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A man's life is both brief and yet huge.

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Places and events mark you forever,

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plotting your route
and your relationship with the world.

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This happened to me 40 years ago,
in Kenya.

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I was a 33-year-old Parisian,

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my life nourished since childhood
by a love of animals

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and the dream of absolute freedom.

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I'd been constrained since I was young
by rules I tried to dodge.

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I was a dunce at school and at home,

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the dimensions of which

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were never big enough
for exploring the world.

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I arrived here with my wife Anne
and our two little children

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at the heart of this wild nature.

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We bought a three-year return ticket.

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We bought a house ourselves
helped by our African friends.

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We were writing a thesis on lions.

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We'd spend days watching them.

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The lions taught me photography.

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Observing the lives of animals
changed me profoundly.

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I was born of them,

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born of these animals.

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Thanks to them,
I learned the freedom of just being.

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Never had I felt so alive or so happy.

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The lions weren't afraid of us.
They'd never been hunted by humans.

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It was an absolute dream, a discovery,

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living as a family with them.

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Here, "wild animal" wasn't synonymous
with fear of humans.

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We were accepted
as part of that natural harmony.

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The cycle of life played out before us.

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Eat or be eaten.

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Observing animals taught me
how to live in the world of humans.

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We watched them love each other,
but also die.

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Half of the lion cubs died
in their first year.

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With them,
I lived the essentials of life.

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Children, love, sex, and death.

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We were at the heart
of the cycle of life in the raw,

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in all its insecurity,

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always on the lookout,

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its harmony breaking free
from all our reference points.

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To earn a living,
I piloted hot-air balloons

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taking tourists to see animals
every morning.

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This was a revelation
which changed my life.

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From up there I mapped out their routes,

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the corridors taken
by thousands of wildebeest,

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buffalo, and zebra,

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heading to the south of the Serengeti

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where they would find abundant grazing.

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But their greatest predator
was the river Mara.

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Every year, the mass annihilation
of wildebeest happened again,

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making a deep impression on me.

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Now, as I rewatch this film
40 years later,

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I see us today beating a similar path
to our own impasse

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and I wonder what kind of animal we are.

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The kind that can make it across?

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Or the kind that will all suffer
the same death?

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The development of Kenya
between when I first set foot there

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and today

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perfectly illustrates
our shared history of the world.

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Never would I have imagined
that all of these animals

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would be threatened with extinction
40 years later

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and that 75% of the land

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would be cultivated to help feed
the eight billion humans

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that we now are.

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And never would I have imagined
that wheat, corn, and barley

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would replace the antelope's grasses

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or that the mechanic din
of combine harvesters

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would echo over this paradise
of biodiversity

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as they do across the whole planet.

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We have sought out power
in dominance and control.

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The Earth found it in freedom

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and the links between all things.

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There, I had all that a man
might dream of,

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a sort of adventure kit
like in a comic book.

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I think now that I had the very essence
of what makes a human life

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and that my life
couldn't have been complete

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without what we experienced there.

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Kenya is also the land
of the first humans.

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In the Rift Valley, the first traces

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of our homo sapiens ancestors
were found.

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It became the land of the Maasai.

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Cattle are their capital
and their currency.

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In 1980,

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we believed in the promises
of development.

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What the West offered seemed to me
the natural progress of the world.

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We were all going to be rational,
richer, and happier.

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I knew that the way of life
of the Maasai would change.

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I felt a little nostalgic,

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but even at that time
I knew this feeling

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also came from a perspective
of a privileged Westerner.

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But today the pastures for their cattle

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have been drastically reduced
because of agriculture.

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They often have to venture
into nature reserves

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to find grazing for their herds,

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and to defend themselves
against lion attacks,

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they've now swapped
their spears for poison,

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they who showed such pride
in fighting lions with spears.

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These vast expanses of greenhouses
surround the lakes of Kenya.

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Just as in Ethiopia or Chile,

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green beans or flowers are mass-produced

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for the tables of the world.

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Delivered by planes daily,
they contribute to global trade

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but leave behind
the very real consequences

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of pesticides and toxic wastes.

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And yet undeniably
they provide employment

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where there was none before.

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Poverty is often better distributed
than wealth.

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I never thought when I left Kenya

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that the 60,000 inhabitants
of the Kibera slum

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would have now increased to a million

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and that one person in eight

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would now be living in such conditions.

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On the planet today,
how many people are exiled,

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migrants, or refugees?

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Who'd have thought
that the huge camp of Dadaab

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set up in the desert
to take in the refugees

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from the 1991 war in Somalia

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would still be there today?

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It's become the biggest refugee camp
in the world.

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500,000 people live there

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and yet no one knows about it.

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Is this the promise of our progress?

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Since my birth, the wealth produced
and exchanged on Earth

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has multiplied twenty times.

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What a leap! But to what end?

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So that 1% of the world's population
owns as much as the other 99%?

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Here, too,
the signs of climate change are clear.

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Kilimanjaro of the eternal snow
is now almost without ice,

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like wrinkled old skin.

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It's not the Earth we should be killing

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but our conception of progress.

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Beauty is essential to my work

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and I believe, as the Navajo say,
"It is a balm for the soul."

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Salt crystals paint living pictures
in the black waters of Lake Magadi.

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This beauty is dazzling.

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I return to it ceaselessly.

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It's like an obsession.

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The optimistic young man I was in Kenya
is no more.

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I'm a different man today.

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What I've learned through my work
over these 40 years

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and what the scientists tell us

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threw all of my certainties
into question.

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Eleven years after my film Home,

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I just want to relate
my feelings about the world

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and our inability to change
our way of life

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even though we know the solutions.

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The scientists have announced
the sixth extinction of life on Earth,

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and with all of my soul
as a human being,

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I cannot accept it.

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So, let's have the courage
to face the truth

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and look at ourselves with open eyes.

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This is the story of Legacy,
Our Heritage.

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LEGACY
OUR HERITAGE

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Directed by Yann Arthus-Bertrand

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This movie
is dedicated to my grandchildren.

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I often ask myself this question:

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When did humans become aware
that they were different

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from other species?

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When was that awakening?

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It's hard to say,

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but one thing is certain:

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35,000 years ago,

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deep in Chauvet Cave in France,
they already knew.

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They knew of course
that they stood upright

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but ran too slowly.

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And mostly they knew
that they controlled their environment

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better than other species.

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They knew that,

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among the multitude of emotions
which bubbled inside them,

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they felt love and friendship.

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I feel a powerful connection
to these humans

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who lived thousands of generations ago.

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Like me, like you,

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they seemed sensitive
to the beauty of nature.

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They made an effort
to freeze it in time.

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But for whom?

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And to what end?

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What is clear is that they had no wish
to depict themselves

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or their species.

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They chose instead
to depict other species

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in all their majesty
and all of their splendour.

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Humans have always stood apart
from other species

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in a particular and unexpected way.

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The story I'm about to tell you
is your own.

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The story of each one of you.

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The story of human beings,

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a fantastic species
which has succeeded at everything.

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You'll see how this puny,
little creature,

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not naturally very well armed
against wild animals

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or bad weather,

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all the same managed to control nature
and conquer the entire planet.

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I have a photographer's eye

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and I'm able to capture
something extra in a landscape,

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a force that's there,
but which not everyone necessarily sees.

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I long thought that this force
was my perfectionism,

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my doggedness in seeking
the perfect photograph,

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the most harmonious lines,
the perfect angle,

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the ideal light,

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but in the end,

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it's quite possible that this force
which emanates

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from some of my pictures

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is nothing other than the force
which powers life itself:

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energy.

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For energy is not only that
which powers all living creatures,

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linking them all together,

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it is also their raison d'être.

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And this energy will be
the central theme of my film.

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In the beginning on Earth,
there was no life.

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There was only energy.

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Energy caught in a loop,
a prisoner of the elements,

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neither transformed nor channelled.

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And there was an enormous amount
of energy in all of its forms,

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abundant, wild, and dangerous.

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The Earth in the beginning
was just rock in fusion,

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furious and raging.

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This energy dissipated
immediately into space

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in the form of heat,

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because nothing held it back.

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Then, gradually,

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water vapor produced
by the burning Earth

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formed a gaseous envelope
around the planet,

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an atmosphere.

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The atmosphere let in the sun's rays,

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which warmed the Earth,
and then prevented the heat escaping,

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just like a greenhouse.

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This new heat provided the conditions
conducive to life.

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Without this natural greenhouse effect,

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the temperature on the planet
would be around -50 degrees.

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And at that temperature,
life as we know it is impossible.

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Life on Earth only exists because
of the greenhouse effect.

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The accumulating clouds
then unleashed diluvian rainfall,

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which ended up forming the oceans.

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For billions of years,

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this water went through
all of its stages,

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cloud, rain, lakes, rivers, and oceans,
ice sometimes, and then vapor again.

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And this cycle of water still continues.

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The water we drink today
is that which cradled the first algae

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and was drunk by the dinosaurs.

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Water is an essential constituent
of life.

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In fact, it makes up almost
two-thirds of the human body.

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And it was the oceans
that life would first appear,

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diversify,
and then pullulate in its myriad forms.

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Our planet is called Earth.

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But for the majority of its history,
it could have been called "Planet Sea."

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For a very long time,
this life in the oceans

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was limited to tiny, simply organisms,
the equivalent of today's plankton.

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I like this comparison:

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If the history of life on Earth
until today

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is represented as a 24-hour period,

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and it is now midnight,

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then life first appeared
at about 6 a.m.,

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in the oceans.

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But what is astonishing is that
life would only emerge from the oceans

255
00:16:01,280 --> 00:16:04,680
to colonise the land at about 10 p.m.

256
00:16:08,400 --> 00:16:11,160
That was when plants first appeared.

257
00:16:16,720 --> 00:16:19,600
For plants,
this conquest of the continents

258
00:16:19,760 --> 00:16:22,160
would have been unimaginably difficult,

259
00:16:23,200 --> 00:16:26,680
for they had to colonize an environment
so different from the sea,

260
00:16:26,840 --> 00:16:30,400
where they'd been coddled
in obstacle-free weightlessness,

261
00:16:30,560 --> 00:16:34,240
now confronting naked,
hard, sterile rock,

262
00:16:34,400 --> 00:16:37,280
but this virgin territory
was worth the effort.

263
00:16:37,440 --> 00:16:41,120
It was abundant
in that essential constituent of life,

264
00:16:41,280 --> 00:16:42,480
energy.

265
00:16:42,840 --> 00:16:46,160
This energy is what enables
living beings to function,

266
00:16:46,320 --> 00:16:48,480
to develop, to move around.

267
00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:54,200
Since life first appeared,
its sole raison d'être

268
00:16:54,360 --> 00:16:56,800
has been to seize this energy,

269
00:16:56,960 --> 00:17:00,560
and living things have become experts
at exploiting it.

270
00:17:05,360 --> 00:17:07,640
I have so much respect for living things

271
00:17:07,800 --> 00:17:11,120
because each one
is an incredible creation,

272
00:17:11,280 --> 00:17:14,080
so much more sophisticated
than the most refined machine

273
00:17:14,760 --> 00:17:17,280
and so much more fascinating too.

274
00:17:28,640 --> 00:17:30,440
Despite the surprising solution

275
00:17:30,600 --> 00:17:33,320
that plants have found
for their energy needs,

276
00:17:33,480 --> 00:17:35,960
we relegate them
all too often to the background,

277
00:17:36,120 --> 00:17:39,720
and yet plants have tamed
the energy of the sun.

278
00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:43,760
They're the only living things which,
thanks to photosynthesis,

279
00:17:43,920 --> 00:17:46,280
have access to unlimited energy

280
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:48,680
which they transform into matter,

281
00:17:49,400 --> 00:17:50,720
vegetal matter.

282
00:17:55,840 --> 00:17:59,200
It's extraordinary to think
that this vegetal matter they create

283
00:17:59,360 --> 00:18:00,760
doesn't come out of the ground.

284
00:18:00,920 --> 00:18:03,760
No, it comes out of the carbon
in the air,

285
00:18:03,920 --> 00:18:07,840
out of the sky,
transformed by photosynthesis.

286
00:18:12,680 --> 00:18:14,840
Then began a race upwards

287
00:18:15,200 --> 00:18:17,840
in which the highest plants
gained an advantage,

288
00:18:18,000 --> 00:18:20,440
having more energy at their disposal.

289
00:18:20,600 --> 00:18:22,560
They could reproduce more easily

290
00:18:22,720 --> 00:18:24,360
transmitting to their descendants

291
00:18:24,520 --> 00:18:26,360
the advantages that had worked for them,

292
00:18:26,520 --> 00:18:32,120
creating generations after generation
of ever-taller plants.

293
00:18:37,120 --> 00:18:38,960
Thus were trees born.

294
00:18:41,760 --> 00:18:44,440
In their race upwards,
these magnificents representatives

295
00:18:44,600 --> 00:18:46,640
of biological ingenuity

296
00:18:46,800 --> 00:18:50,640
have to solve problem
which to us might seem insuperable.

297
00:18:53,320 --> 00:18:57,400
For a tree, in fact,
is a trunk linking two crowns,

298
00:18:57,560 --> 00:19:00,960
one aerial and visible
made of branches and leaves

299
00:19:01,120 --> 00:19:05,640
for capturing the sun's energy,
and the other, just as big, underground,

300
00:19:05,800 --> 00:19:09,240
made of roots for capturing water
and minerals.

301
00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:22,160
Trees then are not just magnificent
solar-energy power stations,

302
00:19:22,320 --> 00:19:24,920
they are also enormous water pumps

303
00:19:25,080 --> 00:19:27,920
able to lift hundreds
of litres of water a day

304
00:19:28,080 --> 00:19:30,400
to heights of tens of metres.

305
00:19:31,560 --> 00:19:35,440
These spectacular colossi,
giants in space and in time,

306
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:38,760
can thrive for centuries,
even millennia.

307
00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:44,120
And all the while releasing oxygen,

308
00:19:44,280 --> 00:19:47,480
which can then be used
by other living beings.

309
00:19:54,440 --> 00:19:58,520
Over the years,
trees have increasingly fascinated me,

310
00:19:58,680 --> 00:20:01,840
occupying an ever-larger place
in my thoughts.

311
00:20:03,800 --> 00:20:05,000
Think about it:

312
00:20:05,160 --> 00:20:07,080
With the carbon they take
from the atmosphere

313
00:20:07,240 --> 00:20:09,400
and the energy they borrow from the sun,

314
00:20:09,560 --> 00:20:12,760
they build matter,
branches, trunks, roots,

315
00:20:13,760 --> 00:20:16,280
and when this matter dies
and falls to the ground,

316
00:20:16,440 --> 00:20:17,800
it creates humus,

317
00:20:17,960 --> 00:20:21,560
forming the soil in which other plants
and trees will grow.

318
00:20:26,760 --> 00:20:29,360
Before plants,
there was no soil on Earth,

319
00:20:29,520 --> 00:20:32,200
just naked and sterile rock.

320
00:20:35,200 --> 00:20:39,160
It's the soil, the earth after which
our planet is named,

321
00:20:39,320 --> 00:20:42,360
which is the foundation
of terrestrial plants,

322
00:20:42,520 --> 00:20:44,520
the compost of our lives.

323
00:20:44,680 --> 00:20:48,560
In fact, humus and homo,
the name of our species,

324
00:20:48,720 --> 00:20:52,360
have the same etymological root,
meaning earth.

325
00:21:00,280 --> 00:21:02,320
Fixed to the ground and immobile,

326
00:21:02,480 --> 00:21:04,920
trees communicate
by means of their roots

327
00:21:05,080 --> 00:21:07,760
and the odours they release
from their leaves.

328
00:21:10,120 --> 00:21:12,800
They've also solved, in an amazing way,

329
00:21:12,960 --> 00:21:14,760
one of their biggest problems.

330
00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:18,400
Being anchored in the soil
and unable to move,

331
00:21:18,560 --> 00:21:20,600
they use animals which can move

332
00:21:20,760 --> 00:21:24,920
to come into contact and reproduce
by means of their flowers.

333
00:21:30,120 --> 00:21:32,600
They developed fruit to attract animals

334
00:21:32,760 --> 00:21:35,960
which eat them
and deposit their seeds elsewhere.

335
00:21:40,640 --> 00:21:43,680
This is how they came to colonize
vast territories

336
00:21:43,840 --> 00:21:47,000
without moving a centimetre
throughout their lives.

337
00:21:56,880 --> 00:21:59,360
Of course,
I could speak just as enthusiastically

338
00:21:59,520 --> 00:22:02,040
about other species beside trees.

339
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:08,960
For example, those which didn't develop
photosynthesis: animals, our ancestors.

340
00:22:09,760 --> 00:22:12,680
They came up with a much more
ingenious solution

341
00:22:12,840 --> 00:22:14,440
for obtaining that energy,

342
00:22:15,000 --> 00:22:18,160
eating the plants
or eating the plant-eaters.

343
00:22:22,440 --> 00:22:24,800
All these herbivores
and carnivores are doing

344
00:22:24,960 --> 00:22:28,520
is salvaging the solar energy
stocked in the form of matter

345
00:22:28,680 --> 00:22:29,520
in living being.

346
00:22:36,920 --> 00:22:39,040
All living species
are driven by a natural urge

347
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:45,040
more powerful than anything else,
to survive so that they can reproduce.

348
00:22:48,040 --> 00:22:51,520
All the energy obtained
is channelled to this end.

349
00:22:51,960 --> 00:22:54,840
All that energy
is dedicated to survival.

350
00:22:55,480 --> 00:22:59,280
If any is left over,
it will go towards reproduction.

351
00:22:59,440 --> 00:23:03,640
Then to surviving another year
in order to reproduce again.

352
00:23:04,080 --> 00:23:05,320
As soon as possible.

353
00:23:16,440 --> 00:23:19,160
Hoard, eat, dominate, reproduce,

354
00:23:19,320 --> 00:23:23,200
such are the driving forces
of every living being on Earth.

355
00:23:31,600 --> 00:23:33,200
My experience of life in Kenya

356
00:23:33,360 --> 00:23:36,000
made me a humble and attentive spectator

357
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:38,680
of the beauty
of this infinite cycle of energy

358
00:23:38,840 --> 00:23:41,360
passing from one species to another.

359
00:23:44,480 --> 00:23:45,840
Energy is everywhere,

360
00:23:46,000 --> 00:23:49,120
sometimes being economized
to a maximum degree,

361
00:23:49,280 --> 00:23:51,880
sometimes explosive and impressive,

362
00:23:52,800 --> 00:23:56,160
ceaselessly circulating
from one species to another

363
00:23:56,320 --> 00:23:58,840
in the networks of our ecosystems.

364
00:24:07,360 --> 00:24:10,440
Humans began their story
like every other species,

365
00:24:10,600 --> 00:24:12,400
with the same imperative,

366
00:24:12,560 --> 00:24:14,800
finding the energy to endure.

367
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:22,400
But unlike the oak or the bear,

368
00:24:22,560 --> 00:24:27,280
they didn't start out with the assets
of robust powerful species.

369
00:24:29,560 --> 00:24:31,280
They had few weapons to fight nature.

370
00:24:31,440 --> 00:24:33,720
No fangs, claws, or horns.

371
00:24:36,520 --> 00:24:40,560
They didn't run very fast,
swam slowly and couldn't fly.

372
00:24:46,760 --> 00:24:51,000
But from the start,
humans had two essential advantages

373
00:24:51,160 --> 00:24:53,920
which would lift them out
of their animal condition,

374
00:24:54,080 --> 00:24:57,640
their intelligence
and their cooperative spirit.

375
00:24:58,000 --> 00:25:00,600
If one person
couldn't catch a prey alone,

376
00:25:00,760 --> 00:25:03,680
they would cooperate to hunt
and to gather.

377
00:25:04,120 --> 00:25:06,920
They also had coordinated strategies.

378
00:25:07,240 --> 00:25:10,240
They invented traps, nets, and weapons.

379
00:25:13,000 --> 00:25:15,680
Cooperation and intelligence.

380
00:25:16,520 --> 00:25:19,200
It's not by chance
that humans live in families,

381
00:25:19,360 --> 00:25:23,200
communities, tribes,
villages, and cities.

382
00:25:23,360 --> 00:25:25,600
They seek the presence of others,

383
00:25:25,920 --> 00:25:28,760
for this has been successful
through the ages,

384
00:25:28,920 --> 00:25:31,320
to defend themselves against predators,

385
00:25:31,760 --> 00:25:34,720
to build shelters against the cold
or the heat,

386
00:25:34,880 --> 00:25:38,280
to fish while others made boats
or repaired nets.

387
00:25:39,040 --> 00:25:42,200
They took care of their children,
their sick, or their old,

388
00:25:42,360 --> 00:25:44,520
who could in turn be helpful.

389
00:25:44,680 --> 00:25:47,800
They learned to observe nature
and to copy it.

390
00:25:48,360 --> 00:25:50,880
They discovered
the medicinal properties of plants

391
00:25:51,040 --> 00:25:54,160
and passed this knowledge down
through the generations.

392
00:25:55,520 --> 00:25:57,280
If I had to sum up what is common

393
00:25:57,440 --> 00:26:00,200
to all the people
that I've visited in my life,

394
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,440
from tribes in Sudan,
Mali, or the Sahara,

395
00:26:07,600 --> 00:26:10,240
to villages in Ethiopia
or communities in India

396
00:26:10,400 --> 00:26:12,680
or simply back home in France,

397
00:26:12,840 --> 00:26:14,520
I'd unhesitatingly say

398
00:26:14,680 --> 00:26:16,920
that it's their vision
and sense of community

399
00:26:17,680 --> 00:26:21,880
which have enabled them to adapt
to tough, even hostile, conditions.

400
00:26:23,960 --> 00:26:27,440
This is just as true
for our modern societies.

401
00:26:32,280 --> 00:26:34,920
Returning to our representation
of life on Earth

402
00:26:35,080 --> 00:26:38,720
as a 24-hour period,
the first humans appeared

403
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:43,440
at about 11:58 p.m. and 43 seconds.

404
00:26:44,920 --> 00:26:48,440
We've been around
for barely a few heartbeats of the day.

405
00:26:48,600 --> 00:26:52,720
Yet, as insignificant as our appearance
might have seemed,

406
00:26:53,120 --> 00:26:54,680
it changed everything.

407
00:26:54,840 --> 00:26:55,840
Completely.

408
00:26:58,880 --> 00:27:01,720
The life of human beings
underwent a radical change

409
00:27:01,880 --> 00:27:05,200
when they learned to control
the energy that's stored in trees

410
00:27:05,360 --> 00:27:08,760
in a particularly effective way
by making fire.

411
00:27:10,640 --> 00:27:15,040
The energy produced by burning wood
helped them fight the cold and the damp,

412
00:27:15,200 --> 00:27:17,720
keeping darkness and predators at bay.

413
00:27:18,080 --> 00:27:21,200
It also killed
the disease-carrying parasites

414
00:27:21,360 --> 00:27:23,560
present in the meat they consumed.

415
00:27:23,960 --> 00:27:25,800
By taming this source of energy,

416
00:27:25,960 --> 00:27:28,600
a unique feat in the course
of evolution,

417
00:27:28,760 --> 00:27:32,240
humanity pushed back
the constraints of nature.

418
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:36,840
In nature,

419
00:27:37,000 --> 00:27:40,200
all species are kept in check
by climate conditions,

420
00:27:40,360 --> 00:27:42,920
such as droughts and harsh winters

421
00:27:43,080 --> 00:27:44,000
or by other species,

422
00:27:44,320 --> 00:27:47,840
by food becoming scarce
when populations grow too large,

423
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:49,760
or by their natural enemies,

424
00:27:49,920 --> 00:27:52,000
predators and parasites.

425
00:27:53,120 --> 00:27:56,240
The human being's genius
lay in eradicating all

426
00:27:56,400 --> 00:27:58,480
of nature's forms of control,

427
00:27:58,640 --> 00:28:00,240
evading bad weather,

428
00:28:00,400 --> 00:28:02,440
and eliminating natural enemies

429
00:28:02,600 --> 00:28:06,400
and stretching the planet's
elastic resources to their limit.

430
00:28:10,840 --> 00:28:13,120
For the first time
in the history of Earth,

431
00:28:13,280 --> 00:28:17,000
there would eventually be no force
capable of restricting the growth

432
00:28:17,160 --> 00:28:18,840
of a living species...

433
00:28:20,440 --> 00:28:21,560
humans.

434
00:28:34,200 --> 00:28:35,880
After taming fire,

435
00:28:36,040 --> 00:28:37,840
humans would become masters in the art

436
00:28:38,000 --> 00:28:40,320
of channelling other forms of energy.

437
00:28:43,080 --> 00:28:45,520
They began
in a spectacularly innovative way

438
00:28:45,680 --> 00:28:47,160
by domesticating wild animals

439
00:28:47,920 --> 00:28:50,000
and making use of their energy.

440
00:28:55,640 --> 00:28:59,440
Taming these formidable creatures,
so strong and recalcitrant,

441
00:28:59,600 --> 00:29:03,160
would make possible
what had hitherto been unthinkable,

442
00:29:04,760 --> 00:29:06,760
long-distance transport.

443
00:29:07,880 --> 00:29:12,240
What seems quite ordinary to us today,
mounting a powerful animal,

444
00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:15,120
was actually
an incredibly daring endeavour.

445
00:29:19,240 --> 00:29:23,360
With these combined energies,
humans acquired a new freedom,

446
00:29:24,400 --> 00:29:27,520
crossing every frontier
between the possible

447
00:29:27,680 --> 00:29:29,320
and the impossible.

448
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,520
These animals would at first
enable them to go further

449
00:29:37,680 --> 00:29:39,640
to spread all over the planet.

450
00:29:46,920 --> 00:29:49,360
The conquest of the world
could not have happened

451
00:29:49,520 --> 00:29:51,080
without the strength of these animals

452
00:29:51,240 --> 00:29:55,080
and the destiny of humanity
would have been quite different.

453
00:30:05,440 --> 00:30:07,080
Having domesticated animals,

454
00:30:07,240 --> 00:30:11,160
they would now domesticate wild plants
and tame the Earth,

455
00:30:11,320 --> 00:30:13,520
learning how to make it
give up its goodness

456
00:30:13,680 --> 00:30:16,320
with a combination of labour and love,

457
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:18,120
a tender tilling.

458
00:30:19,560 --> 00:30:22,760
They replanted some of their food
to harvest it later,

459
00:30:22,920 --> 00:30:24,800
but in greater quantity.

460
00:30:45,000 --> 00:30:48,680
Humans went from a nomadic
to a sedentary existence.

461
00:30:48,840 --> 00:30:50,080
By settling down,

462
00:30:50,240 --> 00:30:52,040
they could channel energy
in a more efficient

463
00:30:52,200 --> 00:30:53,920
and sustainable way.

464
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,080
They learned the art
of managing the land

465
00:30:59,000 --> 00:31:01,440
and gradually inherited great experience

466
00:31:01,600 --> 00:31:04,040
in the practice
of transforming landscapes

467
00:31:04,200 --> 00:31:05,880
to feed their people.

468
00:31:11,720 --> 00:31:14,080
I'm still fascinated
by the labour of the women

469
00:31:14,240 --> 00:31:15,800
and the men of every continent

470
00:31:15,960 --> 00:31:19,280
who painted gigantic frescoes
across the land,

471
00:31:19,440 --> 00:31:22,200
creating works of art they couldn't see,

472
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:25,640
which reflected their hard work
and their know-how.

473
00:31:45,720 --> 00:31:49,160
This communion between the land,
humans, and animals

474
00:31:49,320 --> 00:31:51,000
has lasted for thousands of years,

475
00:31:51,840 --> 00:31:55,520
but the methods have changed little
in most countries around the world.

476
00:32:01,840 --> 00:32:05,480
By inventing agriculture
almost 10,000 years ago,

477
00:32:05,640 --> 00:32:09,920
humans could harvest great amounts
of the energy stored in plants,

478
00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:13,640
and thereby better survive, grow,
and develop.

479
00:32:22,000 --> 00:32:23,120
Side by side,

480
00:32:23,280 --> 00:32:27,040
panting and sweating together,
women, men, and oxen

481
00:32:27,200 --> 00:32:30,920
painstakingly ploughed the land,
watered and nourished it,

482
00:32:31,080 --> 00:32:34,200
took care of the fragile,
young shoots which emerged,

483
00:32:34,360 --> 00:32:38,320
and fought rodents, caterpillars,
and disease, frost, and drought,

484
00:32:38,480 --> 00:32:41,160
anything which could cast them
into hunger.

485
00:33:14,240 --> 00:33:16,680
But far from destroying
what they subjugated,

486
00:33:16,840 --> 00:33:20,040
they stimulated and encouraged,
inducing germination and growth,

487
00:33:21,280 --> 00:33:24,640
eventually even getting fields of rock
to flower.

488
00:33:34,840 --> 00:33:38,480
Life was still hard,
brutal even, but it lengthened,

489
00:33:38,640 --> 00:33:40,040
and was less unpredictable.

490
00:33:49,280 --> 00:33:51,040
At the same time
as developing agriculture,

491
00:33:51,800 --> 00:33:54,440
humans optimized
their exploitation of the energy

492
00:33:54,600 --> 00:33:56,120
stored in animals

493
00:33:56,280 --> 00:33:59,440
by becoming breeders
rather than hunters.

494
00:34:01,600 --> 00:34:02,920
Why go running after prey

495
00:34:03,080 --> 00:34:05,520
when you can keep the creatures
close at hand?

496
00:34:11,360 --> 00:34:15,640
These herds of domestic animals
oxen, sheep, pigs, and goats,

497
00:34:15,800 --> 00:34:18,320
would soon come to take on
such an importance

498
00:34:18,480 --> 00:34:22,280
that they would often be their owners'
most precious possessions,

499
00:34:23,040 --> 00:34:24,960
their entire wealth.

500
00:34:31,320 --> 00:34:33,160
Around the world I've seen this.

501
00:34:33,320 --> 00:34:36,240
In a way, they're the equivalent
of our bank accounts,

502
00:34:36,400 --> 00:34:39,520
but with much more love
and care lavished upon them

503
00:34:39,680 --> 00:34:42,080
and much more risk involved.

504
00:34:50,720 --> 00:34:53,040
These animals became
their entire wealth.

505
00:34:54,040 --> 00:34:57,360
Humans learned to live
on everything that came from them,

506
00:34:57,520 --> 00:35:00,480
their meat and milk of course,
but also their skin,

507
00:35:00,640 --> 00:35:03,560
their tendons, even their excrement,
which burnt well,

508
00:35:03,720 --> 00:35:05,120
providing heat and cooking fires.

509
00:35:07,520 --> 00:35:10,720
Again and again,
it all comes down to energy.

510
00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:25,360
Every species was exploited
for its qualities,

511
00:35:25,520 --> 00:35:27,120
for what it offered humans,

512
00:35:27,280 --> 00:35:31,280
often its strength and endurance
and resilience to climatic conditions.

513
00:35:43,480 --> 00:35:45,960
What fascinates me
is not just that humans managed

514
00:35:46,120 --> 00:35:47,960
to harness the energy of plants
and animals,

515
00:35:48,960 --> 00:35:52,240
but that they managed to control
the entire energy transfer

516
00:35:52,400 --> 00:35:54,640
from one living thing to another,

517
00:35:54,960 --> 00:35:58,680
harnessing for their own benefit
everything they could take.

518
00:36:19,920 --> 00:36:23,920
Humans have always applied
their social nature to sharing.

519
00:36:24,080 --> 00:36:27,120
They have shared, pooled,
and gifted possessions and knowledge.

520
00:36:29,280 --> 00:36:33,200
They invented bartering,
then an even cleverer version,

521
00:36:33,360 --> 00:36:37,360
trading, which makes all kinds
of exchange easier.

522
00:36:43,680 --> 00:36:47,200
Their intelligence helped them discover
even faster methods of transport

523
00:36:47,360 --> 00:36:49,720
like boats, which slip across the water

524
00:36:50,360 --> 00:36:52,760
requiring little energy input.

525
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:58,080
Thus did they conquer distance,
discover other continents,

526
00:36:58,240 --> 00:37:00,640
and access the inaccessible.

527
00:37:30,440 --> 00:37:32,760
All over the planet,
humans survived, adapted,

528
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:35,280
thrived, and spread out.

529
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:38,400
And every time,

530
00:37:38,560 --> 00:37:41,440
their inventiveness
took on a new aspect,

531
00:37:43,080 --> 00:37:45,080
giving rise to all kinds of different,

532
00:37:45,240 --> 00:37:48,440
rich, picturesque,
and fascinating cultures.

533
00:37:53,640 --> 00:37:56,280
Whether the land was too dry
or too damp,

534
00:37:56,440 --> 00:38:00,880
humans always managed to tame it,
as they once tamed oxen and rice.

535
00:38:15,280 --> 00:38:18,800
With fire, humans discovered metals

536
00:38:18,960 --> 00:38:21,680
and their tools
became increasingly powerful.

537
00:38:22,800 --> 00:38:24,680
They dug the earth
in search of precious rocks,

538
00:38:25,560 --> 00:38:27,880
rare metals, then sources of energy.

539
00:38:29,240 --> 00:38:31,800
They always used their two main assets,

540
00:38:31,960 --> 00:38:35,160
their intelligence
and their cooperative spirit.

541
00:38:35,520 --> 00:38:38,000
And their determination
to succeed at anything

542
00:38:38,160 --> 00:38:40,360
led to real achievements.

543
00:38:42,160 --> 00:38:45,720
No matter how difficult,
no matter the time and the sacrifices,

544
00:38:45,880 --> 00:38:49,440
humans eliminated all the obstacles
placed before them,

545
00:38:49,600 --> 00:38:51,680
meeting every challenge.

546
00:38:53,840 --> 00:38:56,520
And then 150 years ago,

547
00:38:56,680 --> 00:38:58,560
humans achieved a stroke of genius,

548
00:38:59,520 --> 00:39:02,360
marking a total breakthrough
in their existence.

549
00:39:02,520 --> 00:39:06,480
The wide-scale exploitation
of new forms of energy,

550
00:39:06,640 --> 00:39:08,960
concentrated and excessively available,

551
00:39:09,120 --> 00:39:11,440
coal and then oil.

552
00:39:12,440 --> 00:39:16,520
There then followed a radical change
in the scale of their success.

553
00:39:16,680 --> 00:39:18,720
The industrial revolution.

554
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:21,880
They exploited this energy
on a huge scale

555
00:39:22,040 --> 00:39:25,400
in a more systematic, organized,
and methodical way.

556
00:39:27,040 --> 00:39:30,840
One-hundred fifty years
out of 4.5 billion.

557
00:39:31,240 --> 00:39:33,560
In our 24-hour history of the Earth,

558
00:39:33,720 --> 00:39:38,920
this era began at five microseconds
before midnight.

559
00:39:39,080 --> 00:39:41,240
Five microseconds.

560
00:39:41,760 --> 00:39:46,040
Even a blink of the eye
lasts 100,000 times longer.

561
00:39:47,480 --> 00:39:50,680
So, five microseconds ago,

562
00:39:50,840 --> 00:39:53,400
human beings learned
how to master energy

563
00:39:53,560 --> 00:39:56,120
as no other living being had ever done,

564
00:39:56,280 --> 00:39:59,160
changing forever the human condition.

565
00:40:04,840 --> 00:40:08,560
They dug to get at the coal,
the oil, and the gas.

566
00:40:08,720 --> 00:40:12,600
This energy seemed limitless,
so great were the reserves,

567
00:40:12,760 --> 00:40:14,240
and almost free.

568
00:40:14,400 --> 00:40:16,560
You just had to help yourself.

569
00:40:17,160 --> 00:40:19,280
They could dig anywhere, both on land

570
00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:20,480
and underwater.

571
00:40:29,360 --> 00:40:32,400
This fossil energy results
from the decomposition of things

572
00:40:32,560 --> 00:40:33,920
that died billions of years ago,

573
00:40:34,840 --> 00:40:37,800
and this is why it's called fossil fuel.

574
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:46,080
In a way, humans moved on
from the energy of the living

575
00:40:46,240 --> 00:40:48,320
to the energy of the dead,

576
00:40:48,480 --> 00:40:51,960
that of decomposing animals and plants

577
00:40:52,120 --> 00:40:56,400
an underground store of millions
of years of the sun's energy.

578
00:41:00,800 --> 00:41:02,080
Think about it:

579
00:41:02,240 --> 00:41:04,000
Humans were no longer content

580
00:41:04,160 --> 00:41:07,520
to control the energy passing
from one living being to another,

581
00:41:07,680 --> 00:41:10,240
as in agriculture or livestock farming.

582
00:41:10,720 --> 00:41:14,120
Now they could achieve the harnessing
of fossil energy

583
00:41:14,280 --> 00:41:16,840
which had built up
and had never been exploited,

584
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:23,000
energy that was more concentrated
and powerful.

585
00:41:35,320 --> 00:41:38,040
Thanks to oil,
humans could work with materials

586
00:41:38,200 --> 00:41:41,080
like steel, concrete, and plastic

587
00:41:41,240 --> 00:41:45,080
and were able to build
in a much more efficient way.

588
00:41:48,120 --> 00:41:51,920
These constructions were now
on an unimaginable scale,

589
00:41:52,080 --> 00:41:54,680
their size matching their ambitions.

590
00:41:55,960 --> 00:42:00,440
They invented machines
metal giants to dig and find materials

591
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:01,640
and more energy.

592
00:42:07,040 --> 00:42:09,520
There was excess in every domain,

593
00:42:09,680 --> 00:42:13,560
whether for exploitation,
habitation, or travel.

594
00:42:16,040 --> 00:42:19,000
Humans could now,
thanks to these iron giants,

595
00:42:19,160 --> 00:42:22,200
move around on the land, the sea,
and even in the air,

596
00:42:23,680 --> 00:42:25,960
reducing the travel time
to the ends of the Earth

597
00:42:26,120 --> 00:42:28,240
from weeks to hours.

598
00:42:30,640 --> 00:42:33,360
A return trip
to the other side of the planet

599
00:42:33,520 --> 00:42:36,160
takes less time
than going to the next town did

600
00:42:36,320 --> 00:42:37,960
two centuries ago.

601
00:42:43,920 --> 00:42:47,520
The frail boats of humans
had now become factory ships,

602
00:42:48,400 --> 00:42:52,320
able to locate, track,
and catch fish by the ton

603
00:42:52,480 --> 00:42:55,480
without risking their lives
each time they went to sea.

604
00:43:00,480 --> 00:43:02,600
Agriculture became mechanized,

605
00:43:02,920 --> 00:43:07,040
exchanging donkeys for tractors,
they could work ever greater surfaces

606
00:43:07,200 --> 00:43:09,200
with ever greater ease.

607
00:43:24,120 --> 00:43:26,160
Oil was the technological breakthrough

608
00:43:26,320 --> 00:43:30,440
that enabled us to push back
the ever-looming threat of hunger.

609
00:43:30,960 --> 00:43:34,400
In the fields, it made it possible
to break away from the hardships

610
00:43:34,560 --> 00:43:36,200
and the constant exhaustion

611
00:43:36,360 --> 00:43:39,080
which were often rewarded
with such modest harvests.

612
00:43:39,800 --> 00:43:41,640
Oil enabled women and men

613
00:43:41,800 --> 00:43:44,400
to make the transition
from simply surviving

614
00:43:44,560 --> 00:43:46,080
to actually living.

615
00:43:56,080 --> 00:43:58,320
Humans mastered irrigation,

616
00:43:58,720 --> 00:44:00,560
digging hundreds of metres underground

617
00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:03,880
disturbing water
that had slumbered for millennia

618
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:05,720
to fight against drought,

619
00:44:06,160 --> 00:44:08,240
even in the driest places.

620
00:44:23,600 --> 00:44:26,200
With their mastery of fertilizer
and irrigation,

621
00:44:26,360 --> 00:44:28,920
they turned deserts green.

622
00:44:37,080 --> 00:44:40,280
Thanks to oil,
they were able to invent new pesticides,

623
00:44:40,440 --> 00:44:43,280
much more effective at fighting weeds
and pests.

624
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:50,640
No more harvests almost totally lost,
ravaged by insects and rats.

625
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:52,520
Farewell, famine!

626
00:44:54,400 --> 00:44:57,560
All the creatures that had been
stealing this energy for millennia

627
00:44:57,720 --> 00:44:59,480
now had to go without.

628
00:44:59,640 --> 00:45:01,960
Humans made sure
that all the plants they grew

629
00:45:02,120 --> 00:45:05,360
in ever larger fields
would no longer be misappropriated

630
00:45:05,520 --> 00:45:08,000
by any other living creature.

631
00:45:14,160 --> 00:45:17,840
Manipulating oil
thanks to their mastery of chemistry,

632
00:45:18,000 --> 00:45:20,240
they invented new materials
like plastic.

633
00:45:23,200 --> 00:45:26,920
In agriculture, plastic would let them
tame the sun's rays,

634
00:45:27,080 --> 00:45:29,800
trapping the heat inside greenhouses.

635
00:45:32,080 --> 00:45:34,280
The famous greenhouse effect.

636
00:45:39,240 --> 00:45:43,160
By thus capturing solar energy
much more efficiently than ever before,

637
00:45:43,320 --> 00:45:47,320
humans were able to go on growing crops
even when it was cold.

638
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:53,240
And, with artificial lighting,
even at night.

639
00:45:57,200 --> 00:46:01,120
Efficiency and productivity
have been so prioritized by humans

640
00:46:01,280 --> 00:46:03,360
that they've become second nature.

641
00:46:05,480 --> 00:46:07,000
Almost an obsession.

642
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:13,600
Since plants don't sleep,
why should agriculture?

643
00:46:20,880 --> 00:46:24,400
This was the green revolution,
which multiplied farming yields

644
00:46:24,560 --> 00:46:27,000
while reducing the amount
of labour required

645
00:46:27,160 --> 00:46:28,960
thanks to mechanization,

646
00:46:29,120 --> 00:46:34,040
the use of very effective fertilizers,
high-performance irrigation,

647
00:46:34,200 --> 00:46:37,120
and extremely powerful pesticides.

648
00:46:38,880 --> 00:46:42,480
We went from 1,000 kilos of cereal
produced per farmer,

649
00:46:42,640 --> 00:46:44,720
to 500,000 kilos.

650
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:49,040
Yes, you heard it right: 500 times more,

651
00:46:49,200 --> 00:46:52,120
in barely 150 years.

652
00:46:52,760 --> 00:46:55,400
Livestock farmers too
were able to change the dimensions

653
00:46:55,560 --> 00:46:57,120
of their farms.

654
00:47:00,160 --> 00:47:03,680
They could now efficiently manage
hundreds of animals,

655
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:05,880
optimizing feeding and care,

656
00:47:06,040 --> 00:47:09,640
and giving many more people access
to cheaper meat.

657
00:47:20,360 --> 00:47:22,520
Mechanization also made it possible

658
00:47:22,680 --> 00:47:26,800
to export raw materials like wood
on a much more massive scale

659
00:47:26,960 --> 00:47:28,680
than had ever been possible,

660
00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:32,480
making it available
to everyone everywhere.

661
00:47:33,480 --> 00:47:37,000
Entire forests
could be transported by ship.

662
00:47:43,840 --> 00:47:46,400
Food stuffs were transported by the ton,

663
00:47:46,560 --> 00:47:50,080
gradually allowing hunger
to be pushed back around the world.

664
00:47:55,480 --> 00:47:58,280
Each region specialized,
becoming more efficient,

665
00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:02,680
exporting to neighbouring regions
while importing their specialities.

666
00:48:15,200 --> 00:48:18,000
Onto our tables
came steaks from Argentina,

667
00:48:18,160 --> 00:48:19,720
tomatoes from Morocco,

668
00:48:19,880 --> 00:48:22,880
avocados from Mexico,
prawns from Vietnam,

669
00:48:23,040 --> 00:48:26,400
soy from Brazil, and rice from Thailand.

670
00:48:32,600 --> 00:48:35,800
Controlling energy like never before
thanks to oil,

671
00:48:35,960 --> 00:48:38,040
nothing could be denied us.

672
00:48:39,840 --> 00:48:43,120
We could now build an enormous city
in only two years

673
00:48:43,280 --> 00:48:45,200
and house millions of people there.

674
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:50,280
Concrete is the child of oil.

675
00:48:51,040 --> 00:48:52,680
These technological wonders

676
00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:57,080
have created an unprecedented rise
in population density,

677
00:48:57,240 --> 00:48:59,800
a constant reminder that,
at the very core,

678
00:48:59,960 --> 00:49:03,680
humans remain a deeply social species.

679
00:49:07,040 --> 00:49:10,160
Populations grew
and we could build ever bigger,

680
00:49:10,320 --> 00:49:12,840
ever higher, ever more-organized cities.

681
00:49:35,880 --> 00:49:39,080
We had the means and resources
to build cities anywhere,

682
00:49:39,240 --> 00:49:41,080
even in the middle of the desert.

683
00:49:43,120 --> 00:49:46,680
We simply had to desalinate the water
and import sand,

684
00:49:46,840 --> 00:49:50,040
the world's second-most
consumed resource after water,

685
00:49:50,200 --> 00:49:51,040
and make concrete.

686
00:49:54,320 --> 00:49:57,200
The concrete used to build
the world's tallest skyscraper

687
00:49:57,360 --> 00:49:59,760
in Dubai was made with sand.

688
00:50:00,280 --> 00:50:03,520
But listen carefully:
sand from Australia.

689
00:50:03,680 --> 00:50:05,680
Yes, Australia.

690
00:50:06,040 --> 00:50:07,640
Do you realize what this means?

691
00:50:08,320 --> 00:50:11,360
It's as if nothing
was out of our reach anymore.

692
00:50:18,720 --> 00:50:22,160
Like ants or termites,
we build energetically

693
00:50:22,320 --> 00:50:24,040
for our ever-growing population.

694
00:50:25,600 --> 00:50:27,600
But, unlike insects,

695
00:50:27,760 --> 00:50:30,400
we're constantly improving
our level of comfort,

696
00:50:30,560 --> 00:50:34,280
living longer
and possessing more and more things.

697
00:51:08,800 --> 00:51:10,720
It's been calculated that a liter of oil

698
00:51:10,880 --> 00:51:13,720
is the equivalent in energy of the work

699
00:51:13,880 --> 00:51:16,880
of 100 people for an entire day.

700
00:51:20,800 --> 00:51:25,360
But we are now producing more
than 15 billion litres of oil a day,

701
00:51:33,160 --> 00:51:35,360
The energy equivalent of physical labour

702
00:51:35,520 --> 00:51:37,600
200 times the population of the planet.

703
00:51:59,920 --> 00:52:01,200
Since I was born,

704
00:52:01,360 --> 00:52:04,960
the health of men and women
around the world has hugely improved.

705
00:52:05,600 --> 00:52:07,480
Children die less often.

706
00:52:07,640 --> 00:52:11,960
Many of us enjoy a richer,
more plentiful, and diversified diet.

707
00:52:13,680 --> 00:52:15,720
We live better, we live older,

708
00:52:15,880 --> 00:52:19,080
we spend more time in education,
leisure and tourism.

709
00:52:25,840 --> 00:52:29,720
Every year, France welcomes
more than 85 million tourists,

710
00:52:30,440 --> 00:52:33,440
more than the actual population
of the country.

711
00:52:40,120 --> 00:52:42,520
We can now quickly nip
to another continent

712
00:52:42,680 --> 00:52:44,240
just to see elephants

713
00:52:44,400 --> 00:52:47,240
or cruise on distant seas
or the lagoons of Venice

714
00:52:47,400 --> 00:52:50,160
without abandoning any of our comforts.

715
00:52:54,320 --> 00:52:57,720
All of these achievements
from the development of our society

716
00:52:57,880 --> 00:52:59,120
seem normal to us.

717
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:02,880
We can go and visit
the sacred temples of Egypt,

718
00:53:04,200 --> 00:53:05,560
Cambodia or Burma

719
00:53:06,480 --> 00:53:10,480
to appreciate as a family or en masse
their serenity and their calm.

720
00:53:24,280 --> 00:53:28,400
This sadly is where this lovely story
of human success

721
00:53:28,560 --> 00:53:31,080
starts to go off the rails

722
00:53:31,240 --> 00:53:34,000
and I can no longer speak
as if everything is just fine.

723
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:40,280
I must have the courage of the truth
and tell things how they are.

724
00:53:40,440 --> 00:53:42,760
That is what I'm going to try to do now.

725
00:53:44,920 --> 00:53:48,120
Having eliminated
practically all natural obstacles,

726
00:53:48,280 --> 00:53:53,480
humans are pursuing their blind,
uncontrolled race into the future.

727
00:53:53,640 --> 00:53:59,600
With constraint to slow them down,
they are now running totally unbalanced.

728
00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:12,560
Do these people on the beach in Rio
have any idea of the crises

729
00:54:12,720 --> 00:54:14,480
that the planet is facing?

730
00:54:17,480 --> 00:54:19,120
Bolstered by their riches,

731
00:54:19,280 --> 00:54:22,240
humans haven't shared their instinct
for accumulation,

732
00:54:22,400 --> 00:54:24,640
reproduction and dissemination.

733
00:54:28,920 --> 00:54:31,840
With the mortality rate
constantly in decline,

734
00:54:32,000 --> 00:54:35,800
the world's population
is growing at breakneck speed.

735
00:54:46,360 --> 00:54:50,440
When I was a child,
there were barely 2.5 billion of us.

736
00:54:51,320 --> 00:54:55,600
In just my lifetime,
that number has increased threefold.

737
00:54:57,400 --> 00:55:00,520
Every second,
there are five more of us on Earth.

738
00:55:02,080 --> 00:55:03,600
Five more...

739
00:55:03,760 --> 00:55:04,960
Five more...

740
00:55:05,120 --> 00:55:06,560
And five more...

741
00:55:07,480 --> 00:55:09,760
And by the time
you've watched this film,

742
00:55:09,920 --> 00:55:12,320
there'll be 20,000 more of us.

743
00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:18,160
In just four days,
there'll be a million more of us.

744
00:55:21,080 --> 00:55:24,120
And next year, 100 million more.

745
00:55:26,600 --> 00:55:29,920
We're becoming
an ever-weightier burden on Earth,

746
00:55:30,080 --> 00:55:32,280
our carbon footprint
ever more pronounced

747
00:55:32,440 --> 00:55:35,600
as we clutter our lives with things.

748
00:55:38,960 --> 00:55:42,920
Pushed on by the momentum of life
and the dynamics of our success,

749
00:55:43,080 --> 00:55:45,720
we thought we could dominate
the laws of nature,

750
00:55:45,880 --> 00:55:50,360
but today the laws of nature
are reminding us of their presence.

751
00:56:03,600 --> 00:56:07,440
There cannot be an infinite population
in a limited territory.

752
00:56:09,640 --> 00:56:14,360
We cannot extract infinite resources
from a finite planet.

753
00:56:14,520 --> 00:56:18,560
We cannot have infinite growth
in a finite world.

754
00:56:27,880 --> 00:56:32,440
Today the planet isn't facing
one major environmental crisis

755
00:56:32,600 --> 00:56:33,640
but two,

756
00:56:34,120 --> 00:56:37,600
the climate crisis
and that of biodiversity.

757
00:56:38,440 --> 00:56:42,360
The two crises are linked,
each exacerbating the other,

758
00:56:43,320 --> 00:56:45,960
and both were created by human activity.

759
00:56:46,120 --> 00:56:49,520
And both have an impact
on human societies.

760
00:56:54,640 --> 00:56:57,800
There's a lot of talk
about the ice melting at the poles,

761
00:56:57,960 --> 00:57:02,080
but we don't live at the poles,
so how does that actually concern us?

762
00:57:02,960 --> 00:57:04,600
Well, the answer is simple.

763
00:57:05,040 --> 00:57:07,560
It's essential because the ice
is the best measure

764
00:57:07,720 --> 00:57:09,440
of what's happening to the climate.

765
00:57:18,640 --> 00:57:22,640
Its melting is easy to observe
and illustrates the problem.

766
00:57:22,800 --> 00:57:27,400
It's a very clear warning signal
that is constantly screaming at us:

767
00:57:27,560 --> 00:57:30,560
The planet is warming up
far too quickly.

768
00:57:39,080 --> 00:57:42,000
And the reasons are easy to understand.

769
00:57:42,160 --> 00:57:47,280
For all the advantages oil has given us,
we've had to pay a terrible price.

770
00:57:47,440 --> 00:57:50,680
As it is burnt,
it releases CO2 into the atmosphere.

771
00:57:50,840 --> 00:57:55,880
The CO2 increases the greenhouse effect
and therefore the air temperature.

772
00:57:56,040 --> 00:57:57,480
This greenhouse effect,

773
00:57:57,640 --> 00:58:00,440
which is a natural process
that let earth warm up sufficiently

774
00:58:00,600 --> 00:58:05,640
for life to flourish, is now too strong,
much too strong.

775
00:58:15,560 --> 00:58:19,880
The world's scientists are warning us
that the more greenhouse gases we emit,

776
00:58:20,440 --> 00:58:23,560
the more we risk a massive melting
of the poles.

777
00:58:29,520 --> 00:58:33,960
But the poles play an essential role
in regulating the planet's climate.

778
00:58:35,480 --> 00:58:39,360
Their disappearance would completely
destabilise the current climate

779
00:58:41,000 --> 00:58:44,200
and the melting of the ice
would raise the level of the oceans.

780
00:58:47,160 --> 00:58:48,640
If Greenland melted,

781
00:58:48,800 --> 00:58:51,720
the sea level would rise by six metres.

782
00:59:01,600 --> 00:59:03,240
If the Antarctic melted,

783
00:59:03,400 --> 00:59:06,840
the scientists say
it would be more like 60 metres.

784
00:59:07,000 --> 00:59:09,640
The amount of land flooded
would be incredible.

785
00:59:09,800 --> 00:59:14,160
The oceans would advance tens,
even hundreds of kilometres inland.

786
00:59:15,520 --> 00:59:18,440
Our coastlines
would be entirely changed.

787
00:59:22,080 --> 00:59:25,080
Luckily we haven't reached
that point yet,

788
00:59:25,240 --> 00:59:28,680
but data shows that the pack ice
is melting faster

789
00:59:28,840 --> 00:59:31,120
and icebergs are breaking off.

790
00:59:31,280 --> 00:59:34,160
The world's glaciers,
on which more than one person in five

791
00:59:34,320 --> 00:59:38,080
depends for drinking water,
are actually disappearing.

792
00:59:42,160 --> 00:59:45,680
Since the Industrial Revolution
150 years ago,

793
00:59:45,840 --> 00:59:49,120
we've increased the global temperature
by one degree,

794
00:59:49,480 --> 00:59:53,200
and even by three degrees
at the north pole and the south pole.

795
00:59:53,360 --> 00:59:56,360
Each summer brings
a new high-temperature record.

796
00:59:58,240 --> 00:59:59,920
Our scientists are so worried,

797
01:00:00,080 --> 01:00:03,720
it's because these masses of ice
are a tipping point,

798
01:00:03,880 --> 01:00:06,320
ready to topple into a chain reaction

799
01:00:06,480 --> 01:00:10,320
which would precipitate melting
at a faster and faster rate.

800
01:00:11,360 --> 01:00:14,080
Several phenomena
have recently been discovered

801
01:00:14,240 --> 01:00:17,040
which could precipitate this warming
and melting.

802
01:00:17,960 --> 01:00:20,480
One of these
is the warming of the permafrost,

803
01:00:20,640 --> 01:00:23,920
a vast expanse from Canada to Siberia

804
01:00:24,080 --> 01:00:26,160
and one-fifth
of the world's land surface.

805
01:00:27,560 --> 01:00:29,200
This great wilderness of Earth,

806
01:00:29,360 --> 01:00:32,400
permanently frozen
to a depth of several metres,

807
01:00:32,560 --> 01:00:35,520
has trapped incalculable quantities
of methane,

808
01:00:35,680 --> 01:00:39,960
a gas with almost 30 times
the warming power of CO2.

809
01:00:40,600 --> 01:00:44,040
In thawing and releasing this gas
into the atmosphere,

810
01:00:44,200 --> 01:00:48,120
this permafrost
is accelerating its own thawing,

811
01:00:48,280 --> 01:00:49,960
which is picking up speed,

812
01:00:50,120 --> 01:00:54,080
quite slowly for now,
but getting faster and faster.

813
01:00:54,240 --> 01:00:55,960
It's a climate bomb.

814
01:00:57,400 --> 01:01:00,040
Some of you may think
that these extra two degrees

815
01:01:00,200 --> 01:01:02,400
don't pose much of a threat.

816
01:01:03,560 --> 01:01:06,840
After all,
two degrees is practically nothing.

817
01:01:08,000 --> 01:01:10,680
It's easier to understand the impact
of a couple of degrees

818
01:01:10,840 --> 01:01:14,000
when you see the effect of temperature
on your body.

819
01:01:15,560 --> 01:01:18,880
Two extra degrees
and you're bed-ridden with a fever.

820
01:01:20,160 --> 01:01:23,040
Four extra degrees and you're dead.

821
01:01:41,480 --> 01:01:44,440
The climate crisis
isn't just global warming.

822
01:01:45,200 --> 01:01:48,360
We ought really to call it
"climate malfunction,"

823
01:01:48,520 --> 01:01:52,560
with storms, hurricanes, cyclones,
heat waves, floods, and fires,

824
01:01:52,720 --> 01:01:55,240
ever stronger and ever more frequent.

825
01:02:25,880 --> 01:02:30,120
All of this energy that we emit as CO2
into the atmosphere

826
01:02:30,280 --> 01:02:32,800
comes back at us
in the deadly force of storms

827
01:02:32,960 --> 01:02:34,160
and cyclones.

828
01:02:36,520 --> 01:02:38,080
Nothing is ever lost.

829
01:02:38,240 --> 01:02:39,880
It is all just transformed.

830
01:02:44,640 --> 01:02:46,200
We see these catastrophes every day.

831
01:02:48,440 --> 01:02:49,720
We're getting use to them

832
01:02:49,880 --> 01:02:52,600
and they're effecting
more and more people everywhere.

833
01:03:02,240 --> 01:03:03,880
Australian, Russians, Brazilians,

834
01:03:04,520 --> 01:03:07,160
Americans, Indians, but also Europeans,

835
01:03:07,320 --> 01:03:09,040
and this concerns us all.

836
01:03:20,720 --> 01:03:23,800
But there's another, more insidious
effect of global warming:

837
01:03:23,960 --> 01:03:25,000
its effect on agriculture.

838
01:03:27,760 --> 01:03:32,000
Farmed species were selected
for a stable, temperate climate.

839
01:03:32,160 --> 01:03:35,360
The same species were farmed
in each region for millennia.

840
01:03:35,880 --> 01:03:38,160
The plants in a field were finetuned,

841
01:03:38,320 --> 01:03:42,320
their fertilizer,
pesticides and water precisely dosed,

842
01:03:42,480 --> 01:03:45,000
their genetics all identical,

843
01:03:46,400 --> 01:03:49,160
the rhythm of their lives standardised.

844
01:03:49,720 --> 01:03:52,280
These varieties of cereal,
vegetables and fruit

845
01:03:52,440 --> 01:03:56,520
therefore perform particularly well
in the current climatic conditions.

846
01:03:59,520 --> 01:04:04,440
However, if the conditions change,
they'll become completely ill-adapted...

847
01:04:07,240 --> 01:04:09,440
where the climate upheavals
are too swift and brutal

848
01:04:09,600 --> 01:04:11,600
for these pampered plants.

849
01:04:16,040 --> 01:04:18,440
Many regions may see their yields shrink

850
01:04:18,600 --> 01:04:22,080
and have to change crops
or even abandon their plantations.

851
01:04:28,920 --> 01:04:33,280
We are then risking a malfunction
in the world's food supply.

852
01:04:38,280 --> 01:04:41,960
This is worrying because our daily lives
and very civilisation

853
01:04:42,120 --> 01:04:46,360
depend entirely on the food
which farming supplies us.

854
01:04:47,120 --> 01:04:48,840
We all tend to forget this.

855
01:04:54,200 --> 01:04:56,920
And it concerns all living species,

856
01:04:58,160 --> 01:05:00,640
for while life is accustomed to change,

857
01:05:00,800 --> 01:05:04,960
biodiversity cannot adapt
to such rapid modifications.

858
01:05:06,040 --> 01:05:11,440
Biodiversity is the diversity,
the richness of the living world.

859
01:05:13,360 --> 01:05:16,280
There are over two million
known species,

860
01:05:16,440 --> 01:05:19,720
but there are many millions of species
still to be discovered.

861
01:05:41,640 --> 01:05:45,200
All of these species are interlinked
and dependent on each other.

862
01:05:51,640 --> 01:05:55,120
Trees, insects, birds, mammals, humans,

863
01:05:55,840 --> 01:05:58,640
countless species interacting
with an ecosystem

864
01:05:58,800 --> 01:06:01,080
dependent on their connection to others.

865
01:06:03,200 --> 01:06:06,840
Yes, you and I are part
of this biodiversity.

866
01:06:09,000 --> 01:06:11,560
We need in order to survive.

867
01:06:14,360 --> 01:06:18,960
Absolutely everything we eat and drink
comes from this biodiversity,

868
01:06:19,560 --> 01:06:22,560
meat, fish, fruit and vegetables

869
01:06:22,720 --> 01:06:25,840
but also the microorganisms
that make cheese and yogurt,

870
01:06:26,000 --> 01:06:29,240
bread made with wheat, beer, wine...

871
01:06:33,160 --> 01:06:35,160
Biodiversity also supplies us

872
01:06:35,320 --> 01:06:38,480
with our materials,
cotton, wool or wood,

873
01:06:38,640 --> 01:06:41,880
and most of our medicines,
traditional and modern.

874
01:06:42,280 --> 01:06:44,000
Biodiversity modulates our climate

875
01:06:44,920 --> 01:06:48,360
by absorbing the CO2
in the atmosphere, for example.

876
01:06:48,520 --> 01:06:52,240
It's biodiversity which purifies
our air and our water,

877
01:06:52,400 --> 01:06:55,520
fertilizes our land
and pollinates our crops.

878
01:06:55,680 --> 01:07:00,080
It is what constitutes the very bedrock
of our existence as living beings.

879
01:07:02,640 --> 01:07:05,600
And even if we think
we're disconnected from nature,

880
01:07:05,760 --> 01:07:09,360
even if we've lost the capacity
to marvel at its wonder,

881
01:07:09,520 --> 01:07:11,680
we are intrinsically connected.

882
01:07:12,640 --> 01:07:14,960
We depend entirely on the good health

883
01:07:15,120 --> 01:07:18,240
of the ecosystems around us
for the planet to work.

884
01:07:21,120 --> 01:07:24,960
Living species,
whether farmed for our food or wild,

885
01:07:25,120 --> 01:07:28,080
are the intravenous drips
which since the dawn of time

886
01:07:28,240 --> 01:07:29,920
have kept the human race alive.

887
01:07:32,640 --> 01:07:36,480
Yet we're killing off
a thousand species every year.

888
01:07:39,960 --> 01:07:45,840
Every extinction is irreversible,
each one an irreplaceable loss.

889
01:07:46,920 --> 01:07:48,400
It's like wiping a hard disk

890
01:07:48,560 --> 01:07:50,440
that's been working
for millions of years

891
01:07:50,600 --> 01:07:52,480
without knowing what was on it.

892
01:07:56,840 --> 01:07:58,760
And as well as all the species
already gone,

893
01:07:59,360 --> 01:08:02,640
a million more are
currently threatened with extinction.

894
01:08:03,560 --> 01:08:04,600
A million.

895
01:08:14,080 --> 01:08:16,880
I know that these figures
don't move everyone,

896
01:08:17,040 --> 01:08:20,960
but some are so important
I can't stop myself quoting them.

897
01:08:23,240 --> 01:08:26,760
Here they are
in four stages of my own life.

898
01:08:29,640 --> 01:08:34,680
Since 1972 when I was 25,
the population of the world has doubled

899
01:08:34,840 --> 01:08:38,720
and we've eliminated almost two-thirds
of animal populations.

900
01:08:40,400 --> 01:08:46,520
Today, 96% of the mammals on the planet
are human and their livestock.

901
01:08:46,840 --> 01:08:49,520
Only 4% are wild animals.

902
01:09:05,560 --> 01:09:08,360
Since 1982 when I was 35,

903
01:09:08,520 --> 01:09:12,280
we have double our extraction
of natural resources from the Earth

904
01:09:12,440 --> 01:09:15,800
and now we are throwing
eight million tons of plastic

905
01:09:15,960 --> 01:09:18,160
into the sea every year,

906
01:09:18,320 --> 01:09:23,000
the equivalent of a full garbage truck
dumping into the sea every minute.

907
01:09:31,840 --> 01:09:35,280
This material can take centuries
to decompose.

908
01:09:35,440 --> 01:09:36,720
In the meantime,

909
01:09:36,880 --> 01:09:39,440
all this plastic waste
pollutes our rivers

910
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:43,640
and ends up in the stomachs
of fish and birds.

911
01:09:50,640 --> 01:09:55,080
And I find these images inconceivable,
impossible to look at.

912
01:10:01,280 --> 01:10:03,640
But they're an irrefutable symbol,

913
01:10:03,800 --> 01:10:06,720
we live in a civilisation of rubbish.

914
01:10:34,760 --> 01:10:40,160
In 1992, I was 45 and I learned
at the first Earth Summit in Rio

915
01:10:40,320 --> 01:10:43,160
that we'd lost half
of the world's natural forests

916
01:10:43,320 --> 01:10:45,200
and half of the ice caps.

917
01:10:49,080 --> 01:10:51,480
Aware of the harm we were doing
to our environment,

918
01:10:51,640 --> 01:10:54,560
I began a work
that would change my life,

919
01:10:54,720 --> 01:10:56,360
Earth from Above.

920
01:11:05,640 --> 01:11:08,680
And now I'm approaching my 75th birthday

921
01:11:08,840 --> 01:11:13,600
and 75% of the Earth's surface
has been severely altered.

922
01:11:14,600 --> 01:11:17,520
Half of the inhabitable world
is used for farming,

923
01:11:17,680 --> 01:11:20,480
and most of this farming
has gone insane.

924
01:11:22,920 --> 01:11:27,240
It alone uses 70%
of the world's fresh water

925
01:11:27,400 --> 01:11:30,160
and a third of this land
isn't used to feed us

926
01:11:30,320 --> 01:11:32,640
but to feed our livestock.

927
01:11:32,800 --> 01:11:36,880
Every year, we spread
around five million tons of pesticides

928
01:11:37,040 --> 01:11:40,200
and herbicides
to kill insects and weeds.

929
01:11:41,280 --> 01:11:44,960
Seventy-five percent of flying insects
has disappeared,

930
01:11:45,120 --> 01:11:47,600
even in the protected areas of Europe.

931
01:11:47,760 --> 01:11:52,040
And in France,
we've lost 30% of our passerine birds.

932
01:11:54,360 --> 01:11:56,760
I could give you dozens of such figures.

933
01:11:58,280 --> 01:12:01,280
It takes but a moment's thought
to realize the animal nature,

934
01:12:01,440 --> 01:12:07,400
still deeply seeded in our human minds,
is driving us to consume always more,

935
01:12:07,560 --> 01:12:09,480
that our hyper-productivity

936
01:12:09,640 --> 01:12:12,600
has reached the stage
where nothing can resist it

937
01:12:12,760 --> 01:12:17,240
and that, without resistance,
the machine is now out of control.

938
01:12:21,840 --> 01:12:25,040
A powerful example of our excesses
is in California,

939
01:12:25,200 --> 01:12:28,360
where the world's almond production
is concentrated.

940
01:12:28,520 --> 01:12:32,080
The industrialisation of agriculture
is on such a scale here

941
01:12:32,240 --> 01:12:36,280
that to pollinate the trees,
bees are brought in by truck.

942
01:12:42,080 --> 01:12:43,840
As hundreds of billions of bees

943
01:12:44,000 --> 01:12:46,640
are needed to pollinate
these gigantic fields

944
01:12:46,800 --> 01:12:48,760
and there aren't enough in California,

945
01:12:49,640 --> 01:12:51,480
they are rented for the season

946
01:12:51,640 --> 01:12:54,400
and even sometimes
imported from Australia.

947
01:12:57,760 --> 01:12:59,600
With all of this manhandling,

948
01:12:59,760 --> 01:13:02,960
the mortality rate of the bees
is enormous.

949
01:13:03,120 --> 01:13:05,560
"Never mind,
we can always bring more next year"

950
01:13:05,720 --> 01:13:07,840
seems to be the general philosophy.

951
01:13:12,840 --> 01:13:17,040
Elsewhere domesticated animals,
which helped us out of poverty,

952
01:13:17,200 --> 01:13:22,160
are raised and slaughtered in conditions
which show our lack of humanity.

953
01:13:22,680 --> 01:13:25,840
In these meat factories,
taken at birth from their mothers,

954
01:13:26,000 --> 01:13:28,520
the calves are crammed together
in their thousands

955
01:13:28,680 --> 01:13:30,480
in fear and suffering,

956
01:13:31,480 --> 01:13:34,040
without us giving a thought
to their sensibilities

957
01:13:34,200 --> 01:13:35,520
or their intelligence,

958
01:13:42,760 --> 01:13:45,280
Our greed and pursuit of profit
have made us

959
01:13:45,440 --> 01:13:48,040
totally lose sight
of the importance of life.

960
01:13:49,000 --> 01:13:51,040
We treat animals like plants.

961
01:13:51,200 --> 01:13:53,160
We have to make them grow quickly.

962
01:13:57,600 --> 01:13:59,440
To mass produce cheap meat,

963
01:13:59,600 --> 01:14:02,000
the animals are crammed together
to be fattened

964
01:14:02,160 --> 01:14:05,160
and pumped full of hormones
and antibiotics.

965
01:14:05,720 --> 01:14:09,240
This intensive livestock farming
uses water and grain

966
01:14:09,400 --> 01:14:11,520
which could otherwise feed the world

967
01:14:11,680 --> 01:14:13,680
and contributes
to the greenhouse effect.

968
01:14:17,040 --> 01:14:18,520
Despite health warnings,

969
01:14:18,680 --> 01:14:22,960
consumers are urged by lobbies
to eat meat every day.

970
01:14:24,000 --> 01:14:28,560
In the 40 years, the amount of meat
consumed in the world has tripled,

971
01:14:28,720 --> 01:14:32,920
contributing to the very real
health crisis of obesity.

972
01:14:34,600 --> 01:14:36,600
Yes, it's a simple calculation.

973
01:14:36,760 --> 01:14:40,920
While one farmed hectare
can provide food for two carnivores,

974
01:14:41,080 --> 01:14:43,360
it could feed 50 vegetarians.

975
01:14:44,400 --> 01:14:48,520
Over 100 billion animals are killed
every year for their meat,

976
01:14:48,680 --> 01:14:50,880
a billion in France alone,

977
01:14:51,040 --> 01:14:56,000
yet nothing is curbing the zeal
to produce ever more cheap meat.

978
01:14:56,640 --> 01:15:00,640
Here in China,
and these are not social-housing blocks,

979
01:15:00,800 --> 01:15:03,840
they're the buildings
of a multi-story pig farm.

980
01:15:05,080 --> 01:15:07,120
From their birth to their slaughter,

981
01:15:07,280 --> 01:15:11,280
these poor creatures never leave
these ultra-modern pig sties.

982
01:15:11,440 --> 01:15:13,560
Not for a second
of their miserable lives

983
01:15:13,720 --> 01:15:16,280
do they see the sky or smell the earth.

984
01:15:21,760 --> 01:15:22,760
What we eat

985
01:15:22,920 --> 01:15:26,640
is more often the result
of unspeakable and prolonged suffering

986
01:15:26,800 --> 01:15:29,840
than that of an animal
that lived a healthy life.

987
01:15:34,840 --> 01:15:37,240
As the poet Lamartine wrote,

988
01:15:37,400 --> 01:15:41,120
"We don't have two hearts,
one for animals and one for humans,

989
01:15:41,280 --> 01:15:43,760
"we have one heart or we have none."

990
01:15:51,600 --> 01:15:55,480
Industrial fishing has also drifted
into troubled waters.

991
01:15:59,720 --> 01:16:01,560
Using satellite and radar,
it's now possible

992
01:16:01,720 --> 01:16:04,120
to locate any shoal of fish,

993
01:16:04,280 --> 01:16:07,440
however deep it might be,
and catch every last one.

994
01:16:12,040 --> 01:16:15,120
Gigantic factory ships
contain all the facilities

995
01:16:15,280 --> 01:16:17,000
for gutting and conditioning.

996
01:16:17,160 --> 01:16:19,680
The fish are prepared
and frozen on the boat,

997
01:16:19,840 --> 01:16:23,560
but can remain at sea for months,
emptying the ocean.

998
01:16:25,520 --> 01:16:27,760
Unmarketable fish
are caught accidentally,

999
01:16:27,920 --> 01:16:30,200
as are turtles and dolphins.

1000
01:16:30,960 --> 01:16:33,760
Hundreds of thousands
are killed every year.

1001
01:16:35,400 --> 01:16:38,040
The ocean beds are dredged
by trawling nets

1002
01:16:38,200 --> 01:16:41,040
which destroy everything
over thousands of hectares,

1003
01:16:41,200 --> 01:16:44,200
a bit like harvesting strawberries
with a bulldozer.

1004
01:16:48,880 --> 01:16:52,440
At the same time we're killing
hundreds of millions of sharks a year,

1005
01:16:52,600 --> 01:16:55,880
more than 10,000 sharks every hour.

1006
01:16:56,400 --> 01:17:00,040
It's not surprising
that over 90% of all marine predators

1007
01:17:00,200 --> 01:17:01,680
have been wiped out.

1008
01:17:05,320 --> 01:17:08,680
These industrial and intensive means
of farming and fishing

1009
01:17:08,840 --> 01:17:11,440
only enrich very few people.

1010
01:17:14,600 --> 01:17:16,960
Most humans still live in poverty.

1011
01:17:21,600 --> 01:17:23,240
Two-hundred fifty million farmers

1012
01:17:23,400 --> 01:17:26,280
have only animals
to help them work their land

1013
01:17:26,440 --> 01:17:29,480
and a billion have nothing
but their own physical strength.

1014
01:17:36,920 --> 01:17:41,000
More than 90% of those who fish
do so on a small scale.

1015
01:17:41,560 --> 01:17:43,400
All over the world
I've filmed women and men

1016
01:17:43,560 --> 01:17:47,200
who haven't benefited
from the different energy revolutions,

1017
01:17:47,360 --> 01:17:50,240
and who work as hard
as people did centuries ago.

1018
01:17:59,360 --> 01:18:01,320
We know that a person in Bangladesh

1019
01:18:01,480 --> 01:18:05,080
emits 30 times less CO2
than an American.

1020
01:18:05,440 --> 01:18:06,480
But don't kid yourself:

1021
01:18:07,000 --> 01:18:08,080
in an era when the internet

1022
01:18:08,240 --> 01:18:11,280
makes images of our paradise
available everywhere,

1023
01:18:11,440 --> 01:18:15,920
The inhabitants of developing countries
want only one thing: to be developed

1024
01:18:16,080 --> 01:18:19,760
and live the dream they see
every day on their television screens.

1025
01:18:20,240 --> 01:18:22,720
Children who know
of the opulent way we live

1026
01:18:22,880 --> 01:18:24,320
yet have practically nothing

1027
01:18:24,480 --> 01:18:27,520
are more numerous
in every country I travel to.

1028
01:18:34,680 --> 01:18:37,680
How can we consume less and save more

1029
01:18:37,840 --> 01:18:40,840
while giving everyone
a chance at a better life.

1030
01:18:44,720 --> 01:18:45,800
For many humans,

1031
01:18:45,960 --> 01:18:48,760
it's not just about fleeing
poverty or war.

1032
01:18:48,920 --> 01:18:53,040
It's increasingly about fleeing
an environmental crisis.

1033
01:18:56,240 --> 01:18:59,760
But whether the cause is climate,
economics or politics,

1034
01:18:59,920 --> 01:19:01,920
they're all quite simply refugees.

1035
01:19:04,960 --> 01:19:07,600
They're increasingly numerous
and come from an ever-growing number

1036
01:19:07,760 --> 01:19:09,000
of countries.

1037
01:19:09,480 --> 01:19:13,120
There were only 20 million refugees
in 2019.

1038
01:19:13,280 --> 01:19:17,760
I say only because the UN predicts
250 million climate refugees

1039
01:19:17,920 --> 01:19:20,280
in 2050.

1040
01:19:25,800 --> 01:19:27,240
In the poorest countries,

1041
01:19:27,400 --> 01:19:30,000
the climate crisis
and the biodiversity collapse

1042
01:19:30,160 --> 01:19:33,840
will cause famines,
economic crisis and even wars.

1043
01:19:35,840 --> 01:19:38,800
And the rich countries
will be hit by the ricochet.

1044
01:19:40,680 --> 01:19:42,240
Whatever we might think,

1045
01:19:42,400 --> 01:19:45,840
the real migratory crisis
has not yet begun.

1046
01:19:59,800 --> 01:20:05,200
In my film, Home, already 11 years ago,
I repeated several times

1047
01:20:05,360 --> 01:20:07,920
that it was far too late
to be pessimistic

1048
01:20:08,480 --> 01:20:12,040
and I proclaimed renewable energy
as the ultimate solution

1049
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:13,840
for fighting climate change.

1050
01:20:15,680 --> 01:20:20,160
Around the world I've seen wind farms
sprout up like forests of hope.

1051
01:20:21,000 --> 01:20:23,560
But these efforts
haven't been accompanied by a reduction

1052
01:20:23,720 --> 01:20:26,040
in our consumption of fossil fuels,

1053
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:28,520
coal, gas and oil.

1054
01:20:29,360 --> 01:20:31,920
They haven't replaced fossil fuels.

1055
01:20:32,280 --> 01:20:33,880
They've been supplementary,

1056
01:20:34,040 --> 01:20:35,120
added on.

1057
01:20:46,280 --> 01:20:47,480
I also said,

1058
01:20:47,640 --> 01:20:51,320
"Let's look to the sky
and learn to harvest the sunshine.

1059
01:20:51,480 --> 01:20:53,920
"Let's create our own photosynthesis

1060
01:20:54,080 --> 01:20:57,080
"because the sun in one hour
gives us as much energy

1061
01:20:57,240 --> 01:21:00,000
"as all of humanity consumes in a year."

1062
01:21:04,280 --> 01:21:07,080
Around the world,
I've seen thousands of hectares

1063
01:21:07,240 --> 01:21:09,480
taken over my solar panels,

1064
01:21:09,880 --> 01:21:12,000
but all of these wonderful initiatives

1065
01:21:12,160 --> 01:21:14,800
haven't replaced
the 100 million barrels of oil

1066
01:21:14,960 --> 01:21:17,080
that we consume every day.

1067
01:21:18,720 --> 01:21:23,720
One-hundred million barrels,
and this figure increases every year.

1068
01:21:30,200 --> 01:21:34,640
Another mirage: The COPs,
these major international conferences

1069
01:21:34,800 --> 01:21:36,600
which bring together
the countries that signed

1070
01:21:36,760 --> 01:21:39,120
the UN agreement
to fight climate change.

1071
01:21:41,720 --> 01:21:46,360
They've taken place every year
since the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.

1072
01:21:46,680 --> 01:21:48,440
I've often been present.

1073
01:21:48,880 --> 01:21:51,920
Behind the windows
in the UN building in New York,

1074
01:21:52,080 --> 01:21:55,400
hundreds of diplomats study
the increasingly alarming reports

1075
01:21:55,560 --> 01:21:59,680
of the world's scientists
and they try to come up with solutions.

1076
01:21:59,840 --> 01:22:03,440
All of these solutions
symbolize the hopes of humanity

1077
01:22:03,600 --> 01:22:05,400
and I think they know it.

1078
01:22:05,560 --> 01:22:07,480
I don't for a second doubt
their good faith

1079
01:22:07,640 --> 01:22:09,600
or their sincere commitment.

1080
01:22:10,480 --> 01:22:12,920
These conferences at least gather
the world's leaders

1081
01:22:13,080 --> 01:22:15,240
to consider this vital subject.

1082
01:22:16,400 --> 01:22:20,320
Unfortunately, they're more like
the meetings of apartment co-owners

1083
01:22:20,480 --> 01:22:21,560
who don't get on,

1084
01:22:21,720 --> 01:22:24,840
where the selfishness of every nation
comes to the fore

1085
01:22:25,000 --> 01:22:28,480
and each country ends up
doing just what it wants.

1086
01:22:29,880 --> 01:22:33,640
An example, which to me
is the most striking and revelatory,

1087
01:22:33,800 --> 01:22:37,680
the famous Paris Agreement
signed in 2015.

1088
01:22:37,840 --> 01:22:40,760
One-hundred eighty countries
committed to reduce the emissions

1089
01:22:40,920 --> 01:22:43,000
which contribute to climate change,

1090
01:22:43,160 --> 01:22:46,440
but to make sure
the producing countries would sign,

1091
01:22:46,600 --> 01:22:53,800
the words coal, oil, gas and fossil fuel
did not even appear in the treaty

1092
01:22:54,480 --> 01:22:57,000
as if they were afraid
of naming the enemy

1093
01:22:57,160 --> 01:22:58,680
that's going to kill us.

1094
01:22:59,280 --> 01:23:03,680
Never has a COP succeeded
in reducing CO2 emissions.

1095
01:23:05,040 --> 01:23:08,560
This failure is the symbol
of our addiction to growth.

1096
01:23:11,480 --> 01:23:15,680
Coal, the most polluting fuel,
is still, despite everything,

1097
01:23:15,840 --> 01:23:18,960
the world's primary source
of electricity production.

1098
01:23:21,640 --> 01:23:23,160
They talked of the end of oil,

1099
01:23:23,320 --> 01:23:26,040
but they extract more and more,
like this shale gas,

1100
01:23:26,200 --> 01:23:28,720
which is poisoning the soil of America.

1101
01:23:29,600 --> 01:23:32,240
With this new energy source,
the US is once more

1102
01:23:32,400 --> 01:23:35,560
the world's main producer
of oil and gas,

1103
01:23:36,120 --> 01:23:38,040
driving down the price per barrel.

1104
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:40,160
It's never been so cheap.

1105
01:23:41,440 --> 01:23:44,520
And that's in no way good news
for the environment.

1106
01:23:48,200 --> 01:23:51,960
With 40% of its people
not believing in climate change,

1107
01:23:52,120 --> 01:23:55,200
America, the world's richest
and most polluting country,

1108
01:23:55,360 --> 01:23:59,240
is I think the symbol
of our inconsistency.

1109
01:24:00,880 --> 01:24:02,960
Fossil fuels are the lifeblood
of our growth

1110
01:24:03,120 --> 01:24:05,280
and as such
are unconditionally protected

1111
01:24:05,440 --> 01:24:07,560
by international finance.

1112
01:24:08,800 --> 01:24:13,200
The banks lend with interest
over $650 billion a year

1113
01:24:13,360 --> 01:24:17,280
to companies which explore
new reserves of fossil fuels.

1114
01:24:22,160 --> 01:24:24,920
The banks are therefore dependent
on their debtors

1115
01:24:25,080 --> 01:24:27,800
and on the growth
of the fossil-fuel industry...

1116
01:24:32,600 --> 01:24:33,960
So it's hard to change the model

1117
01:24:34,120 --> 01:24:36,400
when it might cause
colossal financial losses

1118
01:24:36,560 --> 01:24:38,240
or even bankruptcies.

1119
01:24:41,680 --> 01:24:43,760
So, what's to be done?

1120
01:24:43,920 --> 01:24:47,480
Curing finance
of its addiction to coal, oil and gas

1121
01:24:47,640 --> 01:24:50,240
is one of the challenges to be taken up.

1122
01:24:53,680 --> 01:24:54,880
To be honest,

1123
01:24:55,040 --> 01:24:59,040
I do see the banks making
encouraging moves to get out of coal,

1124
01:24:59,640 --> 01:25:02,720
but still too timidly
to reverse the trend.

1125
01:25:03,360 --> 01:25:05,600
They must go further
and invent a new model

1126
01:25:05,760 --> 01:25:08,560
of finance at the service of the planet,

1127
01:25:09,120 --> 01:25:13,400
whereas today our planet
is in service of finance.

1128
01:25:27,160 --> 01:25:31,240
In 2020,
gigantic wildfires impossible to control

1129
01:25:31,400 --> 01:25:35,720
ravaged Australia,
Siberia and especially California,

1130
01:25:35,880 --> 01:25:39,760
where almost 300,000 people
had to be relocated.

1131
01:25:48,440 --> 01:25:50,640
San Francisco's millions of inhabitants

1132
01:25:50,800 --> 01:25:53,320
who saw their city turn red
in the middle of the day

1133
01:25:53,480 --> 01:25:55,000
because of the burning forests

1134
01:25:55,160 --> 01:25:58,200
no doubt really understood
what climate change means.

1135
01:26:18,680 --> 01:26:21,560
These Mad Max-style
end-of-the-world images

1136
01:26:21,720 --> 01:26:23,240
should make them think.

1137
01:26:23,640 --> 01:26:25,040
Should make us think.

1138
01:26:38,800 --> 01:26:40,120
It's not fiction.

1139
01:26:40,960 --> 01:26:43,280
It's not the movies, it's reality.

1140
01:27:00,960 --> 01:27:03,560
How I hate telling you all this.

1141
01:27:05,440 --> 01:27:07,240
It breaks my heart.

1142
01:27:07,800 --> 01:27:09,240
It's so desperate.

1143
01:27:11,640 --> 01:27:15,760
These aren't the stories a grandfather
wants to tell his grandchildren,

1144
01:27:17,960 --> 01:27:19,960
but I don't want to lie to you.

1145
01:27:20,720 --> 01:27:22,480
I'm too old for that.

1146
01:27:23,280 --> 01:27:24,320
I have no right,

1147
01:27:24,480 --> 01:27:29,080
I feel obliged to tell you the truth,
to have the courage to face that truth.

1148
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:33,120
Could this be our legacy?

1149
01:27:33,800 --> 01:27:35,160
My legacy?

1150
01:27:35,960 --> 01:27:38,000
That I'll leave to my grandchildren?

1151
01:27:39,960 --> 01:27:43,520
And yet our children are often
a lot more clear-headed than us.

1152
01:27:45,120 --> 01:27:47,960
Thirty years ago in 1992,

1153
01:27:48,120 --> 01:27:51,400
I was gripped by the words
of Severn Suzuki.

1154
01:27:52,440 --> 01:27:53,840
She was 13,

1155
01:27:54,520 --> 01:27:58,960
and she spoke at the United Nations
on behalf of all the world's children.

1156
01:27:59,120 --> 01:28:02,920
We are a group of 12- and 13-year-olds
trying to make a difference.

1157
01:28:04,200 --> 01:28:06,080
We've raised all the money
to come here ourselves,

1158
01:28:06,840 --> 01:28:12,000
to come 5,000 miles to tell you adults
you must change your ways.

1159
01:28:13,000 --> 01:28:16,440
Coming up here today,
I have no hidden agenda.

1160
01:28:16,600 --> 01:28:18,920
I am fighting for my future.

1161
01:28:19,720 --> 01:28:23,360
Losing my future
is not like losing an election

1162
01:28:23,520 --> 01:28:25,600
or a few points on the stock market.

1163
01:28:27,000 --> 01:28:30,600
I am here to speak
for all generations to come.

1164
01:28:31,440 --> 01:28:34,560
I am here to speak
on behalf of the starving children

1165
01:28:35,240 --> 01:28:37,880
around the world whose cries go unheard.

1166
01:28:39,000 --> 01:28:41,600
I am here to speak
for the countless animals

1167
01:28:41,760 --> 01:28:45,720
dying across this planet
because they have nowhere left to go.

1168
01:28:47,360 --> 01:28:52,640
I am afraid to go out in the sun now
because of the holes in our ozone.

1169
01:28:53,440 --> 01:28:55,120
I am afraid to breath the air

1170
01:28:55,280 --> 01:28:58,240
because I don't know
what chemical are in it.

1171
01:28:58,680 --> 01:29:03,560
And almost 30 years later,
it was 15-year-old Greta Thunberg

1172
01:29:03,720 --> 01:29:05,840
who spoke at the United Nations.

1173
01:29:06,240 --> 01:29:08,320
This is all wrong.

1174
01:29:09,320 --> 01:29:11,200
I shouldn't be up here.

1175
01:29:11,680 --> 01:29:15,400
I should be back in school
on the other side of the ocean.

1176
01:29:16,400 --> 01:29:20,560
Yet you all come to us young people
for hope.

1177
01:29:20,920 --> 01:29:22,440
How dare you?

1178
01:29:23,560 --> 01:29:28,680
You have stolen my dreams
and my childhood with your empty words!

1179
01:29:28,840 --> 01:29:31,600
And yet I'm one of the lucky ones.

1180
01:29:32,960 --> 01:29:34,760
People are suffering!

1181
01:29:34,920 --> 01:29:36,880
People are dying!

1182
01:29:37,040 --> 01:29:40,360
Entire ecosystems are collapsing!

1183
01:29:40,520 --> 01:29:43,760
We are in the beginning
of a mass extinction

1184
01:29:43,920 --> 01:29:46,560
and all you can talk about is money

1185
01:29:46,720 --> 01:29:50,240
and fairy tales
of eternal economic growth.

1186
01:29:50,400 --> 01:29:52,000
How dare you?

1187
01:29:53,440 --> 01:29:55,880
She is so raw and awkward,

1188
01:29:57,200 --> 01:29:59,600
but is also touching and moving.

1189
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:03,960
And above all else, she's so right.

1190
01:30:05,680 --> 01:30:09,240
She endures the suffering
of those who understand.

1191
01:30:10,240 --> 01:30:12,720
And I think it's indecent
to make fun of her

1192
01:30:13,680 --> 01:30:15,520
because it's not up to her
and our children

1193
01:30:15,680 --> 01:30:17,640
to bear the weight of the world.

1194
01:30:19,520 --> 01:30:20,760
It's up to me.

1195
01:30:20,920 --> 01:30:22,240
And to all of us.

1196
01:30:24,360 --> 01:30:26,080
How can a world
which ignores its children

1197
01:30:26,240 --> 01:30:27,760
hope to have a future?

1198
01:30:30,720 --> 01:30:35,320
How can we hear 30 years apart
the same warning message,

1199
01:30:36,120 --> 01:30:37,960
the same call for help,

1200
01:30:38,520 --> 01:30:39,720
and do nothing?

1201
01:30:42,440 --> 01:30:44,600
We haven't listened to our children.

1202
01:30:45,640 --> 01:30:46,520
And today,

1203
01:30:46,680 --> 01:30:49,680
we've been brought low
by something much smaller.

1204
01:30:50,320 --> 01:30:50,920
A virus.

1205
01:30:53,360 --> 01:30:55,320
As I'm finishing writing this film,

1206
01:30:55,480 --> 01:30:58,600
I'd never have imagined
showing you these sci-fi imagines

1207
01:30:58,760 --> 01:31:00,680
of these empty cities,

1208
01:31:01,720 --> 01:31:03,280
devoid of human beings.

1209
01:31:05,000 --> 01:31:08,680
Yet scientists had warned us
of the risks of a pandemic.

1210
01:31:11,440 --> 01:31:14,800
And just like climate change,
we don't want to believe it.

1211
01:31:16,960 --> 01:31:18,920
A pandemic every ten years?

1212
01:31:20,080 --> 01:31:22,320
That's where we're heading
if we don't radically change

1213
01:31:22,480 --> 01:31:25,040
our relationship to biodiversity.

1214
01:31:27,920 --> 01:31:30,520
Through deforestation
and the capture and sale

1215
01:31:30,680 --> 01:31:32,000
of wild animals,

1216
01:31:32,160 --> 01:31:35,120
humans have created the perfect cocktail

1217
01:31:35,280 --> 01:31:37,160
for the outbreak of new pandemics:

1218
01:31:37,920 --> 01:31:42,480
HIV, Ebola, bird flu and now Covid-19.

1219
01:31:44,240 --> 01:31:48,000
All of these pandemics
came from viruses in wild animals

1220
01:31:48,160 --> 01:31:50,120
which have adapted to humans.

1221
01:31:52,320 --> 01:31:55,920
Our industrial-scale livestock farming
and inter-connected world

1222
01:31:56,080 --> 01:31:58,480
merely amplify the phenomenon.

1223
01:31:59,160 --> 01:32:02,840
This invisible danger has become visible

1224
01:32:05,400 --> 01:32:08,000
and confronted us with a new reality.

1225
01:32:08,560 --> 01:32:11,000
We've been able
to sacrifice our economy.

1226
01:32:13,920 --> 01:32:17,640
All around the world at the same time,
we decided to stop everything.

1227
01:32:19,760 --> 01:32:22,120
And we all accepted these constraints

1228
01:32:22,640 --> 01:32:24,880
in order to save our lives.

1229
01:32:29,800 --> 01:32:32,880
It is therefore vital
that we protect biodiversity

1230
01:32:33,040 --> 01:32:36,400
and rethink our relationship
with the natural world,

1231
01:32:38,960 --> 01:32:41,680
for the reality
is that we're wiping out everything

1232
01:32:41,840 --> 01:32:44,000
that isn't human on Earth.

1233
01:32:46,080 --> 01:32:47,320
Take heed.

1234
01:32:48,160 --> 01:32:54,600
According to the WWF, in 50 years,
we'll have lost around 70% of mammals,

1235
01:32:54,760 --> 01:32:57,760
fish, birds, amphibians and reptiles.

1236
01:32:58,240 --> 01:33:00,840
Seventy percent of living creatures.

1237
01:33:01,000 --> 01:33:02,440
It's incredible.

1238
01:33:03,040 --> 01:33:04,080
And today,

1239
01:33:04,840 --> 01:33:07,160
faced with this unimaginable loss,

1240
01:33:07,880 --> 01:33:11,320
how is it possible not to think
of every living creature around us

1241
01:33:11,480 --> 01:33:13,880
as something precious and sacred?

1242
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:16,280
So...

1243
01:33:17,000 --> 01:33:19,240
what can we do to fight climate change?

1244
01:33:21,680 --> 01:33:24,000
It's actually quite simple.

1245
01:33:24,360 --> 01:33:27,240
It is imperative
that we decarbonise our lives

1246
01:33:27,400 --> 01:33:29,480
in every way that we can.

1247
01:33:30,440 --> 01:33:35,960
This means reducing
our consumption of oil, coal and gas,

1248
01:33:37,120 --> 01:33:40,800
for this carbon-loaded energy
is hiding everywhere,

1249
01:33:41,360 --> 01:33:45,400
in our food, our clothes,
our travel, our homes.

1250
01:33:46,000 --> 01:33:51,000
Everything we consume every day
is full of oil, full of carbon.

1251
01:33:51,600 --> 01:33:53,680
There is no other solution,

1252
01:33:54,640 --> 01:33:56,760
even if this seems impossible.

1253
01:33:58,320 --> 01:34:01,640
For this energy,
which make us so powerful and rich,

1254
01:34:02,520 --> 01:34:04,000
is now killing us.

1255
01:34:05,840 --> 01:34:08,840
Yes, it's killing us,
It's as simple as that.

1256
01:34:09,280 --> 01:34:12,040
We have to confront this truth together.

1257
01:34:13,680 --> 01:34:15,040
And it's not my truth,

1258
01:34:15,200 --> 01:34:17,480
it's the truth
of thousands of scientists.

1259
01:34:17,640 --> 01:34:19,120
We have to listen.

1260
01:34:21,360 --> 01:34:22,600
Their solution?

1261
01:34:23,560 --> 01:34:25,600
We need to reduce
the world's consumption

1262
01:34:25,760 --> 01:34:28,760
of fossil fuels
by five percent every year

1263
01:34:28,920 --> 01:34:32,840
to avoid exceeding the two degrees
fixed by the Paris Agreement.

1264
01:34:33,000 --> 01:34:36,240
REDUCE FOSSIL-FUEL CONSUMPTION
BY 5% EVER YEAR

1265
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:38,560
And I'm mostly talking
about the rich nations

1266
01:34:38,720 --> 01:34:41,240
because 70% of CO2 emissions

1267
01:34:41,400 --> 01:34:45,080
are produced by barely 10%
of the world's population.

1268
01:34:47,760 --> 01:34:49,160
And that includes me.

1269
01:34:49,960 --> 01:34:51,400
What an injustice.

1270
01:34:52,760 --> 01:34:54,120
If we do nothing,

1271
01:34:54,840 --> 01:34:56,840
by the year 2070,

1272
01:34:57,560 --> 01:34:58,840
a third of humanity

1273
01:34:59,000 --> 01:35:02,240
may be living in regions
as hot and uninhabitable

1274
01:35:02,400 --> 01:35:03,960
as the Sahara.

1275
01:35:05,280 --> 01:35:07,160
So, by 2070,

1276
01:35:07,320 --> 01:35:10,680
a third of humanity,
which will mean over 3 billion people,

1277
01:35:10,840 --> 01:35:13,840
will be unable to live
in their own region.

1278
01:35:14,480 --> 01:35:15,800
Three billion.

1279
01:35:16,120 --> 01:35:17,360
That's a lot of people.

1280
01:35:19,400 --> 01:35:21,920
We must there show great courage

1281
01:35:22,080 --> 01:35:25,560
in facing the enormity
of this overwhelming task

1282
01:35:25,720 --> 01:35:28,920
and acknowledge
that there is no miracle solution.

1283
01:35:30,160 --> 01:35:31,800
There's no alternative.

1284
01:35:31,960 --> 01:35:34,960
We must decarbonise our lives.

1285
01:35:35,360 --> 01:35:38,680
Not to commit to doing this
means being complicit.

1286
01:35:39,840 --> 01:35:43,640
And I'm in no position to lecture you
because for four-fifths of my life

1287
01:35:43,800 --> 01:35:45,560
I ignored all of that.

1288
01:36:05,000 --> 01:36:08,200
Take a good look at these face
we filmed around the world.

1289
01:36:11,760 --> 01:36:14,920
I now know that my quest for beauty
was right there,

1290
01:36:15,600 --> 01:36:16,920
in these faces,

1291
01:36:17,440 --> 01:36:18,400
so present,

1292
01:36:18,560 --> 01:36:19,760
so obvious.

1293
01:36:22,880 --> 01:36:25,760
We're going to have to confront
our destiny all together,

1294
01:36:25,920 --> 01:36:26,880
with them.

1295
01:36:37,880 --> 01:36:41,000
We're all equal
in the face of suffering and death.

1296
01:36:42,000 --> 01:36:46,240
I think that we all share deep down
love for one another.

1297
01:36:52,000 --> 01:36:53,720
Remember what it is
that makes us strong:

1298
01:36:54,640 --> 01:36:57,480
intelligence and cooperation.

1299
01:37:07,280 --> 01:37:09,920
Can you feel
that they are members of our family?

1300
01:37:13,160 --> 01:37:14,400
Of your family?

1301
01:37:24,080 --> 01:37:26,520
Let us tell our children
that they're arriving on Earth

1302
01:37:26,680 --> 01:37:30,960
almost at the start of a story,
not its disillusioned end.

1303
01:37:33,400 --> 01:37:37,320
They are in the very first chapters
of a long and fabulous saga.

1304
01:37:39,960 --> 01:37:42,920
They must know they have a job to do
with the children,

1305
01:37:43,080 --> 01:37:46,080
their children
and their children's children.

1306
01:37:54,160 --> 01:37:57,320
Do you see all the conviction
of the world in their faces?

1307
01:37:58,600 --> 01:38:00,720
Can you feel the love they're radiating?

1308
01:38:01,920 --> 01:38:04,840
So, imagine what we could all do,
all together?

1309
01:38:11,040 --> 01:38:13,800
For the only sustainable energy is love.

1310
01:38:25,160 --> 01:38:29,200
For my legacy is quite simply
the love of life.

1311
01:38:48,960 --> 01:38:54,480
THERE ARE ANSWERS,
THE CHOICE IS UP TO YOU.

1312
01:38:56,840 --> 01:38:58,160
WE ARE THE PEOPLE,

1313
01:38:58,320 --> 01:38:59,800
WE ARE THE COMPANIES,

1314
01:38:59,960 --> 01:39:05,440
WE ARE THE GOVERNMENTS

1315
01:39:07,400 --> 01:39:14,560
LISTEN TO SCIENTISTS
AND LEARN ABOUT CLIMATE CHANGE

1316
01:39:16,120 --> 01:39:24,720
VOTE ONLY FOR POLITICIANS
WHO RUN ON AN ECOLOGY PLATFORM

1317
01:39:26,640 --> 01:39:33,280
VOLUNTEER WITH ORGANISATIONS

1318
01:39:35,080 --> 01:39:41,640
DON'T EAT INDUSTRIALLY RAISED ANIMALS

1319
01:39:44,400 --> 01:39:47,760
EAT LOCAL, SEASONAL, ORGANIC
AND NON-PROCESSED FOODS

1320
01:39:47,920 --> 01:39:53,520
WITHOUT PLASTIC PACKAGING

1321
01:39:54,840 --> 01:40:03,080
PLACE YOUR MONEY IN BANKS
THAT PRIORITIZE SUSTAINIBILITY

1322
01:40:04,760 --> 01:40:11,880
INSULATE HOMES AND BUILDINGS

1323
01:40:13,960 --> 01:40:18,360
BUY SECOND-HAND
AND MEND OLD POSSESSIONS

1324
01:40:18,520 --> 01:40:21,240
TO STEM OVERCONSUMPTION

1325
01:40:23,280 --> 01:40:28,120
TAKE TRAINS, BUSES, BIKES,

1326
01:40:28,280 --> 01:40:32,640
OR PRACTICE CARPOOLING
OR USE ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1327
01:40:36,000 --> 01:40:43,400
PLANES SHOULD BE TAKEN
ONLY OCCASIONALLY

1328
01:40:45,360 --> 01:40:49,840
REPLACE CEMENT IN CONSTRUCTION
WITH WOOD, EARTH,

1329
01:40:50,000 --> 01:40:53,760
STONE AND FIBER

1330
01:40:56,040 --> 01:41:03,560
CALCULATE YOUR CARBON FOOTPRINT
TO FIND WAYS TO REDUCE IT

1331
01:41:05,040 --> 01:41:11,920
DON'T THINK OF THESE AS CONSTRAINTS

1332
01:41:12,960 --> 01:41:18,240
MAKING A DIFFERENCE
MAKES US HAPPIER

1333
01:41:20,560 --> 01:41:25,000
FIND OUT MORE BY FOLLOWING
THE GOODPLANET FOUNDATION