room, passing by the ER, 1042 00:48:17,896 --> 00:48:19,564 found the stretchers blocking the way, 1043 00:48:19,564 --> 00:48:21,858 bent down, moved the stretcher, 1044 00:48:21,858 --> 00:48:23,318 and there was a bullet. 1045 00:48:23,485 --> 00:48:24,986 How did that bullet get there? 1046 00:48:24,986 --> 00:48:26,529 Humes and Boswell came up 1047 00:48:26,529 --> 00:48:28,990 with this totally absurd conclusion 1048 00:48:28,990 --> 00:48:30,950 that when the President lay 1049 00:48:30,950 --> 00:48:33,995 on the stretcher, supine position, 1050 00:48:33,995 --> 00:48:35,997 and pressure was applied to his chest 1051 00:48:35,997 --> 00:48:38,416 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 1052 00:48:38,416 --> 00:48:41,961 that pressure, applied anteriorly, forced the bullet, 1053 00:48:41,961 --> 00:48:43,963 which had gone deeply into the tissues, 1054 00:48:43,963 --> 00:48:45,757 back out through like a tunnel. 1055 00:48:45,757 --> 00:48:48,093 In and out, a car in reverse. 1056 00:48:48,093 --> 00:48:50,762 And what's very important to note is 1057 00:48:50,929 --> 00:48:53,598 bullets don't go in and out like that. 1058 00:48:53,598 --> 00:48:57,185 The bullet becomes encased. But that was their conclusion. 1059 00:48:57,185 --> 00:49:00,647 Keep in mind, they did not know that there was a bullet hole 1060 00:49:00,647 --> 00:49:02,399 in the front of the President's neck. 1061 00:49:02,565 --> 00:49:05,026 Commander. Now, Captain Humes, 1062 00:49:05,026 --> 00:49:06,986 how many autopsies have you performed? 1063 00:49:06,986 --> 00:49:09,155 [Humes] Approximately 1,000. 1064 00:49:09,155 --> 00:49:13,868 It wasn't until the next morning when Humes decided, 1065 00:49:13,868 --> 00:49:15,036 "Hey, maybe we outta talk with 1066 00:49:15,036 --> 00:49:17,539 the surgeons at Parkland Hospital." 1067 00:49:17,539 --> 00:49:20,458 Earlier that day, the doctors at Parkland Hospital 1068 00:49:20,458 --> 00:49:22,252 had determined that the bullet 1069 00:49:22,419 --> 00:49:24,129 had fortuitously ripped through the trachea. 1070 00:49:24,129 --> 00:49:27,382 So they enlarged that bullet hole. 1071 00:49:27,382 --> 00:49:29,551 And now they learned, for the first time, 1072 00:49:29,551 --> 00:49:31,553 that there was a tracheostomy 1073 00:49:31,553 --> 00:49:33,888 superimposed upon a bullet wound. 1074 00:49:33,888 --> 00:49:36,516 "Aha!" said Humes and Boswell. 1075 00:49:36,516 --> 00:49:38,101 "Now we know!" 1076 00:49:38,101 --> 00:49:40,895 The shot fired from the rear, entered the back, 1077 00:49:40,895 --> 00:49:43,273 moving around 2,000 feet per second, 1078 00:49:43,273 --> 00:49:46,151 comes out, then stops, sees the starched white collar, 1079 00:49:46,151 --> 00:49:48,653 gets frightened to death, plops into the front of his clothing. 1080 00:49:48,653 --> 00:49:50,238 And that's where the bullet came from, 1081 00:49:50,238 --> 00:49:52,407 found by Tomlinson on the stretcher. 1082 00:49:52,407 --> 00:49:53,950 Four or five months later, 1083 00:49:53,950 --> 00:49:56,578 under Arten Specter's single-bullet theory, 1084 00:49:56,578 --> 00:49:59,122 that bullet has been rejuvenated, it's been revitalized. 1085 00:49:59,122 --> 00:50:00,665 That bullet has now gone through 1086 00:50:00,665 --> 00:50:02,500 Kennedy, through Connally, 1087 00:50:02,500 --> 00:50:06,671 and now, as of April of 1964, the Stretcher Bullet, 1088 00:50:06,671 --> 00:50:08,423 Commission Exhibit #399, 1089 00:50:08,423 --> 00:50:10,133 the hero of the Warren Commission report, 1090 00:50:10,133 --> 00:50:13,261 is now from Connally's left thigh. 1091 00:50:13,261 --> 00:50:15,555 How is that possible? 1092 00:50:15,555 --> 00:50:17,474 It's unbelievable! 1093 00:50:17,474 --> 00:50:20,477 ...Which is scientific evidence 1094 00:50:20,477 --> 00:50:26,733 that the wound was made from behind and passed forward. 1095 00:50:26,733 --> 00:50:30,320 [Aguilar] Dr. Humes destroyed his original autopsy notes. 1096 00:50:30,320 --> 00:50:32,238 Now, Dr. Humes, the chief autopsy pathologist, 1097 00:50:32,238 --> 00:50:34,365 and what we all know as doctors, 1098 00:50:34,365 --> 00:50:36,201 notes taken while you're doing something 1099 00:50:36,201 --> 00:50:37,744 are much more important, 1100 00:50:37,744 --> 00:50:39,537 and are likely to be closer to the truth 1101 00:50:39,537 --> 00:50:42,081 than anything you write later. 1102 00:50:42,081 --> 00:50:44,626 And he admitted that he'd destroyed autopsy notes. 1103 00:50:44,626 --> 00:50:46,669 You destroyed your original notes 1104 00:50:46,669 --> 00:50:48,213 in a medical legal autopsy? 1105 00:50:48,213 --> 00:50:51,883 And remember, that night Oswald is still alive. 1106 00:50:51,883 --> 00:50:53,259 You're going to be asked, doctor, 1107 00:50:53,426 --> 00:50:58,097 at some point in time under oath to give sworn testimony. 1108 00:50:58,097 --> 00:51:00,016 Why did you destroy those notes, doctor? 1109 00:51:00,183 --> 00:51:03,478 Doesn't a pathologist keep his notes? 1110 00:51:03,478 --> 00:51:06,147 And he said, "Well, I destroyed my own autopsy notes 1111 00:51:06,147 --> 00:51:08,566 "because they were splattered with the President's blood 1112 00:51:08,566 --> 00:51:11,402 and I didn't want them to become objects of morbid curiosity.” 1113 00:51:11,402 --> 00:51:12,946 The third doctor, Dr. Finck, 1114 00:51:12,946 --> 00:51:14,948 who was there, also wrote some notes 1115 00:51:14,948 --> 00:51:16,533 and complained bitterly about the fact 1116 00:51:16,533 --> 00:51:18,117 that his notes disappeared too. 1117 00:51:18,117 --> 00:51:20,245 He was so upset because he had to go home 1118 00:51:20,245 --> 00:51:22,539 and reconstruct all of his notes from memory. 1119 00:51:24,624 --> 00:51:26,543 The two FBI agents at the autopsy, 1120 00:51:26,543 --> 00:51:29,254 Frank O'Neill and James Sibert, 1121 00:51:29,254 --> 00:51:31,881 they reported what they heard during the autopsy, 1122 00:51:32,048 --> 00:51:34,676 what they heard the pathologists say, 1123 00:51:34,842 --> 00:51:36,970 specifically Dr. Humes. 1124 00:51:36,970 --> 00:51:41,558 They were interviewed by Arten Specter in early 1964. 1125 00:51:41,558 --> 00:51:45,770 He proceeded to write very unfavorable comments 1126 00:51:45,770 --> 00:51:48,523 about them in a summary memo for the record. 1127 00:51:48,523 --> 00:51:50,024 We know with confidence 1128 00:51:50,024 --> 00:51:51,818 why he didn't like what they had to say, 1129 00:51:51,818 --> 00:51:53,695 because they were providing evidence 1130 00:51:53,861 --> 00:51:56,155 that the single-bullet theory could not be true. 1131 00:51:56,155 --> 00:51:58,449 [Goldberg] Neither Sibert nor O'Neill 1132 00:51:58,449 --> 00:52:01,160 were asked to testify for the Warren Commission, 1133 00:52:01,160 --> 00:52:03,580 and their written notes became classified. 1134 00:52:03,746 --> 00:52:06,207 In 1997, their depositions were taken 1135 00:52:06,207 --> 00:52:09,419 by the Assassination Records Review Board. 1136 00:52:09,419 --> 00:52:11,629 [Douglas Horne] Both Sibert and O'Neill 1137 00:52:11,629 --> 00:52:14,924 were shown the photographs of the back of JFK's head, 1138 00:52:14,924 --> 00:52:18,011 the autopsy photographs that are the most controversial. 1139 00:52:18,011 --> 00:52:19,804 And they both said that they didn't 1140 00:52:19,804 --> 00:52:21,598 see anything like that at the autopsy. 1141 00:52:21,764 --> 00:52:24,017 O'Neill had said, "It looks like it's been doctored. 1142 00:52:24,183 --> 00:52:25,435 "I don't mean the photo has been doctored. 1143 00:52:25,435 --> 00:52:27,604 It looks like the head has been put back together,"” 1144 00:52:27,604 --> 00:52:28,938 you know, by embalmers and then photographed."” 1145 00:52:29,105 --> 00:52:30,773 That was what he said under oath. 1146 00:52:30,940 --> 00:52:33,234 Sibert did not remember 1147 00:52:33,234 --> 00:52:35,987 drawing a diagram of the wound for the House committee. 1148 00:52:35,987 --> 00:52:38,031 So he drew a new one for the Review Board. 1149 00:52:38,031 --> 00:52:39,991 And it's one of our most important wound diagrams. 1150 00:52:40,158 --> 00:52:42,577 And it shows what could only be an exit defect 1151 00:52:42,577 --> 00:52:43,953 in the right rear of the skull. 1152 00:52:50,960 --> 00:52:53,421 [Goldberg] This new evidence, combined with 1153 00:52:53,421 --> 00:52:56,382 the Review Board's declassification of 40 witnesses 1154 00:52:56,382 --> 00:52:59,260 who saw a hole in the back of Kennedy's head, 1155 00:52:59,260 --> 00:53:03,765 constitutes powerful evidence of a shot from the front. 1156 00:53:04,682 --> 00:53:06,017 (gunshot) 1157 00:53:09,145 --> 00:53:10,647 Who was the autopsy photographer? 1158 00:53:10,647 --> 00:53:13,066 John Stringer. 1159 00:53:13,232 --> 00:53:15,652 He was a Navy civilian. He was widely respected. 1160 00:53:15,818 --> 00:53:16,861 He had written a textbook 1161 00:53:17,028 --> 00:53:18,905 on medical photography for the Navy. 1162 00:53:18,905 --> 00:53:20,239 So he was the photographer of record. 1163 00:53:20,239 --> 00:53:22,492 He photographed the autopsy itself 1164 00:53:22,492 --> 00:53:26,120 and also photographed the President's brain. 1165 00:53:26,120 --> 00:53:28,247 [Stone] The autopsy photos of the President's brain 1166 00:53:28,247 --> 00:53:30,500 are housed at the National Archives. 1167 00:53:30,500 --> 00:53:33,586 These photos cannot be scanned or reproduced, 1168 00:53:33,586 --> 00:53:36,464 but are only available to be viewed on site 1169 00:53:36,464 --> 00:53:40,301 by researchers authorized by the Kennedy family. 1170 00:53:40,301 --> 00:53:42,303 [Horne] Half of the brain photos are taken 1171 00:53:42,303 --> 00:53:44,931 of a brain from above, superior views, 1172 00:53:44,931 --> 00:53:48,434 which is what Stringer said he shot of the complete organ. 1173 00:53:48,434 --> 00:53:51,020 But the other half of the brain photos in the archives 1174 00:53:51,020 --> 00:53:54,482 are taken of the bottom, called basilar views. 1175 00:53:54,482 --> 00:53:57,235 Now, we were very careful to question Mr. Stringer 1176 00:53:57,235 --> 00:53:59,278 about all the photographs he took, 1177 00:53:59,445 --> 00:54:02,532 and ask him what kind of film he used for black and white, 1178 00:54:02,532 --> 00:54:04,158 what kind of film he used for color. 1179 00:54:04,158 --> 00:54:06,285 Jeremy Gunn showed Stringer 1180 00:54:06,285 --> 00:54:10,123 the color positive transparencies of the brain, 1181 00:54:10,123 --> 00:54:11,749 and Stringer immediately noted, 1182 00:54:11,749 --> 00:54:14,419 "Well, these aren't Kodak. These might be Ansco." 1183 00:54:14,419 --> 00:54:16,879 He said, "I don't see the name of the manufacturer on here, 1184 00:54:16,879 --> 00:54:19,716 but these don't have the right notches in the corner. " 1185 00:54:19,716 --> 00:54:21,467 So Jeremy Gunn said, 1186 00:54:21,467 --> 00:54:23,803 "Did you use this film with these notches in it?" 1187 00:54:23,803 --> 00:54:25,513 Stringer said, "No." 1188 00:54:25,513 --> 00:54:27,348 "Did you take basilar views when you shot the brain?" 1189 00:54:27,515 --> 00:54:30,184 And he says, "Not as far as I know." 1190 00:54:30,351 --> 00:54:32,687 [Goldberg] Doesn't this all lead to the question 1191 00:54:32,687 --> 00:54:36,274 if Stringer did not take these photographs, then who did? 1192 00:54:38,109 --> 00:54:41,362 Robert Knudsen was a Navy photographer 1193 00:54:41,362 --> 00:54:44,323 who was detailed to the White House in 1958. 1194 00:54:44,490 --> 00:54:47,744 If you read his obituaries in The New York Times 1195 00:54:47,910 --> 00:54:49,203 and The Washington Post, 1196 00:54:49,203 --> 00:54:51,122 you will see that he is credited 1197 00:54:51,289 --> 00:54:53,833 with photographing Kennedy's autopsy, 1198 00:54:53,833 --> 00:54:57,170 except officially he was not. 1199 00:54:57,336 --> 00:54:59,922 [Horne] Robert Knudsen was not interviewed by 1200 00:55:00,131 --> 00:55:01,549 the Warren Commission. 1201 00:55:01,549 --> 00:55:05,678 So they finally found Robert Knudsen in 1978. 1202 00:55:05,678 --> 00:55:07,805 And to its credit, the House Select Committee 1203 00:55:07,805 --> 00:55:09,223 did a deposition of him. 1204 00:55:09,390 --> 00:55:12,059 To their discredit, they never published it. 1205 00:55:12,059 --> 00:55:16,439 They buried it for 15 years and it got released in 1993. 1206 00:55:16,439 --> 00:55:18,357 And I know why they buried it, 1207 00:55:18,357 --> 00:55:21,277 because everything he told them about autopsy photography 1208 00:55:21,277 --> 00:55:22,862 contradicted what they thought they knew 1209 00:55:22,862 --> 00:55:24,030 in the official record. 1210 00:55:24,030 --> 00:55:26,824 [Mantik] After his death in 1989, 1211 00:55:26,824 --> 00:55:28,409 his wife was interviewed by 1212 00:55:28,576 --> 00:55:31,078 the Assassination Records Review Board. 1213 00:55:43,090 --> 00:55:46,260 He told her that one photograph in particular, 1214 00:55:46,260 --> 00:55:47,804 presumably the back of the head, 1215 00:55:47,804 --> 00:55:50,264 had been severely altered. 1216 00:55:50,264 --> 00:55:52,141 [Jeremy Gunn] Where was the wound covered? 1217 00:55:57,814 --> 00:56:00,525 [Jeremy Gunn] In one sense, uh, probably worth saying 1218 00:56:00,525 --> 00:56:02,360 that what you're saying is very different 1219 00:56:02,360 --> 00:56:04,320 from what the United States government 1220 00:56:04,320 --> 00:56:06,489 has said for a long time. 1221 00:56:06,656 --> 00:56:10,034 And why didn't he say something to somebody? 1222 00:56:31,138 --> 00:56:33,182 [Horne] John Stringer is still 1223 00:56:33,182 --> 00:56:34,642 the autopsy photographer of record, 1224 00:56:34,642 --> 00:56:36,310 I think they both took pictures and I personally think 1225 00:56:36,477 --> 00:56:39,188 that many of John Stringer's pictures 1226 00:56:39,188 --> 00:56:41,107 never made it into the official collection. 1227 00:56:41,274 --> 00:56:42,275 And a lot of the ones we're looking at 1228 00:56:42,441 --> 00:56:44,026 are Robert Knudsen's pictures. 1229 00:56:47,697 --> 00:56:50,867 [Mantik] Saundra Spencer worked at the Anacostia Facility, 1230 00:56:51,033 --> 00:56:53,244 a Naval Photographic Center, 1231 00:56:53,244 --> 00:56:55,538 which was quite separate from the Bethesda lab. 1232 00:56:55,538 --> 00:56:58,708 That weekend, she received film. 1233 00:56:58,875 --> 00:57:01,627 [Horne] The photographs that Saundra Spencer developed, 1234 00:57:01,627 --> 00:57:03,796 which never made it into the official record. 1235 00:57:03,796 --> 00:57:06,465 The only evidence we have of them is her testimony. 1236 00:57:08,301 --> 00:57:10,678 Saundra Spencer was visibly upset 1237 00:57:10,678 --> 00:57:13,055 when she looked at the official autopsy photographs 1238 00:57:13,055 --> 00:57:16,601 because she said, "I developed pictures of him and his family 1239 00:57:16,601 --> 00:57:19,478 for almost three years and he never looked like this." 1240 00:57:19,478 --> 00:57:21,480 She said, "He looks terrible in these photographs.” 1241 00:57:25,985 --> 00:57:26,694 -She started to cry. 1242 00:57:26,903 --> 00:57:28,362 -[Stone] In front of the Review Board? 1243 00:57:28,529 --> 00:57:30,990 [Horne] Yes, she started to cry in front of Jeremy and I 1244 00:57:31,157 --> 00:57:32,909 and the person from the archives, 1245 00:57:32,909 --> 00:57:35,369 and she said, "He did not look this bad 1246 00:57:35,369 --> 00:57:37,413 in the photographs I developed on Sunday."” 1247 00:57:37,413 --> 00:57:40,374 He was very cleaned up. It was very respectful. 1248 00:57:40,541 --> 00:57:42,710 And in one of the photographs she developed, 1249 00:57:42,710 --> 00:57:44,378 there was a brain, an intact brain, 1250 00:57:44,545 --> 00:57:46,213 sitting next to the body, 1251 00:57:46,213 --> 00:57:47,590 the nude body of the President. 1252 00:57:47,757 --> 00:57:49,425 Strange, first of all, that it's intact 1253 00:57:49,425 --> 00:57:52,845 because FBI agent Frank O'Neill told the Review Board 1254 00:57:52,845 --> 00:57:55,681 that over half of the mass of the brain was missing. 1255 00:57:58,434 --> 00:58:01,228 [Mantik] So the brain autopsy or autopsies, 1256 00:58:01,228 --> 00:58:03,689 there were probably two such events, 1257 00:58:03,689 --> 00:58:08,486 uh, occurred later and we're not done on November 22nd. 1258 00:58:08,486 --> 00:58:10,237 [Aguilar] Anybody that's seen the Zapruder film 1259 00:58:10,237 --> 00:58:11,697 can see Kennedy's head explodes 1260 00:58:11,697 --> 00:58:13,240 and debris flies all over the place. 1261 00:58:13,240 --> 00:58:14,575 Jackie Kennedy climbed out 1262 00:58:14,575 --> 00:58:16,327 onto the trunk of the limousine, 1263 00:58:16,327 --> 00:58:19,497 picked up a chunk of the President's brain, had it with her, 1264 00:58:19,497 --> 00:58:21,332 took it in and gave it to, uh, 1265 00:58:21,332 --> 00:58:23,334 one of the doctors at Parkland Hospital. 1266 00:58:23,334 --> 00:58:25,586 When you look at the autopsy photographs of the brain, 1267 00:58:25,586 --> 00:58:27,004 which I've seen the originals of, 1268 00:58:27,004 --> 00:58:28,923 you can just see that the brain is disrupted, 1269 00:58:28,923 --> 00:58:30,925 but very little of the tissue is missing. 1270 00:58:30,925 --> 00:58:33,678 Then we look at the autopsy report of the brain, 1271 00:58:33,678 --> 00:58:35,680 what they call the supplemental brain examination. 1272 00:58:35,846 --> 00:58:37,473 The brain in evidence that's weighed there 1273 00:58:37,473 --> 00:58:39,475 weighs 1,500 grams. 1274 00:58:39,475 --> 00:58:42,853 1500 grams is-- is above average weight 1275 00:58:42,853 --> 00:58:44,438 of an adult male brain. 1276 00:58:44,438 --> 00:58:47,483 There was one report of 8,000 autopsies 1277 00:58:47,483 --> 00:58:50,361 and the average weight of an adult male brain 1278 00:58:50,361 --> 00:58:52,279 was 1,336 grams. 1279 00:58:52,279 --> 00:58:56,075 So they're saying that President Kennedy's brain 1280 00:58:56,075 --> 00:58:57,785 was well above the average weight. 1281 00:58:57,785 --> 00:58:59,787 Where did all that brain tissue disappear to? 1282 00:58:59,787 --> 00:59:03,666 That flies around Dealey Plaza that Jackie has in her hand, 1283 00:59:03,666 --> 00:59:05,292 that everybody is picking off of their clothes? 1284 00:59:08,212 --> 00:59:10,965 [Chesser] There are two photographs of the brain 1285 00:59:10,965 --> 00:59:13,384 I viewed those in 2015. 1286 00:59:13,384 --> 00:59:15,886 The brain looked to me to be distorted. 1287 00:59:15,886 --> 00:59:17,555 My first thought was that the brain had been sitting 1288 00:59:17,722 --> 00:59:19,807 in a jar of formaldehyde for a long time. 1289 00:59:19,807 --> 00:59:22,768 The Review Board had a consultant. 1290 00:59:22,935 --> 00:59:25,730 A renowned forensic pathologist. 1291 00:59:25,730 --> 00:59:28,357 He looked at the brain photographs and he said, 1292 00:59:28,357 --> 00:59:30,901 "This is a very well-fixed brain. 1293 00:59:31,068 --> 00:59:33,988 It's all gray. It's not pink at all. 1294 00:59:33,988 --> 00:59:36,907 "It's been fixed for two or three weeks in formaldehyde. 1295 00:59:37,074 --> 00:59:38,576 It's been fixed at least two weeks, 1296 00:59:38,576 --> 00:59:40,077 maybe as long as three weeks." 1297 00:59:40,077 --> 00:59:42,329 I looked at Jeremy Gunn and he looked at me 1298 00:59:42,329 --> 00:59:43,748 and the hair stood up on the back of my neck, 1299 00:59:43,748 --> 00:59:48,169 because I knew that JFK's brain was examined... 1300 00:59:48,169 --> 00:59:50,671 less than three days after he was killed. 1301 00:59:50,671 --> 00:59:52,381 One can only imagine that they wanted 1302 00:59:52,381 --> 00:59:54,175 the-- the damage to the brain 1303 00:59:54,175 --> 00:59:56,385 to be consistent with the hypothesis 1304 00:59:56,385 --> 00:59:58,679 that Oswald had done the shooting. 1305 00:59:58,679 --> 01:00:00,056 So if you had a defect going all the way 1306 01:00:00,264 --> 01:00:01,182 to the back of the head, 1307 01:00:01,182 --> 01:00:03,350 like so many witnesses testified to it, 1308 01:00:03,517 --> 01:00:07,980 it might raise questions about whether that huge defect 1309 01:00:07,980 --> 01:00:10,524 could've cau-- been caused by a single shot to the head 1310 01:00:10,691 --> 01:00:13,110 as Oswald is supposed to have done. 1311 01:00:13,110 --> 01:00:14,361 [Chesser] At a teaching hospital, 1312 01:00:14,361 --> 01:00:17,323 there was no shortage of brains. 1313 01:00:17,323 --> 01:00:18,741 Autopsies were very frequent. 1314 01:00:18,741 --> 01:00:20,242 Frequently, the brain was saved 1315 01:00:20,242 --> 01:00:22,870 for teaching medical students, 1316 01:00:22,870 --> 01:00:24,371 so it would not have been difficult 1317 01:00:24,371 --> 01:00:26,707 to find a brain for replacement. 1318 01:00:26,874 --> 01:00:28,250 This is just one more reason 1319 01:00:28,250 --> 01:00:31,003 why this cannot be President Kennedy's brain 1320 01:00:31,003 --> 01:00:34,965 in the photographs that we have stored at the archives. 1321 01:00:34,965 --> 01:00:40,596 What we have here... is evidence that impugns the authenticity 1322 01:00:40,596 --> 01:00:43,140 of the brain photographs in the National Archives. 1323 01:00:43,307 --> 01:00:45,101 If there was a trial today, 1324 01:00:45,101 --> 01:00:48,104 these brain photographs would not be admissible as evidence. 1325 01:00:50,106 --> 01:00:52,024 I'd hate to be in your shoes today. 1326 01:00:53,150 --> 01:00:54,235 You have a lot to think about. 1327 01:00:54,235 --> 01:00:55,569 You've seen much hidden evidence 1328 01:00:55,569 --> 01:00:57,279 the American public has never seen. 1329 01:00:58,989 --> 01:01:02,409 You know, going back to when we were children, 1330 01:01:02,409 --> 01:01:04,453 I think that most of us in this courtroom thought 1331 01:01:04,453 --> 01:01:07,123 that justice came into being automatically. 1332 01:01:08,249 --> 01:01:09,875 That virtue was its own reward, 1333 01:01:09,875 --> 01:01:11,919 that-- that good would triumph over evil. 1334 01:01:13,546 --> 01:01:17,341 But as we get older, we know this just isn't true. 1335 01:01:17,341 --> 01:01:20,052 Individual human beings have to create justice 1336 01:01:20,052 --> 01:01:21,178 and this is not easy, 1337 01:01:22,888 --> 01:01:26,267 because the truth often poses a threat to power, 1338 01:01:26,433 --> 01:01:30,396 and one often has to fight power at great risk to themselves. 1339 01:01:30,396 --> 01:01:32,064 [Goldberg] The one physician present 1340 01:01:32,064 --> 01:01:35,192 at both Parkland Hospital and the Bethesda morgue 1341 01:01:35,192 --> 01:01:36,610 was George Burkley, 1342 01:01:36,610 --> 01:01:39,238 Kennedy's personal doctor. 1343 01:01:39,238 --> 01:01:42,575 Arten Specter did not depose George Burkley, 1344 01:01:42,575 --> 01:01:46,662 but Burkley did an interview with the JFK Library in 1967, 1345 01:01:46,662 --> 01:01:48,789 and was asked this question. 1346 01:01:48,956 --> 01:01:50,166 [interviewer speaking] 1347 01:01:57,840 --> 01:01:59,300 [interviewer] I see. 1348 01:01:59,300 --> 01:02:01,844 [Miller] The reason he didn't say anything was, 1349 01:02:01,844 --> 01:02:05,347 he was intimately involved in the coverup. 1350 01:02:05,347 --> 01:02:08,058 [Goldberg] Burkley signed the autopsy descriptive sheet 1351 01:02:08,058 --> 01:02:12,062 with a bullet in the back at the level of T3. 1352 01:02:12,062 --> 01:02:14,523 And he also signed Kennedy's death certificate, 1353 01:02:14,523 --> 01:02:17,067 which also placed that wound in the back. 1354 01:02:17,234 --> 01:02:19,278 That death certificate is not in 1355 01:02:19,278 --> 01:02:21,697 the Warren Commission volumes, 1356 01:02:21,697 --> 01:02:24,909 and the descriptive sheet in the Commission volumes 1357 01:02:25,075 --> 01:02:27,119 does not have Burkley's signature. 1358 01:02:28,746 --> 01:02:30,748 In 1977, through his lawyer, 1359 01:02:30,748 --> 01:02:33,083 he wrote a letter to Richard Sprague, 1360 01:02:33,083 --> 01:02:34,752 Chief Counsel of the House 1361 01:02:34,752 --> 01:02:37,296 Select Committee on Assassinations. 1362 01:02:37,296 --> 01:02:39,924 He said he had information indicating 1363 01:02:39,924 --> 01:02:42,051 that others besides Oswald 1364 01:02:42,051 --> 01:02:44,929 must've participated in the assassination. 1365 01:02:45,095 --> 01:02:48,557 He was willing to talk about it at this time. 1366 01:02:48,557 --> 01:02:50,935 Sprague, who made clear his intention 1367 01:02:50,935 --> 01:02:53,520 to fully investigate the CIA's involvement, 1368 01:02:53,687 --> 01:02:55,606 was forced out two weeks later. 1369 01:02:55,606 --> 01:02:57,524 Dr. Burkley submitted a written statement 1370 01:02:57,524 --> 01:02:59,735 to the House Select Committee, 1371 01:02:59,735 --> 01:03:01,612 but there is no official record 1372 01:03:01,612 --> 01:03:05,032 of him being deposed as a witness. 1373 01:03:05,032 --> 01:03:08,994 In 1982, he told JFK researcher Henry Hurt, 1374 01:03:08,994 --> 01:03:10,412 "I know there was more than one gunman,” 1375 01:03:10,412 --> 01:03:11,830 and when Henry Hurt 1376 01:03:11,830 --> 01:03:13,791 tried to recontact Burkley for more details, 1377 01:03:13,958 --> 01:03:15,167 Burkley cut him off at the knees. 1378 01:03:15,167 --> 01:03:16,835 "I don't want to talk about it anymore.” 1379 01:03:16,835 --> 01:03:18,254 The very next year, Burkley talked 1380 01:03:18,254 --> 01:03:21,048 to Michael Kurtz, another JFK researcher, 1381 01:03:21,048 --> 01:03:22,424 told him that he knew there was 1382 01:03:22,424 --> 01:03:24,051 a conspiracy to kill the President 1383 01:03:24,051 --> 01:03:25,427 and that he recalled an exit wound 1384 01:03:25,427 --> 01:03:27,638 in the back of President Kennedy's head. 1385 01:03:27,638 --> 01:03:29,598 Now, that's a very significant statement. 1386 01:03:29,598 --> 01:03:31,600 That the only doctor we know of 1387 01:03:31,600 --> 01:03:34,436 who was present at both Parkland for treatment, 1388 01:03:34,436 --> 01:03:36,146 and at Bethesda during the autopsy, 1389 01:03:36,146 --> 01:03:38,524 told Michael Kurtz in 1983 1390 01:03:38,524 --> 01:03:40,818 that Kennedy had an exit wound in the back of his head. 1391 01:03:40,818 --> 01:03:42,236 When Kurtz tried to recontact Burkley, 1392 01:03:42,236 --> 01:03:44,571 Burkley cut him off at the knees. 1393 01:03:44,571 --> 01:03:46,156 "I don't want to talk about this anymore." 1394 01:03:46,323 --> 01:03:47,825 Dr. Burkley was deceased by the time 1395 01:03:47,825 --> 01:03:49,576 the Review Board was impaneled. 1396 01:03:49,743 --> 01:03:52,037 So then Jeremy decided, well, 1397 01:03:52,037 --> 01:03:55,165 we can ask the executor of his estate, 1398 01:03:55,165 --> 01:03:57,251 his daughter, to sign a waiver 1399 01:03:57,251 --> 01:03:59,586 so that we could go to the law firm 1400 01:03:59,586 --> 01:04:01,297 that Mr. Illig used to work for, 1401 01:04:01,297 --> 01:04:02,673 because he was deceased also, 1402 01:04:02,673 --> 01:04:04,008 and see if there were 1403 01:04:04,008 --> 01:04:05,718 any records in the file of Mr. Illig 1404 01:04:05,718 --> 01:04:07,720 that would have revealed what it was 1405 01:04:07,720 --> 01:04:09,930 he wanted to tell the HSCA in detail, 1406 01:04:09,930 --> 01:04:11,807 and she said she would do that. 1407 01:04:11,807 --> 01:04:13,100 And then Jeremy called her on the phone, 1408 01:04:13,100 --> 01:04:15,519 she had completely changed her mind 1409 01:04:15,519 --> 01:04:16,937 and adamantly refused to sign it 1410 01:04:16,937 --> 01:04:19,023 and terminated the phone call. 1411 01:04:24,445 --> 01:04:26,363 The face sheet for the autopsy, 1412 01:04:26,363 --> 01:04:29,533 where it shows the front and back silhouette of the body, 1413 01:04:29,533 --> 01:04:32,244 where you mark scars and bullet wounds and things, 1414 01:04:32,411 --> 01:04:34,913 the face sheet showed the bullet wound 1415 01:04:34,913 --> 01:04:39,877 in the back at the level of thoracic vertebra T3, 1416 01:04:39,877 --> 01:04:42,921 which is five and a half to six inches below. 1417 01:04:42,921 --> 01:04:44,673 [Goldberg] That location coincided with 1418 01:04:44,840 --> 01:04:48,510 what Sibert and O'Neill wrote in their report. 1419 01:04:48,510 --> 01:04:52,139 And in order to make the facts fit the single-bullet theory, 1420 01:04:52,139 --> 01:04:54,141 one bullet doing all this damage, 1421 01:04:54,141 --> 01:04:57,936 the doctors needed an exit point for the back wound. 1422 01:04:57,936 --> 01:05:01,398 The Warren Commission raised the wound in the back 1423 01:05:01,398 --> 01:05:04,568 so that it would align with the alleged exit wound 1424 01:05:04,568 --> 01:05:06,737 in the front of Kennedy's neck. 1425 01:05:06,737 --> 01:05:08,238 Commissioner Gerald Ford 1426 01:05:08,238 --> 01:05:10,866 did this simply via the stroke of a pen, 1427 01:05:10,866 --> 01:05:13,327 changing the description in their report 1428 01:05:13,327 --> 01:05:16,163 from back, to back of the neck. 1429 01:05:16,163 --> 01:05:18,582 As I recall, they said about Gerald Ford 1430 01:05:18,582 --> 01:05:21,085 that he could not chew gum and walk at the same time. 1431 01:05:21,085 --> 01:05:23,754 Now, all of a sudden, he becomes a forensic pathologist, 1432 01:05:23,921 --> 01:05:26,590 and a photographer, and a criminalist, and an expert, 1433 01:05:26,757 --> 01:05:29,343 and he knows where the bullet hole was and he moved it up. 1434 01:05:29,343 --> 01:05:31,637 [Goldberg] But then in 1979, 1435 01:05:31,637 --> 01:05:34,973 the House Select Committee moved it lower in the back 1436 01:05:34,973 --> 01:05:37,601 because they had pictures from the autopsy. 1437 01:05:37,601 --> 01:05:39,395 It is conceivable that, at the time, 1438 01:05:39,395 --> 01:05:41,230 the Warren Commission thought 1439 01:05:41,230 --> 01:05:44,775 no one would ever see the autopsy photos. 1440 01:05:44,775 --> 01:05:46,985 When the Review Board declassified 1441 01:05:46,985 --> 01:05:49,071 the notation showing what Ford had done, 1442 01:05:49,071 --> 01:05:51,907 the former commissioner replied that it had nothing to do 1443 01:05:51,907 --> 01:05:54,368 with a conspiracy theory. 1444 01:05:54,368 --> 01:05:57,162 He was only trying to be more precise. 1445 01:05:57,329 --> 01:06:00,749 This is directly contradicted by a conversation Ford had 1446 01:06:00,916 --> 01:06:05,045 with French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. 1447 01:06:05,045 --> 01:06:06,880 Ford told him the assassination 1448 01:06:06,880 --> 01:06:09,675 was not the work of one person. 1449 01:06:09,675 --> 01:06:11,885 It was something set up. 1450 01:06:11,885 --> 01:06:14,054 "We were sure it was set up, 1451 01:06:14,054 --> 01:06:16,974 but we were not able to discover by whom." 1452 01:06:19,435 --> 01:06:20,853 [Stone] with all the documents 1453 01:06:20,853 --> 01:06:22,813 declassified by the Review Board, 1454 01:06:22,980 --> 01:06:25,816 we can see this scene in a new light. 1455 01:06:25,983 --> 01:06:29,069 In regards to the JFK assassination, 1456 01:06:29,069 --> 01:06:32,865 conspiracy theories are now conspiracy facts. 1457 01:06:33,824 --> 01:06:35,617 The forensics show evidence 1458 01:06:35,784 --> 01:06:37,244 of multiple shooters with Oswald, 1459 01:06:37,244 --> 01:06:39,079 not even at the sixth floor window 1460 01:06:39,079 --> 01:06:41,540 at the time of the assassination. 1461 01:06:41,540 --> 01:06:47,045 And his fingerprints not found on the supposed murder weapon. 1462 01:06:47,212 --> 01:06:50,966 Still, there was no trial for Lee Harvey Oswald. 1463 01:06:50,966 --> 01:06:52,301 These people have given me a hearing 1464 01:06:52,301 --> 01:06:54,261 without legal representation or anything. 1465 01:06:54,261 --> 01:06:55,679 [reporter] Did you shoot the President? 1466 01:06:55,679 --> 01:06:58,140 I didn't shoot anybody, no, sir. 1467 01:06:58,140 --> 01:07:00,767 [Stone] Attorney Mark Lane tried to represent Oswald 1468 01:07:00,976 --> 01:07:01,935 in the proceedings, 1469 01:07:02,102 --> 01:07:03,979 but was denied by the Warren Commission. 1470 01:07:32,007 --> 01:07:35,135 Did the accused man get a fair trial? 1471 01:07:35,135 --> 01:07:36,303 I can tell you from my experiences 1472 01:07:36,303 --> 01:07:39,389 having tried several hundred cases to verdict, 1473 01:07:39,389 --> 01:07:41,308 and being responsible for thousands of cases 1474 01:07:41,475 --> 01:07:42,768 as head of the criminal courts 1475 01:07:42,768 --> 01:07:44,353 and running the homicide bureau, 1476 01:07:44,353 --> 01:07:46,897 that I don't believe there's any courtroom in America 1477 01:07:46,897 --> 01:07:48,732 where Oswald would've been convicted 1478 01:07:48,732 --> 01:07:49,858 on the evidence that was presented 1479 01:07:50,025 --> 01:07:52,319 before the Warren Commission. 1480 01:07:52,486 --> 01:07:56,156 [Stone] Instead of a jury of 12 American citizens, 1481 01:07:56,156 --> 01:07:58,825 judgment was passed by a panel of seven 1482 01:07:58,825 --> 01:08:02,329 appointed wise men and career statesmen. 1483 01:08:02,329 --> 01:08:06,792 A judgment perpetuated by the media at that time. 1484 01:08:06,792 --> 01:08:09,211 Looking at the declassified documents, 1485 01:08:09,211 --> 01:08:11,004 we see there's even more mystery 1486 01:08:11,004 --> 01:08:13,799 behind Oswald to uncover. 1487 01:08:13,966 --> 01:08:17,844 A man who was, in his own words, a patsy. 1488 01:08:17,844 --> 01:08:20,931 Murdered on live television. 1489 01:08:20,931 --> 01:08:22,891 [reporter 1] This was the dreary funeral 1490 01:08:23,100 --> 01:08:24,226 of Lee Harvey Oswald, 1491 01:08:24,226 --> 01:08:28,188 alleged murderer of President Kennedy. 1492 01:08:28,188 --> 01:08:30,482 Burial was in an otherwise empty plot 1493 01:08:30,482 --> 01:08:33,694 in Rose Hill Cemetery outside Fort Worth. 1494 01:08:33,694 --> 01:08:35,821 A plot that we were told was bought 1495 01:08:35,821 --> 01:08:38,031 long ago by Oswald"s mother. 1496 01:08:38,031 --> 01:08:41,034 No one was on hand for the funeral as mourners, 1497 01:08:41,034 --> 01:08:44,454 except the family of the dead man. 1498 01:08:44,454 --> 01:08:46,540 [reporter 2] Oswald spent his early years 1499 01:08:46,748 --> 01:08:47,624 in an orphanage. 1500 01:08:47,624 --> 01:08:51,795 At the age of 17, he joined the US Marine Corps. 1501 01:08:51,795 --> 01:08:53,171 A year later, he was sent 1502 01:08:53,338 --> 01:08:56,508 to one of the most secret US bases in the world, 1503 01:08:56,508 --> 01:08:58,176 Atsugi in Japan. 1504 01:08:58,176 --> 01:09:00,846 From here, the CIA operated spy flights 1505 01:09:00,846 --> 01:09:02,472 over communist China 1506 01:09:02,472 --> 01:09:04,975 using U-2 reconnaissance planes. 1507 01:09:06,727 --> 01:09:10,439 [Goldberg] During the 1975 Church Committee investigation 1508 01:09:10,606 --> 01:09:13,191 of US intelligence activities, 1509 01:09:13,191 --> 01:09:14,860 Committee member Richard Schweiker 1510 01:09:14,860 --> 01:09:17,279 remarked about Oswald, 1511 01:09:17,279 --> 01:09:20,115 that everywhere you looked with him, 1512 01:09:20,115 --> 01:09:23,493 there are fingerprints of intelligence. 1513 01:09:23,660 --> 01:09:25,746 [man] Many people said he was a forthright, 1514 01:09:25,954 --> 01:09:26,955 upstanding American 1515 01:09:26,955 --> 01:09:28,498 as a young person, 1516 01:09:28,498 --> 01:09:32,085 and yet they later depicted him as a Castro-loving, 1517 01:09:32,252 --> 01:09:35,255 Cuban-loving, Russian-loving person. 1518 01:09:35,255 --> 01:09:37,132 [Jefferson Morley] In the spring of 1963, 1519 01:09:37,132 --> 01:09:39,051 Oswald started handing out pamphlets 1520 01:09:39,217 --> 01:09:41,303 for the Fair Play for Cuba Committee, 1521 01:09:41,303 --> 01:09:44,181 a pro-Castro, pro-Cuban Revolution group 1522 01:09:44,181 --> 01:09:47,100 that was popular on college campuses. 1523 01:09:47,100 --> 01:09:50,562 And some of them, he stamped "544 Camp Street,” 1524 01:09:50,562 --> 01:09:54,066 which was an office in downtown, uh, New Orleans 1525 01:09:54,066 --> 01:09:56,693 near where the CIA's offices were, 1526 01:09:56,693 --> 01:09:58,445 right across the street, in fact. 1527 01:09:58,445 --> 01:10:01,657 There was also the home of the Cuban Revolutionary Council, 1528 01:10:01,657 --> 01:10:04,534 which was the leading anti-Castro group. 1529 01:10:04,534 --> 01:10:08,789 Why would a pro-Castro activist put his headquarters 1530 01:10:08,789 --> 01:10:10,457 in the same headquarters 1531 01:10:10,457 --> 01:10:13,168 as the leading anti-Castro group in the country? 1532 01:10:14,836 --> 01:10:16,713 'Cause he was a provocateur. 1533 01:10:16,713 --> 01:10:19,299 This gets back to being an agent or a double agent, 1534 01:10:19,299 --> 01:10:21,259 because he played both roles. 1535 01:10:21,259 --> 01:10:25,305 Here was Oswald who had two associations. 1536 01:10:25,305 --> 01:10:27,516 One, he has a group of anti-Castro Cubans. 1537 01:10:27,516 --> 01:10:29,935 At the same time, he was handing out leaflets 1538 01:10:29,935 --> 01:10:31,144 for the Fair Play for Cuba committee, 1539 01:10:31,144 --> 01:10:33,105 uh, with the other side of the fence. 1540 01:10:33,105 --> 01:10:36,066 So the two groups that had the most motivation 1541 01:10:36,066 --> 01:10:38,944 to assassinate the President, he was dealing with. 1542 01:10:40,278 --> 01:10:42,531 [Goldberg] And not surprisingly, 1543 01:10:42,531 --> 01:10:45,992 many of these groups were known and, in some cases 1544 01:10:45,992 --> 01:10:47,953 supported, by the US government. 1545 01:10:48,954 --> 01:10:51,540 In the spring of 1963, 1546 01:10:51,540 --> 01:10:55,794 Oswald began associating with men who, it would be revealed, 1547 01:10:55,794 --> 01:10:59,881 had clear connections with these government efforts. 1548 01:10:59,881 --> 01:11:01,883 One of these men, David Ferrie, 1549 01:11:01,883 --> 01:11:07,305 had been with Oswald in the Civil Air Patrol back in 1955, 1550 01:11:07,305 --> 01:11:10,392 and was known as an extreme anti-Communist. 1551 01:11:10,392 --> 01:11:14,271 He was also a trainer and a pilot for the CIA 1552 01:11:14,271 --> 01:11:17,149 in its secret war against Cuba. 1553 01:11:17,149 --> 01:11:18,775 Oswald was involved with these 1554 01:11:18,775 --> 01:11:21,987 Cuban exile training activities with Ferrie. 1555 01:11:23,238 --> 01:11:25,365 I do know that I saw him one time 1556 01:11:25,365 --> 01:11:28,952 with a man by the name of Guy Banister. 1557 01:11:28,952 --> 01:11:32,205 And, uh, what Guy's role was 1558 01:11:32,205 --> 01:11:35,876 in all of this, I-- I really don't know. 1559 01:11:35,876 --> 01:11:38,795 [Goldberg] Banister was an extreme right-winger 1560 01:11:38,795 --> 01:11:40,756 who was close to the FBI, 1561 01:11:40,922 --> 01:11:44,426 the CIA, and the American Nazi Party. 1562 01:11:44,426 --> 01:11:50,348 Banister gave Oswald his own office at 544 Camp Street. 1563 01:11:50,348 --> 01:11:53,435 Oswald now began to use his office 1564 01:11:53,435 --> 01:11:57,689 to print up and stamp pro-Castro literature. 1565 01:11:57,689 --> 01:12:01,818 After the assassination, when the FBI questioned Banister, 1566 01:12:01,818 --> 01:12:04,404 a former FBI agent himself, 1567 01:12:04,404 --> 01:12:08,700 they did not ask him about Oswald. 1568 01:12:08,700 --> 01:12:12,412 At some point, the FBI, I think probably after the assassination 1569 01:12:12,412 --> 01:12:14,998 decided they didn't-- they wanted to disconnect 1570 01:12:14,998 --> 01:12:17,167 Oswald from the FBI, 1571 01:12:17,167 --> 01:12:20,253 and-- and of course, Banister, who's associated with the FBI, 1572 01:12:20,253 --> 01:12:22,881 would have to be disconnected as well. 1573 01:12:22,881 --> 01:12:23,840 The problem with that, 1574 01:12:24,007 --> 01:12:25,842 many of those handbills had 1575 01:12:26,009 --> 01:12:28,637 the 544 Camp Street address on them. 1576 01:12:28,804 --> 01:12:32,474 There was a message from New Orleans to the Bureau 1577 01:12:32,474 --> 01:12:35,227 written by Special Agent May nor, 1578 01:12:35,227 --> 01:12:38,230 uh, who actually mentioned pamphlets 1579 01:12:38,230 --> 01:12:40,941 that had the 544 Camp Street address on it. 1580 01:12:40,941 --> 01:12:44,110 And before that message was sent, it was scratched out. 1581 01:12:45,612 --> 01:12:48,031 [Goldberg] The Warren Commission pushed the idea 1582 01:12:48,198 --> 01:12:50,450 that Oswald was a staunch communist, 1583 01:12:50,450 --> 01:12:52,619 citing evidence of his defection 1584 01:12:52,786 --> 01:12:56,289 to the Soviet Union in 1959. 1585 01:12:56,289 --> 01:12:59,042 His trip to Russia raised a number of questions 1586 01:12:59,042 --> 01:13:00,752 that we wanted to get into. 1587 01:13:00,752 --> 01:13:07,551 For example, when any American went to Russia 1588 01:13:07,551 --> 01:13:10,136 and renounced his American citizenship, 1589 01:13:10,136 --> 01:13:12,639 and subsequently changed his mind 1590 01:13:12,639 --> 01:13:16,017 and wanted to come back to this country. 1591 01:13:16,017 --> 01:13:18,144 Upon returning to this country, 1592 01:13:18,144 --> 01:13:20,438 there was a thorough debriefing 1593 01:13:21,189 --> 01:13:24,109 by the CIA, 1594 01:13:24,109 --> 01:13:28,154 with one exception, as far as we can ascertain, Oswald. 1595 01:13:29,614 --> 01:13:32,492 Now, that smacks of an intelligence relationship. 1596 01:13:32,659 --> 01:13:33,910 [reporter] Did you kill the President? 1597 01:13:33,910 --> 01:13:35,412 No, they're taking me in 1598 01:13:35,412 --> 01:13:37,998 because of the fact that I lived in the Soviet Union. 1599 01:13:39,749 --> 01:13:42,252 [Goldberg] State Department Intelligence 1600 01:13:42,460 --> 01:13:43,753 Officer Otto Otepka 1601 01:13:43,753 --> 01:13:47,132 had noted the marked increase in the number of Americans 1602 01:13:47,132 --> 01:13:49,634 defecting to Russia at the time. 1603 01:13:49,634 --> 01:13:53,555 He also noted that some of them came from the military. 1604 01:13:53,555 --> 01:13:56,725 He, therefore, suspected that some of these men 1605 01:13:56,892 --> 01:13:58,768 were fake defectors. 1606 01:13:58,768 --> 01:14:00,770 They had been assigned by the CIA 1607 01:14:00,770 --> 01:14:04,774 to garner intelligence behind the Iron Curtain. 1608 01:14:04,774 --> 01:14:09,279 He sent a letter to the CIA asking which ones were real 1609 01:14:09,279 --> 01:14:12,115 and which were their agents. 1610 01:14:12,115 --> 01:14:16,536 Oswald was one of the names on Otepka's list. 1611 01:14:16,536 --> 01:14:19,998 Otepka's request was forwarded to James Angle ton, 1612 01:14:19,998 --> 01:14:21,833 Chief of Counterintelligence. 1613 01:14:21,833 --> 01:14:25,587 He instructed that there be no research done on Oswald, 1614 01:14:25,587 --> 01:14:29,799 but Otepka continued to work on the Oswald case. 1615 01:14:29,799 --> 01:14:31,593 The thing of significance 1616 01:14:31,760 --> 01:14:34,220 was that he was really interested in Lee Harvey Oswald 1617 01:14:34,220 --> 01:14:36,640 before the assassination, 1618 01:14:36,640 --> 01:14:41,478 and he actually had a study of these defectors in his safe. 1619 01:14:41,478 --> 01:14:44,606 Well, things got worse. His office was not only bugged, 1620 01:14:44,606 --> 01:14:47,233 they planted people in his office to spy on him. 1621 01:14:47,233 --> 01:14:51,237 They started putting confidential documents in his burn bag, 1622 01:14:51,237 --> 01:14:52,781 and then tried to blame him in saying 1623 01:14:52,781 --> 01:14:54,491 he's burning confidential documents. 1624 01:14:54,491 --> 01:14:56,534 The guy has gone, you know, wacko. 1625 01:14:56,701 --> 01:14:58,370 [Goldberg] As a result, 1626 01:14:58,536 --> 01:15:01,456 he was formally removed from the State Department 1627 01:15:01,456 --> 01:15:04,501 on November 5th, 1963, 1628 01:15:04,501 --> 01:15:07,796 just 17 days before the assassination. 1629 01:15:07,796 --> 01:15:11,466 So you will not see Otepka's name in the Warren Report. 1630 01:15:11,466 --> 01:15:15,095 And he was not called as a witness before that body. 1631 01:15:15,095 --> 01:15:17,555 In fact, Angle ton, the man 1632 01:15:17,555 --> 01:15:21,726 who had access to all the Oswald files at the CIA, 1633 01:15:21,726 --> 01:15:23,895 coordinated the agency's response 1634 01:15:23,895 --> 01:15:27,273 to the Warren Commission's requests. 1635 01:15:27,440 --> 01:15:29,442 [reporter] The CIA Deputy Director 1636 01:15:29,651 --> 01:15:31,152 of Plans, Richard Helms, 1637 01:15:31,152 --> 01:15:32,821 swore to the Warren Commission 1638 01:15:32,821 --> 01:15:34,698 that the agency never had 1639 01:15:34,698 --> 01:15:38,076 or contemplated any contact with Oswald. 1640 01:15:38,076 --> 01:15:41,079 The line that the CIA fed the Warren Commission, 1641 01:15:41,079 --> 01:15:43,456 that they really didn't know anything about this guy. 1642 01:15:43,623 --> 01:15:46,710 We now know that that was complete nonsense. 1643 01:15:46,710 --> 01:15:50,255 Oswald was a figure of intense interest 1644 01:15:50,255 --> 01:15:52,966 for four years before the assassination. 1645 01:15:52,966 --> 01:15:56,928 And a dozen senior CIA officers 1646 01:15:56,928 --> 01:15:58,680 were very well acquainted with him. 1647 01:15:58,847 --> 01:16:01,474 Everything he did, where he went, 1648 01:16:01,474 --> 01:16:04,019 what his politics were, his family life. 1649 01:16:04,019 --> 01:16:07,731 I mean, remember, they were reading his mother's mail. 1650 01:16:07,731 --> 01:16:09,858 That's how closely they were watching him 1651 01:16:09,858 --> 01:16:12,527 right up until Kennedy was killed. 1652 01:16:12,527 --> 01:16:15,113 And then Kennedy was killed, Oswald"s arrested, 1653 01:16:15,280 --> 01:16:18,992 and they say, "Oh, we know nothing about this man."” 1654 01:16:18,992 --> 01:16:22,662 [Goldberg] In fact, ARRB records show 1655 01:16:22,662 --> 01:16:27,000 that Angle ton and the CIA were receiving reports on Oswald 1656 01:16:27,000 --> 01:16:30,754 up until one week before the assassination. 1657 01:16:30,920 --> 01:16:32,547 So, you know, the whole investigation 1658 01:16:32,714 --> 01:16:35,675 would have been totally different 1659 01:16:35,675 --> 01:16:38,970 if-- if the public and the investigators had known 1660 01:16:38,970 --> 01:16:42,640 just how much the CIA knew about the alleged lone nut. 1661 01:16:45,226 --> 01:16:48,646 [Goldberg] One of the places Oswald leafleted in front of 1662 01:16:48,646 --> 01:16:52,067 was Clay Shaw's International Trade Mart. 1663 01:16:52,067 --> 01:16:56,321 Shaw, who was arrested by New Orleans DA Jim Garrison 1664 01:16:56,488 --> 01:16:58,907 on charges that he was part of the conspiracy 1665 01:16:59,074 --> 01:17:00,992 to kill President Kennedy, 1666 01:17:00,992 --> 01:17:05,163 always denied he was associated with the CIA. 1667 01:17:05,163 --> 01:17:06,372 [interviewer] You have never yourself had 1668 01:17:06,581 --> 01:17:07,248 any CIA connection? 1669 01:17:07,248 --> 01:17:08,458 None whatsoever. 1670 01:17:08,458 --> 01:17:09,584 Any association with the organization? 1671 01:17:09,751 --> 01:17:10,877 Not a one. 1672 01:17:10,877 --> 01:17:12,754 [Goldberg] The Review Board has shown 1673 01:17:12,754 --> 01:17:15,173 these denials to be false. 1674 01:17:15,173 --> 01:17:18,676 Shaw was both a highly valued contract agent 1675 01:17:18,676 --> 01:17:21,221 and had a covert security clearance 1676 01:17:21,221 --> 01:17:25,058 for a project code named QKENCHANT. 1677 01:17:27,227 --> 01:17:29,270 New Orleans attorney Dean Andrews 1678 01:17:29,270 --> 01:17:32,023 had worked with Oswald in May of '63 1679 01:17:32,023 --> 01:17:35,401 in an attempt to upgrade his military discharge 1680 01:17:35,401 --> 01:17:37,821 from its "undesirable" status. 1681 01:17:37,987 --> 01:17:42,617 After the assassination, a man calling himself Clay Bertrand 1682 01:17:42,617 --> 01:17:46,204 phoned Andrews and asked him to consider going to Dallas 1683 01:17:46,371 --> 01:17:48,623 to defend Oswald. 1684 01:17:48,790 --> 01:17:52,836 Under oath, Clay Shaw denied that he was Clay Bertrand, 1685 01:17:52,836 --> 01:17:54,629 and Andrews claimed that because 1686 01:17:54,796 --> 01:17:57,257 of the medication he was on, 1687 01:17:57,257 --> 01:17:59,884 he had only imagined the phone call. 1688 01:17:59,884 --> 01:18:02,387 But today, because of the work 1689 01:18:02,387 --> 01:18:04,764 of the Assassination Records Review Board, 1690 01:18:04,764 --> 01:18:08,143 we now have evidence and 12 people who confirmed 1691 01:18:08,143 --> 01:18:10,937 that Shaw used this name as an alias. 1692 01:18:10,937 --> 01:18:14,107 Andrews later admitted that Shaw was Bertrand 1693 01:18:14,107 --> 01:18:16,109 to author Harold Weisberg, 1694 01:18:16,276 --> 01:18:18,486 but made him promise not to reveal this 1695 01:18:18,653 --> 01:18:20,864 until after Andrews' death. 1696 01:18:24,117 --> 01:18:25,952 [John Newman] In the FBI, 1697 01:18:25,952 --> 01:18:30,748 uh, a stop or flash was placed on Oswald"s files, 1698 01:18:30,748 --> 01:18:34,169 which meant that no one 1699 01:18:34,169 --> 01:18:37,172 could ask for a document in those files, 1700 01:18:37,172 --> 01:18:40,633 or no one could even add a document to those files 1701 01:18:40,633 --> 01:18:44,762 without going through the FBI's espionage division. 1702 01:18:44,762 --> 01:18:47,515 And that lasted for four years. 1703 01:18:47,682 --> 01:18:50,768 It was essentially a blinking red light 1704 01:18:50,768 --> 01:18:52,979 on Oswald's files at FBI. 1705 01:18:54,480 --> 01:18:57,901 On 8 October, 1963, 1706 01:18:58,067 --> 01:19:01,362 an FBI agent whose name was Marvin Gheesling 1707 01:19:01,529 --> 01:19:04,282 took that status off of Oswald's files. 1708 01:19:06,492 --> 01:19:08,995 What that action did was to lower 1709 01:19:08,995 --> 01:19:13,249 Oswald's threat profile at the FBI 1710 01:19:13,249 --> 01:19:16,836 just weeks before the Kennedy assassination. 1711 01:19:16,836 --> 01:19:19,714 And what that would mean is there was no reason 1712 01:19:19,714 --> 01:19:23,051 to put Oswald's name on the security index. 1713 01:19:23,051 --> 01:19:25,345 One thing about the security index 1714 01:19:25,345 --> 01:19:27,639 is when you have a Presidential motorcade 1715 01:19:27,639 --> 01:19:29,974 going through a particular route, 1716 01:19:30,141 --> 01:19:31,643 anybody who's on that index 1717 01:19:31,643 --> 01:19:33,436 has to be removed from where they are. 1718 01:19:33,436 --> 01:19:35,355 They cannot be on the parade route. 1719 01:19:35,355 --> 01:19:37,190 And, of course, that exposes 1720 01:19:37,357 --> 01:19:39,776 the President to a dangerous situation 1721 01:19:39,776 --> 01:19:41,402 that he shouldn't have been in. 1722 01:19:41,402 --> 01:19:44,572 That action at the FBI didn't happen in isolation. 1723 01:19:44,739 --> 01:19:49,577 The same thing happened at CIA at exactly the same time. 1724 01:19:49,744 --> 01:19:51,537 [Stone] Who was the CIA's liaison 1725 01:19:51,746 --> 01:19:52,830 they chose to work 1726 01:19:52,830 --> 01:19:56,209 with the House Select Committee in 19782 1727 01:19:56,209 --> 01:19:57,168 George Joannides. 1728 01:19:57,335 --> 01:19:59,170 He was the case officer 1729 01:19:59,170 --> 01:20:01,005 for the Cuban students 1730 01:20:01,172 --> 01:20:03,591 who had a series of encounters with Oswald 1731 01:20:03,758 --> 01:20:05,426 before the assassination. 1732 01:20:05,426 --> 01:20:07,845 And then, 13 years later, 1733 01:20:07,845 --> 01:20:10,640 when Congress reopens the investigation, 1734 01:20:10,640 --> 01:20:13,434 the CIA calls Joannides out of retirement, 1735 01:20:13,434 --> 01:20:15,395 and make him the point person 1736 01:20:15,561 --> 01:20:17,897 to deal with the Congressional investigators 1737 01:20:17,897 --> 01:20:19,565 who are looking into the CIA's 1738 01:20:19,565 --> 01:20:22,402 possible role in the assassination. 1739 01:20:22,402 --> 01:20:24,779 The HSCA knew nothing about this, 1740 01:20:24,779 --> 01:20:26,406 and I went to Bob Blakey, 1741 01:20:26,406 --> 01:20:29,117 the head of the HSCA investigation, 1742 01:20:29,117 --> 01:20:31,536 and I said, "Bob, did you ever know this guy, Joannides?" 1743 01:20:31,536 --> 01:20:33,496 And he said, "Yeah, you know, we dealt with him a lot. 1744 01:20:33,496 --> 01:20:35,123 He was the liaison." 1745 01:20:35,123 --> 01:20:37,834 And I said, "Did you know what he was doing in 1963?" 1746 01:20:37,834 --> 01:20:40,003 And he said, "He wasn't doing anything in 1963. 1747 01:20:40,169 --> 01:20:41,629 "We had an agreement with the CIA 1748 01:20:41,629 --> 01:20:43,047 "that nobody who was operational 1749 01:20:43,047 --> 01:20:44,799 "at the time of the assassination 1750 01:20:44,799 --> 01:20:46,801 would be involved in the investigation.” 1751 01:20:46,968 --> 01:20:50,680 And I said, "Bob, Joannides was running those Cubans 1752 01:20:50,680 --> 01:20:53,141 "who were in touch with Oswald. He was running the Cubans 1753 01:20:53,141 --> 01:20:55,435 "who were blaming Castro for the assassination. 1754 01:20:55,435 --> 01:20:58,980 "He was Dick Helms' hand-picked man in Miami, 1755 01:20:58,980 --> 01:21:01,816 "controlling the group that had the most to do with Oswald 1756 01:21:01,983 --> 01:21:04,110 "before and after the assassination. 1757 01:21:04,110 --> 01:21:06,362 And then he came along and he stonewalled you." 1758 01:21:06,362 --> 01:21:09,073 The reason why they brought Joannides in to do it 1759 01:21:09,073 --> 01:21:12,076 was to hide the connection to Oswald. 1760 01:21:12,076 --> 01:21:14,495 He was definitely shocked because 1761 01:21:14,495 --> 01:21:17,123 he saw just how clever they had been. 1762 01:21:17,123 --> 01:21:20,209 They had gone right to the heart of his investigation, 1763 01:21:20,209 --> 01:21:22,003 and figured out how to paralyze it. 1764 01:21:22,003 --> 01:21:23,713 I remember that he said, you know, 1765 01:21:23,713 --> 01:21:27,050 "I'll never believe anything the CIA tells me again.” 1766 01:21:29,260 --> 01:21:30,845 [Goldberg] Even the Assassination Records 1767 01:21:31,054 --> 01:21:31,596 Review Board 1768 01:21:31,596 --> 01:21:35,516 had trouble getting documents from government agencies. 1769 01:21:35,516 --> 01:21:39,103 What were some of your difficulties working with the CIA? 1770 01:21:39,103 --> 01:21:43,107 One of the censors at the CIA was at a meeting with us, 1771 01:21:43,107 --> 01:21:46,778 and there was a document that we put up on the screen 1772 01:21:46,778 --> 01:21:48,404 and said, "We are prepared to release it." 1773 01:21:49,447 --> 01:21:50,656 And I asked him, you know, 1774 01:21:50,823 --> 01:21:53,284 "Tell us why we shouldn't release this record?" 1775 01:21:53,284 --> 01:21:55,787 And it was silence for about two minutes. 1776 01:21:55,787 --> 01:21:58,915 And he finally said, "I know there is a reason, 1777 01:21:58,915 --> 01:22:01,376 I just can't think of what it is." 1778 01:22:02,752 --> 01:22:04,128 [Goldberg] In late 1992, 1779 01:22:04,295 --> 01:22:07,548 a month after the Records Act was passed, 1780 01:22:07,715 --> 01:22:11,260 the Secret Service began its compliance plan. 1781 01:22:11,260 --> 01:22:14,389 But by January of 1995, 1782 01:22:14,389 --> 01:22:18,142 it had begun destroying important documents. 1783 01:22:18,309 --> 01:22:21,312 The destruction of records is actually referenced 1784 01:22:21,312 --> 01:22:25,900 in the Assassination Records Review Board final, uh, report. 1785 01:22:25,900 --> 01:22:29,195 Very, um, very disappointing. 1786 01:22:29,195 --> 01:22:31,364 Uh, they were records that related to trips 1787 01:22:31,364 --> 01:22:35,910 that President Kennedy had taken, uh, in the fall of 1963 1788 01:22:35,910 --> 01:22:38,704 prior to him going to Dallas. 1789 01:22:38,704 --> 01:22:40,164 [John R. Tunheim] There were many threats made 1790 01:22:40,373 --> 01:22:41,332 to President Kennedy's life 1791 01:22:41,332 --> 01:22:43,459 during the year 1963. 1792 01:22:43,459 --> 01:22:45,169 They're called threat sheets. 1793 01:22:45,169 --> 01:22:47,004 And the Secret Service fought us 1794 01:22:47,004 --> 01:22:49,132 on release of those records. 1795 01:22:49,132 --> 01:22:50,550 They even enlisted 1796 01:22:50,550 --> 01:22:53,219 Vice President Gore's wife to help them, 1797 01:22:53,219 --> 01:22:55,805 because she had a very legitimate concern 1798 01:22:55,805 --> 01:22:57,348 for mental health records. 1799 01:22:57,515 --> 01:23:00,977 And the idea was that this might disclose the names of people 1800 01:23:00,977 --> 01:23:02,895 who had mental health problems. 1801 01:23:02,895 --> 01:23:06,065 In the end, when we required agencies to disclose, 1802 01:23:06,065 --> 01:23:08,067 to swear under oath that they had 1803 01:23:08,067 --> 01:23:09,986 located all assassination records, 1804 01:23:10,153 --> 01:23:12,238 had turned everything over to us, 1805 01:23:12,405 --> 01:23:16,659 the Secret Service refused to sign the document under oath. 1806 01:23:16,659 --> 01:23:17,869 I think that was telling. 1807 01:23:19,620 --> 01:23:22,582 [Goldberg] Few people knew that there had been at least 1808 01:23:22,582 --> 01:23:27,170 two prior plots to kill President Kennedy in 1963. 1809 01:23:27,170 --> 01:23:29,881 One was in Chicago on November 2nd. 1810 01:23:29,881 --> 01:23:33,676 The second was in Tampa on November 18th. 1811 01:23:33,676 --> 01:23:36,429 Kennedy ended up not going to Chicago. 1812 01:23:36,429 --> 01:23:37,930 Tell us about that plot. 1813 01:23:37,930 --> 01:23:41,434 An informant, on October 31st, 1814 01:23:41,434 --> 01:23:45,938 an informant named Lee gave a warning to the FBI 1815 01:23:45,938 --> 01:23:48,858 stating that four Cubans 1816 01:23:48,858 --> 01:23:51,235 were headed to Chicago to shoot Kennedy. 1817 01:23:51,402 --> 01:23:55,156 The following day, a landlady reported to the Chicago police 1818 01:23:55,156 --> 01:23:57,867 that she had rented a room to four people 1819 01:23:57,867 --> 01:23:59,952 that had rifles with telescopic sights 1820 01:23:59,952 --> 01:24:01,913 and a sketch of the motorcade. 1821 01:24:02,079 --> 01:24:05,124 The FBI passed that on to the Secret Service, 1822 01:24:05,291 --> 01:24:08,628 and the Secret Service botched the surveillance 1823 01:24:08,628 --> 01:24:09,879 of these four individuals. 1824 01:24:09,879 --> 01:24:11,297 Two of them escaped, 1825 01:24:11,464 --> 01:24:13,716 but they actually picked up two of the snipers, 1826 01:24:13,716 --> 01:24:14,884 and they detained them. 1827 01:24:15,051 --> 01:24:17,386 They were stonewalled by the snipers. 1828 01:24:17,386 --> 01:24:19,138 They didn't get any information out of them. 1829 01:24:19,138 --> 01:24:22,517 While this was going on, there was another threat coming in 1830 01:24:22,683 --> 01:24:27,688 from another alternate patsy named Thomas Arthur Vallee, 1831 01:24:27,688 --> 01:24:29,106 who was making open and loud threats 1832 01:24:29,106 --> 01:24:31,734 that he would assassinate Kennedy. 1833 01:24:31,734 --> 01:24:35,321 They only picked him up when Kennedy canceled his trip, 1834 01:24:35,321 --> 01:24:38,908 on November 2nd at 10:00 in the morning. 1835 01:24:39,075 --> 01:24:43,329 What you found in Vallee and the whole Chicago plot 1836 01:24:43,329 --> 01:24:47,083 is so many similarities to what eventually happened in Dallas 1837 01:24:47,250 --> 01:24:50,127 that it can't be considered coincidental. 1838 01:24:50,127 --> 01:24:54,549 Vallee, if we compare him to Oswald, is an ex-Marine. 1839 01:24:54,549 --> 01:24:57,301 He had been posted, like Oswald, in the Far East 1840 01:24:57,468 --> 01:25:00,638 on a station that was linked to the CIA 1841 01:25:00,638 --> 01:25:03,849 because there were U-2 surveillance planes on it. 1842 01:25:03,849 --> 01:25:07,812 It was easy to portray him as disgruntled, anti-Kennedy, 1843 01:25:07,812 --> 01:25:09,689 a loner, armed. 1844 01:25:09,689 --> 01:25:12,400 Uh, he had another intelligence link 1845 01:25:12,400 --> 01:25:14,986 that he shared with Oswald. 1846 01:25:15,152 --> 01:25:17,780 He trained Cuban exiles for combat, 1847 01:25:17,780 --> 01:25:20,408 which was a CIA responsibility. 1848 01:25:20,408 --> 01:25:23,661 And Oswald, we know, at least offered to do that. 1849 01:25:23,661 --> 01:25:27,790 He most likely did train Cuban exiles, but we know he tried to. 1850 01:25:27,790 --> 01:25:29,959 Oswald, as we know, was moved 1851 01:25:30,126 --> 01:25:33,838 from New Orleans to Dallas in October 1852 01:25:33,838 --> 01:25:35,298 to be there just at the right time... 1853 01:25:36,382 --> 01:25:37,842 for the motorcade. 1854 01:25:37,842 --> 01:25:41,053 And he's placed in a tall building, where he gets a job. 1855 01:25:41,053 --> 01:25:44,348 He's adjacent to the perfect kill zone. 1856 01:25:44,348 --> 01:25:47,268 Now, if we look at what happened to, uh, Vallee, 1857 01:25:47,268 --> 01:25:50,021 he's moved like a pawn, in August, 1858 01:25:50,021 --> 01:25:53,024 from Long Island to Chicago 1859 01:25:53,024 --> 01:25:54,900 to be there in time for the motorcade. 1860 01:25:54,900 --> 01:25:56,360 And where does he get a job? 1861 01:25:56,360 --> 01:25:59,780 In a tall building adjacent to the motorcade 1862 01:25:59,780 --> 01:26:02,450 with a perfect view of a kill zone. 1863 01:26:02,450 --> 01:26:05,036 It would have forced Kennedy's motorcade 1864 01:26:05,036 --> 01:26:07,496 to do a sharp turn, slow down, 1865 01:26:07,496 --> 01:26:08,706 and be in a point 1866 01:26:08,706 --> 01:26:11,792 where you could've had perfect triangulation of fire. 1867 01:26:11,792 --> 01:26:13,252 And what about the trip to Florida? 1868 01:26:13,419 --> 01:26:14,879 On November 18th, 1869 01:26:14,879 --> 01:26:17,131 Kennedy was scheduled 1870 01:26:17,131 --> 01:26:19,592 to do a 27-mile-long motorcade in Tampa. 1871 01:26:19,592 --> 01:26:24,096 Secret Service was very nervous about the Floridian Hotel 1872 01:26:24,263 --> 01:26:25,931 where the motorcade would've gone by. 1873 01:26:25,931 --> 01:26:27,308 It would have forced a sharp turn. 1874 01:26:27,308 --> 01:26:30,353 Nobody fired away at him. But in this case, 1875 01:26:30,353 --> 01:26:34,649 the patsy would've been a Gilbert Policarpo Lopez. 1876 01:26:34,649 --> 01:26:36,233 He was a Cuban exile. 1877 01:26:36,400 --> 01:26:40,488 He attended Fair Play for Cuba Committee meetings. 1878 01:26:40,488 --> 01:26:43,491 And what do you think was the relevance of it? 1879 01:26:43,491 --> 01:26:45,076 [Paul Bleau] Well, if he had been 1880 01:26:45,284 --> 01:26:46,494 assassinated in Tampa, 1881 01:26:46,494 --> 01:26:49,497 Lopez, he would've been the, uh, potential patsy, 1882 01:26:49,497 --> 01:26:52,875 if they had to admit to a front shot... 1883 01:26:52,875 --> 01:26:55,127 because Oswald was behind. 1884 01:26:55,127 --> 01:26:58,923 There were rumors that he had assisted Oswald 1885 01:26:58,923 --> 01:27:00,591 in the assassination in Dallas. 1886 01:27:00,591 --> 01:27:03,761 Had anyone-- anyone tried to speak to the Warren Commission 1887 01:27:03,761 --> 01:27:05,596 about these incidents? 1888 01:27:05,596 --> 01:27:07,598 [Bleau] Abraham Bolden 1889 01:27:07,598 --> 01:27:10,184 was the first Black Secret Service agent 1890 01:27:10,184 --> 01:27:12,228 assigned to the White House detail, 1891 01:27:12,228 --> 01:27:14,188 and he was hand-picked by Kennedy. 1892 01:27:14,188 --> 01:27:16,774 He was in Chicago, uh, when this plot went down. 1893 01:27:16,774 --> 01:27:20,569 So he was there when the Secret Service was briefed 1894 01:27:20,569 --> 01:27:22,238 about the four snipers. 1895 01:27:22,238 --> 01:27:24,448 And he witnessed how much 1896 01:27:24,448 --> 01:27:27,576 the security was lax for Chicago. 1897 01:27:27,576 --> 01:27:30,996 And he also witnessed, after the assassination, 1898 01:27:30,996 --> 01:27:33,124 the steps that were taken to keep 1899 01:27:33,124 --> 01:27:36,001 the Chicago plot completely secret. 1900 01:27:36,001 --> 01:27:38,295 No paper trail, compartmentalized, 1901 01:27:38,295 --> 01:27:41,006 agents ordered to keep silent about it. 1902 01:27:41,006 --> 01:27:43,759 This information did not make its way 1903 01:27:43,759 --> 01:27:45,970 to Secret Service agents 1904 01:27:45,970 --> 01:27:48,222 that were protecting Kennedy 1905 01:27:48,222 --> 01:27:50,558 for future motorcades, including Dallas. 1906 01:27:50,558 --> 01:27:52,601 I Goldberg) Secret Service Agent Elmer Moore 1907 01:27:52,601 --> 01:27:57,106 was aware of Agent Bolden and the Chicago plot. 1908 01:27:57,273 --> 01:28:00,359 I met with Elmer three times face-to-face, 1909 01:28:00,526 --> 01:28:03,654 several phone calls, very short, one very long one. 1910 01:28:03,654 --> 01:28:07,742 I first asked him, "Did you ever interview 1911 01:28:07,742 --> 01:28:09,326 Thomas Arthur Vallee?" 1912 01:28:09,326 --> 01:28:11,203 And he says, "Oh, Washington 1913 01:28:11,203 --> 01:28:13,205 wouldn't let me see the files on that." 1914 01:28:13,372 --> 01:28:15,833 I said, "Oh, well, what about a man, 1915 01:28:16,000 --> 01:28:18,586 a Secret Service agent by the name of Abraham Bolden?" 1916 01:28:20,045 --> 01:28:22,673 His demeanor completely changed. 1917 01:28:22,673 --> 01:28:26,510 He stood up from his chair, he pulled out his revolver, 1918 01:28:26,510 --> 01:28:29,555 and he put it on the table right in front of me. 1919 01:28:29,555 --> 01:28:32,308 He leaned over the table and he says, 1920 01:28:32,308 --> 01:28:35,269 "Jim, tell me right now, who are you working for?" 1921 01:28:38,063 --> 01:28:40,983 I said, "I'm an independent researcher."” 1922 01:28:41,484 --> 01:28:42,568 He told me... 1923 01:28:45,112 --> 01:28:46,489 in a very loud voice... 1924 01:28:48,240 --> 01:28:51,035 and with a very stern look on his face, 1925 01:28:51,035 --> 01:28:54,079 "We finally got him." 1926 01:28:54,079 --> 01:28:55,956 [Bleau] Abraham Bolden was one person 1927 01:28:55,956 --> 01:28:57,666 who did try to say what he knew 1928 01:28:57,666 --> 01:29:00,878 to the Warren Commission, but they blocked him. 1929 01:29:00,878 --> 01:29:02,546 He was blocked from talking 1930 01:29:02,546 --> 01:29:06,175 and eventually railroaded into some phony crime 1931 01:29:06,175 --> 01:29:08,010 and put into jail for a number of years. 1932 01:29:12,515 --> 01:29:14,225 [Stone] The National Archives is home 1933 01:29:14,433 --> 01:29:15,518 to forensic evidence 1934 01:29:15,518 --> 01:29:17,728 of Kennedy's assassination, 1935 01:29:17,728 --> 01:29:21,148 and government files regarding Lee Harvey Oswald. 1936 01:29:21,148 --> 01:29:23,526 But the Review Board also declassified 1937 01:29:23,526 --> 01:29:26,028 many documents regarding Kennedy's plans 1938 01:29:26,028 --> 01:29:27,738 for withdrawal from Vietnam, 1939 01:29:27,738 --> 01:29:30,115 and how he planned to shape his progressive, 1940 01:29:30,115 --> 01:29:33,077 new American foreign policy. 1941 01:29:33,077 --> 01:29:35,538 A policy that, if put in motion, 1942 01:29:35,538 --> 01:29:38,874 would completely derail plans secretly already set up 1943 01:29:39,041 --> 01:29:40,960 by the Pentagon and the CIA. 1944 01:29:46,298 --> 01:29:49,426 I never realized Kennedy was so dangerous to the establishment. 1945 01:29:50,928 --> 01:29:53,180 Is that why? 1946 01:29:53,180 --> 01:29:54,515 That's the real question, isn't it? 1947 01:29:54,515 --> 01:29:55,933 Why? " 1948 01:29:56,100 --> 01:30:00,312 The "how" and the "who" is just scenery for the public. 1949 01:30:00,312 --> 01:30:03,482 Oswald, Ruby, Cuba, the Mafia, 1950 01:30:03,649 --> 01:30:05,693 keeps 'em guessing like some kind of parlor game. 1951 01:30:05,693 --> 01:30:09,113 Prevents 'em from asking the most important question: "Why?" 1952 01:30:09,113 --> 01:30:12,283 Why was Kennedy killed? Who benefited? 1953 01:30:12,449 --> 01:30:14,159 Who has the power to cover it up? 1954 01:30:14,702 --> 01:30:15,619 Who? 1955 01:30:18,330 --> 01:30:19,957 [Donald Sutherland] His first year in office, 1956 01:30:19,957 --> 01:30:23,586 Kennedy must shape his own policy as President, 1957 01:30:23,586 --> 01:30:26,922 sometimes in conflict with what his predecessors have done, 1958 01:30:26,922 --> 01:30:29,925 especially in foreign policy. 1959 01:30:30,092 --> 01:30:35,681 And by the fall of 1963, Kennedy had made many enemies. 1960 01:30:35,681 --> 01:30:39,310 He was working on an American withdrawal from Vietnam. 1961 01:30:39,310 --> 01:30:42,730 An upcoming State visit to Indonesia in '64. 1962 01:30:42,730 --> 01:30:46,942 An independent, unified democracy in the Congo. 1963 01:30:46,942 --> 01:30:50,613 Through Nasser, a balanced policy in the Middle East. 1964 01:30:50,613 --> 01:30:53,908 Normalization of relations with Cuba. 1965 01:30:53,908 --> 01:30:56,952 And a détente with Russia. 1966 01:30:56,952 --> 01:31:00,080 Even going so far as to offer them a joint mission to the moon. 1967 01:31:01,206 --> 01:31:04,460 But back in April of 1961, 1968 01:31:04,460 --> 01:31:07,755 the first stain on his administration asserted itself. 1969 01:31:09,757 --> 01:31:12,843 Kennedy, who had campaigned as a strong anti-Communist, 1970 01:31:12,843 --> 01:31:15,930 signed off on the Bay of Pigs invasion plan. 1971 01:31:15,930 --> 01:31:17,306 His approval of the plan 1972 01:31:17,306 --> 01:31:19,725 contained two distinct limitations. 1973 01:31:19,725 --> 01:31:22,686 America would supply arms and equipment, 1974 01:31:22,686 --> 01:31:25,606 but there would be no Americans in the landing force. 1975 01:31:25,606 --> 01:31:27,942 Second, after preliminary air strikes 1976 01:31:28,108 --> 01:31:29,944 by Cuban exile pilots, 1977 01:31:30,110 --> 01:31:32,196 there would only be further strikes 1978 01:31:32,196 --> 01:31:34,531 after the invasion secured an airfield. 1979 01:31:36,158 --> 01:31:38,243 Dulles believed that Kennedy would, 1980 01:31:38,243 --> 01:31:40,412 like Eisenhower, support the operation 1981 01:31:40,412 --> 01:31:43,999 with direct US military intervention if needed, 1982 01:31:43,999 --> 01:31:47,252 all the while assuring him it would not be necessary. 1983 01:31:48,504 --> 01:31:50,422 Well, first, I want to say that 1984 01:31:50,422 --> 01:31:53,217 there will not be, under any conditions, 1985 01:31:53,217 --> 01:31:56,178 be an intervention in Cuba by United States armed forces. 1986 01:32:13,362 --> 01:32:15,656 [Sutherland] The invasion was a disaster. 1987 01:32:15,823 --> 01:32:19,034 Victory has 100 fathers and defeat is an orphan. 1988 01:32:19,034 --> 01:32:20,953 Further statements, uh... 1989 01:32:20,953 --> 01:32:22,997 detailed, uh, discussions, 1990 01:32:24,665 --> 01:32:28,127 are not to, uh, conceal responsibility 1991 01:32:28,127 --> 01:32:30,921 because I'm the responsible officer of the Government. 1992 01:32:30,921 --> 01:32:34,341 [Sutherland] In public, Kennedy accepted the blame. 1993 01:32:34,341 --> 01:32:36,301 In private, he and his brother suspected 1994 01:32:36,301 --> 01:32:38,929 they had been lied to by the CIA. 1995 01:32:38,929 --> 01:32:43,392 Allen Dulles confessed that the mission was bound to fail 1996 01:32:43,392 --> 01:32:45,310 as it was planned by the CIA, 1997 01:32:45,310 --> 01:32:47,688 without US military support. 1998 01:32:47,688 --> 01:32:50,190 He confessed this while, uh, preparing 1999 01:32:50,190 --> 01:32:52,151 an article for Harper's Magazine 2000 01:32:52,151 --> 01:32:54,319 with the young editor, Willie Morris, 2001 01:32:54,319 --> 01:32:58,157 that he couldn't have done this with his small group of exiles, 2002 01:32:58,157 --> 01:32:59,575 his Cuban brigade. 2003 01:32:59,575 --> 01:33:02,661 He needed the Marines and the Air Force to go in, 2004 01:33:02,661 --> 01:33:05,330 and he thought Kennedy was going to be young and pliable, 2005 01:33:05,497 --> 01:33:08,292 and that in the 11th hour, Kennedy would be forced 2006 01:33:08,292 --> 01:33:11,795 to send in, uh, the full might of the US military. 2007 01:33:11,795 --> 01:33:15,257 [Sutherland] While drafting the article in 1965, 2008 01:33:15,257 --> 01:33:16,967 Dulles told his editor, 2009 01:33:17,134 --> 01:33:20,804 "That Kennedy-- He thought he was a God." 2010 01:33:20,804 --> 01:33:22,973 [David Talbot] Jack Kennedy did stand firm. 2011 01:33:22,973 --> 01:33:24,892 He did not send in the military. 2012 01:33:24,892 --> 01:33:27,770 He did not make it an even bigger global crisis 2013 01:33:27,770 --> 01:33:29,104 than it already was. 2014 01:33:29,104 --> 01:33:31,565 Kennedy is just furious. 2015 01:33:31,565 --> 01:33:32,941 He knows he's been lied to, 2016 01:33:33,108 --> 01:33:37,404 deceived by his senior military and intelligence advisers. 2017 01:33:37,404 --> 01:33:41,742 He announces that the agency, uh, is going to be downsized. 2018 01:33:41,742 --> 01:33:44,870 And he vows famously, he tells friends 2019 01:33:44,870 --> 01:33:47,915 he's going to shatter the CIA into a thousand pieces 2020 01:33:47,915 --> 01:33:50,584 and scatter it to the winds. 2021 01:33:50,584 --> 01:33:54,171 It wasn't just the Bay of Pigs that angered President Kennedy 2022 01:33:54,171 --> 01:33:55,756 when it came to the CIA. 2023 01:33:55,923 --> 01:33:59,593 In that same month, in April of 1961, 2024 01:33:59,593 --> 01:34:03,680 he was also being lied to about a coup in France, 2025 01:34:03,680 --> 01:34:05,265 a military coup that was aimed at 2026 01:34:05,265 --> 01:34:08,060 overthrowing President Charles de Gaulle, 2027 01:34:08,060 --> 01:34:10,479 one of our strongest allies. 2028 01:34:10,479 --> 01:34:12,439 [Sutherland] Allen Dulles, who had a long history 2029 01:34:12,439 --> 01:34:14,900 of antagonism with de Gaulle, 2030 01:34:14,900 --> 01:34:16,193 falsely reported to Kennedy 2031 01:34:16,360 --> 01:34:19,071 that the vast majority of the French military 2032 01:34:19,071 --> 01:34:21,615 was staunchly opposed to de Gaulle's support 2033 01:34:21,782 --> 01:34:25,160 of Algerian self-determination. 2034 01:34:25,160 --> 01:34:29,623 What he didn't tell him was that as far back as 1959, 2035 01:34:29,623 --> 01:34:32,835 the CIA had discussed his overthrow. 2036 01:34:32,835 --> 01:34:36,672 This coup attempt, orchestrated by four French generals, 2037 01:34:36,672 --> 01:34:38,382 was quickly put down. 2038 01:34:38,382 --> 01:34:42,261 And several news reports pointed to Allen Dulles" hand 2039 01:34:42,261 --> 01:34:44,763 in supporting the episode. 2040 01:34:44,763 --> 01:34:46,807 JFK assures the French ambassador, 2041 01:34:46,974 --> 01:34:48,851 "I have nothing to do with this. 2042 01:34:48,851 --> 01:34:52,104 I stand in full support of President de Gaulle.” 2043 01:34:52,104 --> 01:34:54,439 But he says something very, very alarming. 2044 01:34:54,439 --> 01:34:57,860 He tells the French ambassador, President Kennedy, 2045 01:34:57,860 --> 01:35:01,738 that "I'm not in full control, though, of my entire government. 2046 01:35:01,738 --> 01:35:03,949 "I'm not in control of the CIA 2047 01:35:03,949 --> 01:35:06,368 and I can't speak for what's happening there." 2048 01:35:06,368 --> 01:35:10,080 That's a stunning admission for a US President to make. 2049 01:35:11,748 --> 01:35:13,292 [Sutherland] In 1960, 2050 01:35:13,458 --> 01:35:16,503 the Congo had been granted its independence 2051 01:35:16,503 --> 01:35:18,255 from Belgian colonial rule 2052 01:35:18,255 --> 01:35:21,341 and carried out a democratic election. 2053 01:35:21,341 --> 01:35:23,760 In the disorder of the transition, 2054 01:35:23,760 --> 01:35:26,638 the Belgians, backed by England and France, 2055 01:35:26,638 --> 01:35:29,558 sought to eliminate its charismatic Prime Minister, 2056 01:35:29,558 --> 01:35:31,727 Patrice Lumumba. 2057 01:35:31,727 --> 01:35:34,938 Eisenhower and CIA Director Allen Dulles 2058 01:35:34,938 --> 01:35:39,568 favored the European nation in this colonial conflict. 2059 01:35:39,568 --> 01:35:43,947 Eisenhower gave the go-ahead to have Lumumba assassinated. 2060 01:35:44,907 --> 01:35:46,325 Kennedy never knew this. 2061 01:35:46,325 --> 01:35:51,163 He gets elected the following November of 1960, 2062 01:35:51,163 --> 01:35:54,333 and he heads in the opposite direction. 2063 01:35:54,333 --> 01:35:56,335 To those new states whom we welcome 2064 01:35:56,335 --> 01:35:59,254 to the ranks of the free, 2065 01:35:59,254 --> 01:36:05,219 we pledge our word that one form of colonial control 2066 01:36:05,219 --> 01:36:08,222 shall not have passed away 2067 01:36:08,222 --> 01:36:13,060 merely to be replaced by a far more iron tyranny. 2068 01:36:13,060 --> 01:36:15,437 [Sutherland] But events are already in motion. 2069 01:36:15,437 --> 01:36:18,774 With the backing of British and US intelligence and armes, 2070 01:36:18,774 --> 01:36:22,819 Col. Joseph Mobutu's forces captured President Lumumba 2071 01:36:22,819 --> 01:36:26,114 at the beginning of December 1960. 2072 01:36:26,114 --> 01:36:27,616 [Richard Ma honey] Dag Hammarskjold, 2073 01:36:27,616 --> 01:36:30,827 the UN Secretary General, calls JFK, 2074 01:36:30,827 --> 01:36:32,996 uh, who's the President-elect at this point, 2075 01:36:32,996 --> 01:36:34,790 and asked him to intercede 2076 01:36:34,957 --> 01:36:37,793 to get Lumumba released from prison. 2077 01:36:37,793 --> 01:36:41,922 When Kennedy intervenes to save Lumumba, 2078 01:36:41,922 --> 01:36:45,217 that's a signal directly to the CIA 2079 01:36:45,217 --> 01:36:48,428 that they have to dispatch this guy immediately. 2080 01:36:48,428 --> 01:36:52,599 And so 48 hours before Kennedy takes the oath of office, 2081 01:36:52,766 --> 01:36:56,144 Lumumba is delivered into the hands of his enemies. 2082 01:36:56,144 --> 01:36:58,313 He's taken out and shot in the head. 2083 01:36:58,313 --> 01:37:01,275 Kennedy doesn't know this until months later. 2084 01:37:01,275 --> 01:37:02,651 Who finally tells him? 2085 01:37:02,651 --> 01:37:05,279 The CIA? No, they still keep it a secret. 2086 01:37:05,445 --> 01:37:09,283 He's informed by his UN ambassador, Adlai Stevenson. 2087 01:37:09,283 --> 01:37:11,910 His face crumples, he's holding his hand, 2088 01:37:11,910 --> 01:37:13,787 he's grimacing in anguish, 2089 01:37:13,787 --> 01:37:17,916 hearing about the assassination of Patrice Lumumba. 2090 01:37:17,916 --> 01:37:19,084 [Sutherland] Within a very short 2091 01:37:19,251 --> 01:37:21,545 period of time after the assassination, 2092 01:37:21,545 --> 01:37:25,716 Hammarskjold died in a mysterious plane crash. 2093 01:37:25,716 --> 01:37:27,467 The photographs show his body 2094 01:37:27,467 --> 01:37:30,429 as the only one not burned or charred, 2095 01:37:30,429 --> 01:37:34,516 and he had a playing card, reportedly the ace of spades, 2096 01:37:34,683 --> 01:37:38,520 stuffed into his shirt collar above the knot of the tie. 2097 01:37:38,520 --> 01:37:40,647 There are controversial documents 2098 01:37:40,647 --> 01:37:42,566 that indicate Allen Dulles 2099 01:37:42,566 --> 01:37:44,693 was involved in the sabotage of the plane. 2100 01:37:47,279 --> 01:37:49,072 [Lisa Pease] John Foster Dulles and Allen Dulles, 2101 01:37:49,239 --> 01:37:51,450 they felt, you know, what they had to say 2102 01:37:51,616 --> 01:37:53,994 was good enough for the rest of the world, 2103 01:37:53,994 --> 01:37:55,662 that they knew more than the President. 2104 01:37:55,662 --> 01:37:57,789 There were things they didn't tell Eisenhower 2105 01:37:57,789 --> 01:38:00,709 that they were doing under his administration. 2106 01:38:00,709 --> 01:38:02,794 [Talbot] And actually, Jack Kennedy 2107 01:38:02,794 --> 01:38:05,922 does move to decapitate the top of the CIA. 2108 01:38:06,089 --> 01:38:08,550 He lets it be known that Allen Dulles, 2109 01:38:08,550 --> 01:38:10,802 as well as his two top advisers, 2110 01:38:10,802 --> 01:38:12,220 Richard Bissell, 2111 01:38:12,220 --> 01:38:14,765 who is also very involved with the Bay of Pigs, 2112 01:38:14,765 --> 01:38:16,391 and General Cabell, 2113 01:38:16,558 --> 01:38:19,227 who was, uh, the right-hand man to Allen Dulles. 2114 01:38:19,227 --> 01:38:21,146 So the top three people in the CIA, 2115 01:38:21,313 --> 01:38:25,150 Kennedy forces them out before the end of the year. 2116 01:38:25,150 --> 01:38:27,986 Have you ever committed any act of violence in your life? 2117 01:38:31,114 --> 01:38:32,115 No. 2118 01:38:34,201 --> 01:38:35,744 [Sutherland] The existence of communism 2119 01:38:35,911 --> 01:38:37,662 so close to American shores 2120 01:38:37,662 --> 01:38:40,624 kept Cuba on Kennedy's plate. 2121 01:38:40,624 --> 01:38:43,543 And the Joint Chiefs of Staff presented a plan to Kennedy 2122 01:38:43,710 --> 01:38:45,879 called Operation North woods, 2123 01:38:45,879 --> 01:38:48,173 whereby the CIA would secretly perform 2124 01:38:48,173 --> 01:38:50,759 terrorist acts in the United States 2125 01:38:50,926 --> 01:38:52,761 and blame them on Castro 2126 01:38:52,761 --> 01:38:55,722 to justify bombings and an invasion of Cuba. 2127 01:38:55,889 --> 01:38:58,016 And you see all these plans 2128 01:38:58,016 --> 01:39:00,602 being sent to McNamara and to Kennedy. 2129 01:39:00,602 --> 01:39:02,104 [Horne] "Fake an attack by Cubans 2130 01:39:02,104 --> 01:39:03,814 against the Guantanamo Bay sentries. 2131 01:39:03,814 --> 01:39:06,233 Sink a US ship in Guantanamo Bay 2132 01:39:06,233 --> 01:39:07,401 and blame it on Cuba." 2133 01:39:07,567 --> 01:39:12,364 The one that scares me the most was very sophisticated. 2134 01:39:12,364 --> 01:39:16,243 Uh, take an airliner and fly it as a drone over Cuba 2135 01:39:16,243 --> 01:39:17,744 without any people in it, 2136 01:39:17,744 --> 01:39:19,162 with a tape-recording that would play, 2137 01:39:19,162 --> 01:39:20,622 "We're under attack by Cuban aircraft! 2138 01:39:20,789 --> 01:39:22,624 "Oh, my God, they're going to kill us!” 2139 01:39:22,791 --> 01:39:23,834 Blow up the airplane! 2140 01:39:23,834 --> 01:39:25,752 Blow up this huge drone 2141 01:39:25,752 --> 01:39:29,297 and use that to start a war. 2142 01:39:29,297 --> 01:39:31,675 [Sutherland] The President declined the recommendation. 2143 01:39:33,093 --> 01:39:34,845 The North woods plan was our big find 2144 01:39:35,011 --> 01:39:36,430 in the way of military records. 2145 01:39:36,596 --> 01:39:37,597 They are universally recognized today 2146 01:39:37,764 --> 01:39:39,516 for their importance. 2147 01:39:39,516 --> 01:39:41,643 It's one of those releases that the Review Board members, 2148 01:39:41,643 --> 01:39:44,855 the board members themselves were justifiably proud of 2149 01:39:44,855 --> 01:39:46,773 that came out of the JFK Records Act. 2150 01:39:48,859 --> 01:39:51,445 [Stone] In addition to the problems with the CIA, 2151 01:39:51,445 --> 01:39:54,656 Kennedy's own military advisers started pressuring him 2152 01:39:54,656 --> 01:39:55,991 to send troops to Vietnam. 2153 01:39:56,158 --> 01:39:58,285 A country that Kennedy had visited 2154 01:39:58,285 --> 01:40:00,203 10 years earlier as a Congressman, 2155 01:40:00,203 --> 01:40:02,789 and witnessed firsthand how the French 2156 01:40:02,789 --> 01:40:04,458 were losing their war 2157 01:40:04,624 --> 01:40:07,794 against the Viet Minh in the fight for independence. 2158 01:40:07,794 --> 01:40:09,379 Once he became President, 2159 01:40:09,379 --> 01:40:12,632 Kennedy wanted to avoid the same trap. 2160 01:40:12,799 --> 01:40:16,136 The Vietnam decision is finally arrived at, 2161 01:40:16,136 --> 01:40:17,846 which is NSAM 111, 2162 01:40:17,846 --> 01:40:20,640 where Kennedy says no combat troops 2163 01:40:20,640 --> 01:40:22,476 but will increase the advisers. 2164 01:40:22,642 --> 01:40:25,562 And that was his decision, in the Kennedy presidency. 2165 01:40:25,562 --> 01:40:28,106 Never to cross that line. 2166 01:40:30,066 --> 01:40:32,611 [Sutherland] Near the end of his first year in office, 2167 01:40:32,611 --> 01:40:34,029 Kennedy received a report 2168 01:40:34,196 --> 01:40:36,865 from Walt Rostow and General Maxwell Taylor, 2169 01:40:36,865 --> 01:40:39,034 his foreign policy and military advisers, 2170 01:40:39,034 --> 01:40:40,535 that called for increased training 2171 01:40:40,535 --> 01:40:42,621 of South Vietnamese troops, 2172 01:40:42,621 --> 01:40:44,539 increased bombings of the North, 2173 01:40:44,539 --> 01:40:47,751 and the use of US combat troops. 2174 01:40:47,751 --> 01:40:49,211 The influence on Kennedy's reluctance 2175 01:40:49,377 --> 01:40:51,505 to committing ground troops 2176 01:40:51,505 --> 01:40:55,383 was his ambassador to India, John Kenneth Galbraith. 2177 01:40:55,383 --> 01:40:58,428 [James K. Galbraith] My father went to see, uh, Walt Rostow. 2178 01:40:58,428 --> 01:40:59,846 He went in to talk to him. 2179 01:41:00,013 --> 01:41:03,934 Rostow gestured on his desk to the, uh, pile of papers. 2180 01:41:03,934 --> 01:41:07,145 The Rostow Taylor report was plainly visible. 2181 01:41:07,145 --> 01:41:09,105 Uh, my father asked to see it. 2182 01:41:09,105 --> 01:41:10,857 Walt said that his security classification 2183 01:41:11,024 --> 01:41:13,068 wasn't sufficiently high. 2184 01:41:13,068 --> 01:41:14,736 My father did not think that 2185 01:41:14,736 --> 01:41:18,448 Walt Rostow's security classification was higher than his. 2186 01:41:18,448 --> 01:41:21,117 Uh, and at the given moment, uh, the phone rang. 2187 01:41:21,117 --> 01:41:23,119 Walt turned to-- to answer the phone 2188 01:41:23,119 --> 01:41:25,330 and-- and Dad picked up the report 2189 01:41:25,330 --> 01:41:28,291 and walked out of the office and read it. 2190 01:41:28,291 --> 01:41:30,544 [Sutherland] Kennedy sent Galbraith to Saigon 2191 01:41:30,710 --> 01:41:33,547 to write a report that would differ in its recommendations 2192 01:41:33,547 --> 01:41:37,759 from what Taylor and Rostow had given to him. 2193 01:41:37,759 --> 01:41:39,386 Kennedy knew what he wanted 2194 01:41:39,386 --> 01:41:41,054 and he knew what my father would deliver, which he did, 2195 01:41:41,054 --> 01:41:43,557 which is a very detailed and skeptical report 2196 01:41:43,557 --> 01:41:46,351 about the efficiency of the South Vietnamese government, 2197 01:41:46,351 --> 01:41:49,729 about the capacity of any military force 2198 01:41:49,729 --> 01:41:52,357 to prevail in the security situation 2199 01:41:52,357 --> 01:41:55,151 that was in existence in South Vietnam at that time. 2200 01:41:55,151 --> 01:41:56,486 [Sutherland] Kennedy told Galbraith 2201 01:41:56,653 --> 01:42:00,073 to deliver his report to Defense Secretary McNamara, 2202 01:42:00,073 --> 01:42:02,409 and he, in turn, gave instructions 2203 01:42:02,409 --> 01:42:05,495 to begin the withdrawal to General Harkins, 2204 01:42:05,495 --> 01:42:09,332 the commanding General of all forces in Vietnam. 2205 01:42:09,332 --> 01:42:12,419 The Pentagon dragged its feet on formulating plans, 2206 01:42:12,586 --> 01:42:17,465 and McNamara called for a meeting in May of 1963. 2207 01:42:17,465 --> 01:42:20,385 One of the most important finds of the Review Board 2208 01:42:20,385 --> 01:42:22,804 are the notes from this meeting. 2209 01:42:22,971 --> 01:42:25,056 [Horne] McNamara said, "It's not fast enough. 2210 01:42:25,056 --> 01:42:26,308 I want you to accelerate it." 2211 01:42:26,308 --> 01:42:28,602 He says, "I want to pull out 1,000 men, 2212 01:42:28,768 --> 01:42:31,062 uh, in December by the end of the year. 2213 01:42:31,062 --> 01:42:33,023 "And I want you to pull out 2214 01:42:33,023 --> 01:42:34,983 complete units, not just individuals." 2215 01:42:34,983 --> 01:42:37,402 He wanted units to come out. 2216 01:42:37,569 --> 01:42:40,238 [Sutherland] After the withdrawal plan was approved, 2217 01:42:40,238 --> 01:42:42,490 Kennedy sent Secretary of Defense McNamara 2218 01:42:42,490 --> 01:42:47,245 and General Taylor to Saigon in September of '63. 2219 01:42:47,245 --> 01:42:50,040 He planned on using their report as the basis 2220 01:42:50,040 --> 01:42:53,001 to formally order the withdrawal to begin. 2221 01:42:53,001 --> 01:42:55,045 Kennedy controlled the report, 2222 01:42:55,045 --> 01:42:56,588 since it was actually being written 2223 01:42:56,588 --> 01:42:59,799 under the supervision of Bobby Kennedy. 2224 01:42:59,966 --> 01:43:01,509 [Newman] Three days later, 2225 01:43:01,509 --> 01:43:03,053 that leaks out into the newspapers. 2226 01:43:03,053 --> 01:43:05,680 Then his opponents find out. 2227 01:43:05,680 --> 01:43:07,390 And McGeorge Bundy says to Kennedy, "Hey, look, 2228 01:43:07,390 --> 01:43:09,225 "if they're talking about it in the newspapers, 2229 01:43:09,225 --> 01:43:10,268 we might as well put it on paper.” 2230 01:43:10,435 --> 01:43:12,687 And they put it, and it was NSAM 263. 2231 01:43:12,687 --> 01:43:15,815 And that's how it was actually written and why. 2232 01:43:15,815 --> 01:43:17,984 Well, here's one of the things 2233 01:43:17,984 --> 01:43:19,486 McNamara said in the secret debrief. 2234 01:43:19,486 --> 01:43:23,031 He said, "We had agreed, the President and I, 2235 01:43:23,031 --> 01:43:24,991 "that we had trained them, 2236 01:43:24,991 --> 01:43:26,660 "we had given them everything we could. 2237 01:43:26,826 --> 01:43:29,496 "And if they couldn't win, too bad. 2238 01:43:29,496 --> 01:43:33,541 We had to get out even if they were going to be defeated.” 2239 01:43:33,541 --> 01:43:36,878 So McNamara and Kennedy had decided that they were willing 2240 01:43:37,045 --> 01:43:39,839 to pull out of Vietnam in a losing scenario. 2241 01:43:40,006 --> 01:43:40,965 That's very important. 2242 01:43:42,467 --> 01:43:45,178 But later in that month, McGeorge Bundy, 2243 01:43:45,178 --> 01:43:47,764 who's the National Security Adviser, 2244 01:43:47,764 --> 01:43:49,891 puts together a memo 2245 01:43:49,891 --> 01:43:51,851 based upon the-- the truth about the war, 2246 01:43:51,851 --> 01:43:54,229 which is just going terribly. 2247 01:43:54,229 --> 01:43:57,273 And he does it in a way to try and make sure 2248 01:43:57,440 --> 01:43:59,234 that Kennedy would be able to go along with this. 2249 01:43:59,401 --> 01:44:01,111 [Sutherland] This is reflected in 2250 01:44:01,111 --> 01:44:03,446 the National Security Action Memorandum: 2251 01:44:03,446 --> 01:44:06,282 NSAM 273. 2252 01:44:06,282 --> 01:44:09,536 [Newman] The way Bundy writes the first draft of 273 2253 01:44:09,536 --> 01:44:11,162 is to say, "Look, we need to intensify 2254 01:44:11,329 --> 01:44:14,165 "the war effort against the communists. 2255 01:44:14,165 --> 01:44:16,000 "But the way we're going to do it 2256 01:44:16,000 --> 01:44:18,586 is to increase South Vietnamese forces." 2257 01:44:18,586 --> 01:44:21,047 There's not a word about American forces 2258 01:44:21,047 --> 01:44:22,799 or Americanizing the war. 2259 01:44:25,343 --> 01:44:27,679 While Kennedy's body is still in the casket 2260 01:44:27,679 --> 01:44:30,181 in the rotunda over in the Capitol building, 2261 01:44:30,348 --> 01:44:34,602 is when Johnson changes NSAM 273 to a new version. 2262 01:44:34,602 --> 01:44:37,188 And when it comes to the key paragraph, 2263 01:44:37,188 --> 01:44:39,065 paragraph seven, which just talks about 2264 01:44:39,065 --> 01:44:41,651 how we're going to intensify the war, 2265 01:44:41,651 --> 01:44:43,194 instead of changing a few words, 2266 01:44:43,194 --> 01:44:46,364 there's two big hash marks through that paragraph, 2267 01:44:46,364 --> 01:44:48,074 and it's completely rewritten. 2268 01:44:48,074 --> 01:44:49,367 And I said-- I asked Bundy in an interview, 2269 01:44:49,367 --> 01:44:51,161 I said, "Who told you to do that?" 2270 01:44:51,161 --> 01:44:52,996 He said, "Johnson did." 2271 01:44:52,996 --> 01:44:54,456 [Sutherland] These changes allowed the US 2272 01:44:54,456 --> 01:44:57,584 to unilaterally engage in combat in Vietnam 2273 01:44:57,584 --> 01:44:59,836 rather than simply supporting and advising 2274 01:44:59,836 --> 01:45:01,379 South Vietnamese troops. 2275 01:45:02,547 --> 01:45:04,299 And within days, 2276 01:45:04,299 --> 01:45:07,427 we're talking about sending out the DESOTO missions. 2277 01:45:07,427 --> 01:45:10,305 These-- These naval excursions 2278 01:45:10,305 --> 01:45:13,141 along the coastline of North Vietnam 2279 01:45:13,141 --> 01:45:15,894 that ends up with The Maddox 2280 01:45:15,894 --> 01:45:18,313 and the, and the so-called Tonkin Gulf attacks. 2281 01:45:18,313 --> 01:45:20,231 And then the resolution in Congress 2282 01:45:20,231 --> 01:45:23,568 opening the door to intervention in Vietnam. 2283 01:45:23,568 --> 01:45:26,029 [Sutherland] In the Review Board's declassifications, 2284 01:45:26,196 --> 01:45:28,323 there's evidence that Johnson was fully aware 2285 01:45:28,323 --> 01:45:30,700 of Kennedy's Vietnam withdrawal plans, 2286 01:45:30,700 --> 01:45:32,494 disagreed with them, 2287 01:45:32,494 --> 01:45:35,246 and worked on Robert McNamara to make him renounce them. 2288 01:45:36,247 --> 01:45:38,166 [Lyndon B. Johnson speaking] 2289 01:45:47,258 --> 01:45:49,886 In retaliation for this unprovoked 2290 01:45:49,886 --> 01:45:52,013 attack on the high seas, 2291 01:45:52,180 --> 01:45:54,516 our forces have struck the bases 2292 01:45:54,516 --> 01:45:58,520 used by the North Vietnamese patrol craft. 2293 01:45:58,520 --> 01:46:00,688 [Sutherland] And as declassified memos have revealed, 2294 01:46:00,688 --> 01:46:02,273 by autumn of 1964, 2295 01:46:02,440 --> 01:46:05,068 during his campaign against Barry Goldwater, 2296 01:46:05,235 --> 01:46:07,320 Johnson had already decided 2297 01:46:07,487 --> 01:46:10,406 that he was going to escalate the Vietnam War-. 2298 01:46:10,406 --> 01:46:11,866 In fact, the directive that would become 2299 01:46:12,033 --> 01:46:13,701 the Tonkin Gulf Resolution 2300 01:46:13,868 --> 01:46:18,081 had been written before the Tonkin Gulf Incident itself. 2301 01:46:18,081 --> 01:46:19,958 Three months before the election, 2302 01:46:19,958 --> 01:46:23,628 Johnson had already planned for an extensive air war. 2303 01:46:23,628 --> 01:46:26,256 It was to begin after his inauguration. 2304 01:46:27,966 --> 01:46:32,387 [Johnson] We intend to convince the communists 2305 01:46:32,387 --> 01:46:37,225 that we cannot be defeated by force of arms 2306 01:46:37,225 --> 01:46:39,060 or by superior power. 2307 01:46:44,148 --> 01:46:46,317 [Pease] When news came of Kennedy's death, 2308 01:46:46,317 --> 01:46:48,611 all over the planet, people were mourning 2309 01:46:48,611 --> 01:46:51,322 and crying and going to embassies. 2310 01:46:51,322 --> 01:46:53,741 In Latin America, the people just lit candles 2311 01:46:53,741 --> 01:46:56,077 because they didn't even have electrical power, 2312 01:46:56,077 --> 01:46:57,704 but they wanted to honor his killing. 2313 01:46:57,871 --> 01:46:59,289 In the Yucatan Peninsula, 2314 01:46:59,455 --> 01:47:03,543 peasants cleared an area and planted a peace garden. 2315 01:47:03,543 --> 01:47:05,128 [Philip Muehlenbeck] Nasser learned of Kennedy's death 2316 01:47:05,128 --> 01:47:07,380 in the middle of the night. He got up, dressed, 2317 01:47:07,547 --> 01:47:10,425 went down to his office, and then realized, 2318 01:47:10,425 --> 01:47:12,218 "Well, there's nothing I can do about this." 2319 01:47:12,218 --> 01:47:14,846 According to his son, Nasser went to a-- 2320 01:47:14,846 --> 01:47:18,057 A great state of depression after Kennedy's death. 2321 01:47:18,057 --> 01:47:21,394 Uh, relations with Egypt gradually deteriorated, 2322 01:47:21,394 --> 01:47:24,355 and they increasingly shifted their allegiance 2323 01:47:24,355 --> 01:47:26,190 towards the Soviet Union as well. 2324 01:47:26,190 --> 01:47:29,777 A mass was held in the leading Catholic Church in Cairo, 2325 01:47:29,777 --> 01:47:32,113 which has a capacity of 600. 2326 01:47:32,113 --> 01:47:35,617 They somehow fit 4,000 people into that church. 2327 01:47:35,617 --> 01:47:38,161 Algeria, which had special feeling for Kennedy, 2328 01:47:38,328 --> 01:47:40,622 declared a state of mourning for a week. 2329 01:47:40,622 --> 01:47:43,750 Flags were flown, uh, at half mast. 2330 01:47:43,917 --> 01:47:46,628 The US ambassador to Egypt said 2331 01:47:46,628 --> 01:47:49,380 that he thought the Egyptians had seen in Kennedy 2332 01:47:49,547 --> 01:47:51,633 the best of what they saw in Americans. 2333 01:47:51,633 --> 01:47:54,844 That Kennedy had represented a kind of ideal of America 2334 01:47:54,844 --> 01:47:56,846 to ordinary Egyptians. 2335 01:47:56,846 --> 01:47:58,932 [Sutherland] Castro got the news of Kennedy's death 2336 01:47:58,932 --> 01:48:00,391 while discussing détente 2337 01:48:00,558 --> 01:48:03,061 with the French journalist Jean Daniel. 2338 01:48:03,227 --> 01:48:06,648 He then exclaimed, "This is bad news. 2339 01:48:06,648 --> 01:48:08,608 Everything is now going to change." 2340 01:48:11,110 --> 01:48:13,613 When Khrushchev paid his respects to President Kennedy 2341 01:48:13,780 --> 01:48:16,366 at the American embassy, 2342 01:48:16,366 --> 01:48:18,952 he was reportedly holding back tears. 2343 01:48:20,703 --> 01:48:23,665 Robert Kennedy knew that after his brother's death, 2344 01:48:23,665 --> 01:48:28,127 relations with the Soviet Union hung in the balance. 2345 01:48:28,127 --> 01:48:34,092 My father, he wanted to convey a message to Premier Khrushchev 2346 01:48:34,092 --> 01:48:35,677 saying that our family knew 2347 01:48:35,843 --> 01:48:39,597 that the Soviets were not involved in the assassination. 2348 01:48:39,597 --> 01:48:43,851 That it was a right-wing plot from our own country. 2349 01:48:44,018 --> 01:48:46,187 In other words, the CIA, 2350 01:48:46,187 --> 01:48:48,439 or forces aligned with the CIA. 2351 01:48:48,439 --> 01:48:51,234 [Robert F. Kennedy Jr.] The day that his brother died, 2352 01:48:51,401 --> 01:48:54,487 my father's first phone call 2353 01:48:54,487 --> 01:48:59,492 was to the CIA desk officer at Langley 2354 01:48:59,492 --> 01:49:05,498 and he asked them, "Did your people conduct this horror?” 2355 01:49:07,792 --> 01:49:10,378 [Talbot] We know from how Bobby operated 2356 01:49:10,378 --> 01:49:14,173 that terrible day, November 22nd, 1963, 2357 01:49:14,173 --> 01:49:17,093 at his home in, uh, McLean, Virginia, 2358 01:49:17,093 --> 01:49:21,931 that he immediately suspected there was not a lone gunman. 2359 01:49:21,931 --> 01:49:23,558 Why do we know this? 2360 01:49:23,558 --> 01:49:26,602 Because he was being told by his closest aides, 2361 01:49:26,602 --> 01:49:29,147 people like Kenny O'Donnell and Dave Powers, 2362 01:49:29,147 --> 01:49:30,565 who were in the limousine 2363 01:49:30,565 --> 01:49:33,359 immediately behind President Kennedy's limousine. 2364 01:49:33,359 --> 01:49:35,153 They were both World War II veterans. 2365 01:49:35,153 --> 01:49:37,739 They knew what gunfire sounded like. 2366 01:49:37,905 --> 01:49:39,949 They reported it to him that gunfire 2367 01:49:39,949 --> 01:49:41,909 had not just come from the-- the rear. 2368 01:49:42,076 --> 01:49:44,162 It had come from different sides. 2369 01:49:44,162 --> 01:49:46,539 There was gunfire from the front as well. 2370 01:49:46,539 --> 01:49:48,958 It was a crossfire. 2371 01:49:48,958 --> 01:49:51,544 [Kennedy Jr.] I was in the East Room, 2372 01:49:51,711 --> 01:49:56,049 with my dad and with Jackie and a couple of my siblings, 2373 01:49:56,049 --> 01:49:58,468 and Lyndon Johnson came in, 2374 01:49:58,468 --> 01:50:01,345 and told the adults in the room 2375 01:50:01,345 --> 01:50:04,265 that Lee Harvey Oswald had been killed, 2376 01:50:04,265 --> 01:50:07,560 and that a man had shot him. 2377 01:50:07,727 --> 01:50:11,105 And I said to my dad and mom at that time, 2378 01:50:11,272 --> 01:50:12,774 "Why did he shoot him? 2379 01:50:12,774 --> 01:50:15,234 Did he-- Did he love our family?" 2380 01:50:15,234 --> 01:50:16,736 And the way that they acted 2381 01:50:16,903 --> 01:50:19,447 was that this only compounded the tragedy. 2382 01:50:21,032 --> 01:50:22,533 [Sutherland] Many people at home 2383 01:50:22,533 --> 01:50:24,368 felt that after Kennedy's death, 2384 01:50:24,368 --> 01:50:28,372 a period of depression and cynicism overtook the country, 2385 01:50:28,372 --> 01:50:32,126 and that America was somehow changed forever. 2386 01:50:32,126 --> 01:50:33,795 Our overwhelming disbelief 2387 01:50:33,795 --> 01:50:35,338 in the Warren Commission's findings 2388 01:50:35,505 --> 01:50:38,216 contributed to increased skepticism 2389 01:50:38,216 --> 01:50:40,718 of all our foundational beliefs about government. 2390 01:50:43,638 --> 01:50:46,599 But I think Allen Dulles' appointment to the Warren Commission 2391 01:50:46,599 --> 01:50:49,811 is one of the great frauds of American history. 2392 01:50:49,811 --> 01:50:52,855 I don't think that even if you had 10 more commissions, 2393 01:50:52,855 --> 01:50:54,107 you'd never get away from the idea 2394 01:50:54,273 --> 01:50:55,733 that maybe there was a plot. 2395 01:50:55,900 --> 01:50:58,152 We just didn't find any traces of it. 2396 01:50:58,152 --> 01:51:00,530 What really happened with Allen Dulles was 2397 01:51:00,696 --> 01:51:03,866 the CIA lobbied to have him put on the Commission, 2398 01:51:03,866 --> 01:51:06,410 'cause they needed to have one of their own on the Commission 2399 01:51:06,577 --> 01:51:10,623 to make sure that certain doors remained closed. 2400 01:51:10,790 --> 01:51:16,671 I think there's a direct thread between the events of 1963 2401 01:51:16,671 --> 01:51:18,881 and the kind of horror show 2402 01:51:18,881 --> 01:51:22,969 that America is having to endure right now. 2403 01:51:22,969 --> 01:51:25,763 And I think once you kill a President 2404 01:51:25,763 --> 01:51:27,431 in broad daylight on the streets of an American city, 2405 01:51:27,598 --> 01:51:30,393 and everyone knows that powerful forces did it, 2406 01:51:30,393 --> 01:51:34,021 that sends a signal not only to the American people, 2407 01:51:34,188 --> 01:51:37,942 but to the American media, to the American future leaders. 2408 01:51:37,942 --> 01:51:40,862 And if America really wants a democratic society, 2409 01:51:40,862 --> 01:51:44,490 then we should get to the bottom of this traumatic crime 2410 01:51:44,490 --> 01:51:47,827 that continues to reverberate throughout American history. 2411 01:51:47,827 --> 01:51:51,289 They poll historians, they poll the American people, 2412 01:51:51,289 --> 01:51:54,041 and they say, "Who were the most popular Presidents?” 2413 01:51:54,041 --> 01:51:56,085 Well, one metric that you can use 2414 01:51:56,085 --> 01:52:00,464 to objectively-- at least judge the foreign policy, 2415 01:52:00,464 --> 01:52:02,967 is how many boulevards are named 2416 01:52:02,967 --> 01:52:05,386 after that President in foreign countries? 2417 01:52:05,386 --> 01:52:09,265 How many hospitals, how many colleges, how many schools? 2418 01:52:09,265 --> 01:52:13,769 How many statues are-- are standing of that President 2419 01:52:13,769 --> 01:52:15,605 in capitals all over the world? 2420 01:52:15,605 --> 01:52:17,690 And in that sense, President Kennedy 2421 01:52:17,690 --> 01:52:20,234 beats every other President, hands down. 2422 01:52:23,321 --> 01:52:25,156 [Stone] Although many of Kennedy's 2423 01:52:25,156 --> 01:52:27,325 progressive and unprecedented goals 2424 01:52:27,325 --> 01:52:32,538 and changes in policy were undone after his assassination, 2425 01:52:32,538 --> 01:52:36,000 a few powerful ones remain. 2426 01:52:36,000 --> 01:52:37,919 I think Mr. Kennedy has done 2427 01:52:37,919 --> 01:52:40,296 some significant things in civil rights, 2428 01:52:40,463 --> 01:52:42,924 and I would include the Attorney General. 2429 01:52:43,090 --> 01:52:48,179 I think both of these men are men of genuine goodwill. 2430 01:52:48,179 --> 01:52:50,932 And, uh, I think there is a necessity now 2431 01:52:51,098 --> 01:52:53,392 to see the urgency of the moment. 2432 01:52:56,145 --> 01:52:59,023 I'm asking from you an unequivocal assurance 2433 01:52:59,023 --> 01:53:02,109 that you will not bar entry to these students, 2434 01:53:02,109 --> 01:53:04,153 and that you will step aside peacefully, 2435 01:53:04,153 --> 01:53:06,781 do your constitutional duty. 2436 01:53:06,781 --> 01:53:09,617 [Stone] In showdowns using federal troops, 2437 01:53:09,617 --> 01:53:12,787 the Kennedy administration won admission of Black students 2438 01:53:12,787 --> 01:53:16,207 to the last public colleges in the south. 2439 01:53:16,207 --> 01:53:19,210 George Wallace made it clear that this fight was not over. 2440 01:53:19,377 --> 01:53:23,047 And the-- the South this year-- next year 2441 01:53:23,047 --> 01:53:25,466 will decide who the next President is, 2442 01:53:25,466 --> 01:53:27,843 whoever the South votes for will be the President. 2443 01:53:27,843 --> 01:53:29,845 And you're gonna see that the South 2444 01:53:29,845 --> 01:53:32,640 is going to be against some folks. 2445 01:53:32,640 --> 01:53:35,017 [Stone] That night, Kennedy addressed the nation 2446 01:53:35,017 --> 01:53:37,144 in what many consider the finest 2447 01:53:37,144 --> 01:53:39,355 Presidential speech on civil rights 2448 01:53:39,355 --> 01:53:41,107 since Abraham Lincoln. 2449 01:53:41,107 --> 01:53:43,985 ...and that the rights of every man are diminished 2450 01:53:44,151 --> 01:53:47,238 when the rights of one man are threatened. 2451 01:53:47,238 --> 01:53:50,783 If an American, because his skin is dark... 2452 01:53:50,783 --> 01:53:56,122 cannot enjoy the full and free life which all of us want, 2453 01:53:56,122 --> 01:53:58,207 then who among us would be content 2454 01:53:58,374 --> 01:54:01,460 to have the color of his skin changed? 2455 01:54:01,627 --> 01:54:04,463 One hundred years of delay have passed 2456 01:54:04,463 --> 01:54:07,717 since President Lincoln freed the slaves, 2457 01:54:07,717 --> 01:54:12,138 yet their heirs, their grandsons, are not fully free. 2458 01:54:12,138 --> 01:54:17,101 And this nation, for all its hopes and all its boasts, 2459 01:54:17,268 --> 01:54:21,230 will not be fully free until all its citizens are free. 2460 01:54:21,397 --> 01:54:22,648 We face, therefore, 2461 01:54:22,815 --> 01:54:24,817 a moral crisis as a country and a people, 2462 01:54:24,984 --> 01:54:26,819 and this is a matter which concerns 2463 01:54:26,986 --> 01:54:29,488 this country and what it stands for. 2464 01:54:29,488 --> 01:54:33,075 And in meeting it, I ask the support of all of our citizens. 2465 01:54:33,075 --> 01:54:35,286 Thank you very much. 2466 01:54:35,286 --> 01:54:38,289 [somber music playing] 2467 01:55:37,848 --> 01:55:41,018 ♪