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Downloaded from
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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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Places and events mark you for ever,

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plotting your route
and your relationship with the world.

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This happened to me
40 years ago in Kenya.

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I was a 33-year-old Parisian,

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my life nourished since childhood
by a love of animals

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and the dream of absolute freedom.

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I'd been constrained since I was little
by rules I tried to dodge.

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I was a dunce at school and at home,

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the dimensions of which were never
big enough for exploring the world.

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I arrived here with my wife Anne
and our two little children,

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at the heart of this wild nature.

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We'd bought a three-year return ticket.

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We bought our house ourselves,
helped by our African friends.

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We were writing a thesis on lions.

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We'd spend days watching them.

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The lions taught me photography.

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Observing the lives of animals
changed me profoundly.

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I was born of them,
born of these animals.

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Thanks to them,
I learnt the freedom of just being.

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Never had I felt so alive and happy.

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The lions weren't afraid of us.

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They'd never been hunted by humans.

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It was an absolute dream, a discovery.

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Living, as a family, with them.

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Here, "wild animal" wasn't synonymous
with "fear of humans".

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We were accepted
as part of that natural harmony.

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The cycle of life
played out before our eyes.

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Eat or be eaten.

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Observing animals taught me
how to live in the world of humans.

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We watched them love each other,
but also die.

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Half of the lion cubs
died in their first year.

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With them
I lived the essentials of life:

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children, love,

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sex,

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death...

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We were at the heart
of the cycle of life in the raw,

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in all its insecurity,
always on the lookout.

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Its harmony breaks free
of all our reference points.

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To earn a living
I piloted hot-air balloons,

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taking tourists to see animals

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every morning.

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This was a revelation
which changed my life.

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From up there
I mapped out their routes,

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the corridors taken by thousands
of wildebeest, buffalo and zebra,

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heading to the south
of the Serengeti,

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where they would find
abundant grazing.

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But their greatest predator
was the River Mara.

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Every year the mass annihilation
of wildebeest happened again,

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making a deep impression on me.

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Now as I rewatch this film,
40 years later,

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I see us today beating a similar path
towards our own impasse.

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And I wonder
what kind of animal we are.

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The kind that can make it across

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or the kind
that will all suffer the same death?

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The development of Kenya between
when I first set foot there and today

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perfectly illustrates
our shared history of the world.

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Never would I have imagined
that all these animals

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would be threatened with extinction
forty years later.

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And that 75% of the land

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would be cultivated

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to help feed the 8 billion humans
that we now are.

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And never would I have imagined
that wheat, corn and barley

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would replace the antelopes' grasses,

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or that the mechanic din
of combine harvesters

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would echo
over this paradise of biodiversity,

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as they do across the whole planet.

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We have sought our power
in dominance and control.

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The earth found it in freedom
and the links between all things.

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I had there
all that a man might dream of,

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a sort of adventure kit
like in a comic book.

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I think now that I had the very essence
of what makes a human life,

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and that my life
couldn't have been complete

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without what we experienced there.

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Kenya is also the land
of the first humans.

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In the Rift Valley were found the first
traces of our Homo sapiens ancestors.

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It became the land of the Masai.

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Cattle are their capital
and their currency.

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In 1980

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we believed
in the promises of development.

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What the West offered seemed to me
the natural progress of the world.

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We were all going to be rational,
richer and happy.

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I knew that the way of life
of the Masai would change.

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I felt a little nostalgic,

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but I saw that sadness
as the selfishness

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of a privileged Westerner.

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But today
the grazing land for their cattle

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has been severely reduced
because of agriculture.

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They often have to venture
into nature reserves

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to find pasturage for their herds.

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And to defend themselves
against lion attacks,

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they've now swapped their spears
for poison.

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They who showed such pride
in fighting lions with spears.

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These vast expanses of greenhouses
edge the lakes of Kenya.

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Like in Ethiopia or Chile,
green beans or flowers

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are mass produced
for the tables of the whole world.

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Delivered by plane every day,

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they feed the spheres
of international finance,

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but leave behind
the very real consequences

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of pesticides and waste.

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But they importantly provide employment
where there was none before.

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Poverty is often better distributed
than wealth.

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I never thought when I left Kenya

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that the 60,000 inhabitants
of the Kibera slum

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would have now increased
to a million,

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and that one person in eight
would now be living in such conditions.

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On the planet today how many people
are exiled, migrants and refugees?

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Who'd have thought
that the huge camp of Dadaab,

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set up in the desert to take in refugees
from the 1991 war in Somalia,

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would still be there today?

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It's become the biggest refugee camp
in the world.

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500,000 people live there,

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yet no one knows about it.

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Is this the promise of our progress?

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Since my birth, the wealth produced
and exchanged on Earth

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has multiplied twenty times.

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What a leap!

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But to what end?

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So that 1% of the world's population

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owns as much as the other 99%?

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Here too
the signs of climate change are clear.

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Kilimanjaro of the eternal snow

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is now almost without ice,
like wrinkled old skin.

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It's not the earth we should be killing,
but our conception of progress.

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Beauty is essential to my work.

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I believe it is a balm for the soul,
as the Navajo say.

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Salt crystals paint living pictures
in the black waters of Lake Magadi.

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This beauty is dazzling.

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I return to it ceaselessly.
It's like an obsession.

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The optimistic young man I was in Kenya
is no more.

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I'm a different man today.

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What I've learnt through my work
over these 40 years

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and what the scientists tell us

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throws all my certainties into question.

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11 years after my film Home,

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I just want to relate my feelings
about the world

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and our inability
to change our way of life,

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even though we know the solutions.

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The scientists have announced
the 6th extinction of life on Earth.

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And with all my soul as a human being
I cannot accept it.

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So let's have the courage
to face the truth

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and look at ourselves with open eyes.

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This is the story
of Legacy, Our Heritage.

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LEGACY
OUR HERITAGE

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Directed by Yann Arthus-Bertrand

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This movie
is dedicated to my grandchildren.

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I often ask myself this question.

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When did humans become aware
they were different from other species?

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When was that awakening?

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It's hard to say,
but one thing is for sure:

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35,000 years ago,
deep in Chauvet Cave in France,

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they already knew.

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They knew, of course, that
they stood upright but ran too slowly.

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And mostly they knew
that they controlled their environment

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better than other species.

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They knew that, among the multitude
of emotions which bubbled inside them,

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they felt love and friendship.

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I feel a powerful connection
to these humans

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who lived thousands of generations ago.

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Like me, like you,

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they seemed sensitive
to the beauty of nature.

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They made an effort
to freeze it in time.

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For whom? To what end?

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What is clear is that they had no wish
to depict themselves or their species.

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They chose to depict other species
in all their majesty

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and all their splendour.

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Humans have always stood apart
from other species

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in a particular and unexpected way.

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The story I'm about to tell you
is your own.

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The story of each one of you.

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The story of human beings,

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a fantastic species
which has succeeded at everything.

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You'll see how this puny little creature,

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not naturally very well armed
against wild animals or bad weather,

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all the same managed to control nature

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and conquer the entire planet.

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It's often said
that I have a photographer's eye,

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that I'm able to capture something extra
in a landscape,

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a force that's there,
but which not everyone necessarily sees.

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I long thought that this force

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was my perfectionism,

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my doggedness
in seeking the perfect photograph,

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the most harmonious lines,
the perfect angle, the ideal light...

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But in the end

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it's quite possible that this force
which emanates from some of my pictures

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is nothing other than that force
which powers life itself:

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energy!

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For energy is not only that
which powers all living creatures,

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linking them all together,

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it is also their raison d'être.

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And this energy
will be the central theme of my film.

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In the beginning
on Earth there was no life.

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There was only energy.

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Energy caught in a loop,
a prisoner of the elements,

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neither transformed nor channelled.

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And there was an enormous amount
of energy, in all its forms.

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Abundant, wild and dangerous.

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The earth in the beginning
was just rock in fusion,

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furious and raging.

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This energy dissipated immediately
into space in the form of heat

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because nothing held it back.

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Then, gradually, water vapour
produced by the burning earth

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formed a gaseous envelope
around the planet.

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An atmosphere.

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The atmosphere let in the sun's rays,
which warmed the earth,

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then prevented the heat escaping.

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Like a greenhouse.

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This new heat provided the conditions
conducive to life.

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Without this natural greenhouse effect,

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the temperature on the planet
would be around minus 50 degrees.

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And at that temperature
life as we know it is impossible.

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Life on Earth, then, only exists
because of the greenhouse effect.

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The accumulating clouds
then unleashed diluvian rainfall,

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which ended up forming the oceans.

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For billions of years,
this water went through all its stages:

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cloud, rain, lakes, rivers and oceans,
ice sometimes,

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then vapour again.

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And this cycle of water still continues.

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The water we drink today

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is that which cradled the first algae,

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and which was drunk by the dinosaurs.

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Water
is an essential constituent of life.

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In fact, it makes up
almost two thirds of the human body.

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And it was in the oceans that life
would first appear, diversify,

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and then pullulate in its myriad forms.

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Our planet is called Earth.

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But for the major part of its history

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it could have been called
the planet Sea.

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For a very long time

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this life in the oceans was limited
to tiny, simple organisms.

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The equivalent of today's plankton.

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I like this comparison...

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If the history of life on Earth
until today

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is represented as a 24-hour period,
and it is now midnight,

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then life first appeared
at about 6 a.m., in the oceans.

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But what is astonishing

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is that life would only emerge
from the oceans to colonise the land

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at about 10 p.m.

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That was when plants first appeared.

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For plants
this conquest of the continents

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would have been
unimaginably difficult.

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They had to colonise an environment
so different from the sea,

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where they'd been coddled
in obstacle-free weightlessness,

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now confronting
naked, hard, sterile rock.

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But this virgin territory
was worth the effort.

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It was abundant
in that essential constituent of life:

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energy.

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This energy is what enables
living things to function,

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00:16:45,080 --> 00:16:47,480
to develop, to move around...

251
00:16:51,160 --> 00:16:53,000
Since life first appeared,

252
00:16:53,160 --> 00:16:57,040
its sole raison d'être
has been to seize this energy.

253
00:16:57,520 --> 00:16:58,560
And living things

254
00:16:58,720 --> 00:17:01,560
have become experts at exploiting it.

255
00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:07,600
I have so much respect for living things

256
00:17:07,760 --> 00:17:10,960
because each one
is an incredible creation,

257
00:17:11,120 --> 00:17:14,080
so much more sophisticated
than the most refined machine,

258
00:17:14,240 --> 00:17:16,680
and so much more fascinating too.

259
00:17:27,200 --> 00:17:28,280
For plants,

260
00:17:28,440 --> 00:17:31,760
these species which for many of us
are just a backdrop,

261
00:17:31,920 --> 00:17:35,040
the energy problem was solved
in an unexpected way,

262
00:17:35,200 --> 00:17:37,920
through their taming of solar energy.

263
00:17:40,320 --> 00:17:41,960
They're the only living things

264
00:17:42,120 --> 00:17:46,560
which, thanks to photosynthesis,
have access to unlimited energy,

265
00:17:46,720 --> 00:17:48,720
which they transform into matter.

266
00:17:50,160 --> 00:17:51,520
Vegetal matter.

267
00:17:56,600 --> 00:18:00,160
It's extraordinary to think
that the vegetal matter they make

268
00:18:00,320 --> 00:18:02,360
doesn't come out of the ground. No.

269
00:18:02,520 --> 00:18:05,320
It comes out of the carbon in the air,
out of the sky,

270
00:18:05,480 --> 00:18:07,960
transformed by photosynthesis.

271
00:18:12,760 --> 00:18:14,360
Then began a race upwards,

272
00:18:14,520 --> 00:18:17,480
in which the highest plants
gained an advantage,

273
00:18:17,640 --> 00:18:20,200
having more energy at their disposal.

274
00:18:20,680 --> 00:18:23,080
They could reproduce more easily,

275
00:18:23,240 --> 00:18:26,360
transmitting to their descendants
the advantages that worked for them,

276
00:18:28,040 --> 00:18:32,240
creating generation after generation
of ever taller plants.

277
00:18:37,080 --> 00:18:39,240
Thus were trees born.

278
00:18:41,960 --> 00:18:43,720
In their race upwards,

279
00:18:43,880 --> 00:18:47,200
these magnificent representatives
of biological ingenuity

280
00:18:47,360 --> 00:18:51,320
had to solve problems which to us
might seem insuperable.

281
00:18:53,560 --> 00:18:57,120
For a tree, in fact,
is a trunk linking two crowns:

282
00:18:57,640 --> 00:18:59,840
one aerial and visible,

283
00:19:00,000 --> 00:19:02,920
made of branches and leaves
for capturing the sun's energy,

284
00:19:04,360 --> 00:19:06,400
and the other, just as big, underground,

285
00:19:06,560 --> 00:19:10,040
made of roots
for capturing water and minerals.

286
00:19:17,880 --> 00:19:22,440
Trees, then, are not just magnificent
solar energy power stations,

287
00:19:22,800 --> 00:19:25,520
they are also enormous water pumps,

288
00:19:25,920 --> 00:19:28,640
able to lift
hundreds of litres of water a day

289
00:19:28,800 --> 00:19:31,040
to heights of tens of metres.

290
00:19:32,040 --> 00:19:33,360
These spectacular colossi,

291
00:19:33,520 --> 00:19:36,520
giants in space and in time,

292
00:19:36,680 --> 00:19:40,440
can thrive for centuries,
even millennia.

293
00:19:42,680 --> 00:19:45,120
And all the while releasing oxygen,

294
00:19:45,280 --> 00:19:48,760
which can then be used
by other living beings.

295
00:19:54,520 --> 00:19:58,000
Over the years,
trees have increasingly fascinated me,

296
00:19:58,160 --> 00:20:01,320
occupying an ever larger place
in my thoughts.

297
00:20:02,240 --> 00:20:03,520
Think about it.

298
00:20:03,680 --> 00:20:06,080
With the carbon
they take from the atmosphere

299
00:20:06,240 --> 00:20:08,240
and the energy
they borrow from the sun,

300
00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:10,360
they build matter:

301
00:20:10,720 --> 00:20:13,040
branches, trunks, roots...

302
00:20:17,160 --> 00:20:19,840
And when this matter dies
and falls to the ground,

303
00:20:20,000 --> 00:20:21,280
it creates humus,

304
00:20:21,440 --> 00:20:26,000
forming the soil in which other plants
and trees will grow.

305
00:20:26,800 --> 00:20:30,120
Before plants,
there was no soil on Earth,

306
00:20:30,280 --> 00:20:33,520
just naked and sterile rock.

307
00:20:35,280 --> 00:20:39,000
It's the soil, the earth
after which our planet is named,

308
00:20:39,160 --> 00:20:41,920
which is the foundation
of terrestrial plants.

309
00:20:43,000 --> 00:20:44,840
The compost of our lives.

310
00:20:45,000 --> 00:20:48,320
In fact, "humus" and Homo,
the name of our species,

311
00:20:48,480 --> 00:20:51,960
have the same etymological root,
meaning "earth".

312
00:21:00,080 --> 00:21:02,440
Fixed to the ground and immobile,

313
00:21:02,600 --> 00:21:04,480
trees communicate

314
00:21:04,640 --> 00:21:08,600
by means of their roots and the odours
they release from their leaves.

315
00:21:10,200 --> 00:21:15,000
They've also solved, in an amazing way,
one of their biggest problems.

316
00:21:15,480 --> 00:21:19,120
Being anchored in the soil
and unable to move,

317
00:21:19,280 --> 00:21:21,400
they use animals, which can move,

318
00:21:21,560 --> 00:21:25,040
to come into contact and reproduce,
by means of their flowers.

319
00:21:30,240 --> 00:21:32,000
They developed fruit,

320
00:21:32,160 --> 00:21:36,640
to attract animals, which eat them
and deposit their seeds elsewhere.

321
00:21:40,880 --> 00:21:44,000
This is how they came
to colonise vast territories,

322
00:21:44,160 --> 00:21:47,320
without moving a centimetre
throughout their lives.

323
00:21:56,920 --> 00:22:00,600
Of course I could speak
just as enthusiastically

324
00:22:00,760 --> 00:22:02,800
about other species besides trees.

325
00:22:02,960 --> 00:22:06,160
For example, those which didn't
develop photosynthesis:

326
00:22:06,320 --> 00:22:08,760
animals, our ancestors.

327
00:22:09,960 --> 00:22:12,880
They came up
with a much more ingenious solution

328
00:22:13,040 --> 00:22:15,000
for obtaining that energy:

329
00:22:15,160 --> 00:22:16,720
eating the plants

330
00:22:16,880 --> 00:22:19,200
or eating the plant eaters.

331
00:22:22,560 --> 00:22:25,040
All these herbivores
and carnivores are doing

332
00:22:25,200 --> 00:22:26,800
is salvaging the solar energy

333
00:22:26,960 --> 00:22:29,520
stocked in the form of matter
in living beings.

334
00:22:36,640 --> 00:22:39,040
All living species are driven

335
00:22:39,200 --> 00:22:42,120
by a natural urge
more powerful than anything:

336
00:22:42,280 --> 00:22:45,160
to survive so that they can reproduce.

337
00:22:49,400 --> 00:22:53,040
All the energy they obtain
is channelled to this end,

338
00:22:53,400 --> 00:22:56,160
all that energy
is dedicated to survival.

339
00:22:56,320 --> 00:22:59,080
If any is left over
it will go towards reproduction,

340
00:22:59,240 --> 00:23:00,560
then to surviving another year

341
00:23:00,720 --> 00:23:03,520
in order to reproduce again
as soon as possible.

342
00:23:15,520 --> 00:23:19,320
Hoard, eat, dominate, reproduce...

343
00:23:19,480 --> 00:23:23,440
Such are the driving forces
of every living being on Earth.

344
00:23:31,560 --> 00:23:33,520
My experience of life in Kenya

345
00:23:33,680 --> 00:23:36,000
made me a humble and attentive spectator

346
00:23:36,160 --> 00:23:38,920
of the beauty of this infinite cycle

347
00:23:39,080 --> 00:23:41,800
of energy passing
from one species to another.

348
00:23:44,240 --> 00:23:45,640
Energy is everywhere,

349
00:23:45,800 --> 00:23:48,200
sometimes being economised
to a maximum degree,

350
00:23:48,360 --> 00:23:51,240
sometimes explosive and impressive,

351
00:23:52,920 --> 00:23:55,840
ceaselessly circulating
from one species to another

352
00:23:56,000 --> 00:23:58,240
in the networks of our ecosystems.

353
00:24:08,000 --> 00:24:11,840
Humans began their story
like every other species,

354
00:24:12,000 --> 00:24:14,120
with the same imperative:

355
00:24:14,480 --> 00:24:17,520
finding the energy to endure.

356
00:24:20,600 --> 00:24:23,120
But unlike the oak or the bear,

357
00:24:23,280 --> 00:24:26,960
they didn't start out with the assets
of robust, powerful species.

358
00:24:29,640 --> 00:24:31,600
They had few weapons to fight nature,

359
00:24:31,760 --> 00:24:34,400
no fangs, claws or horns.

360
00:24:36,680 --> 00:24:40,160
They didn't run very fast,
swam slowly, couldn't fly...

361
00:24:47,560 --> 00:24:50,760
But from the start
humans had two essential advantages

362
00:24:50,920 --> 00:24:53,600
which would lift them
out of their animal condition:

363
00:24:53,760 --> 00:24:56,120
their intelligence
and their cooperative spirit.

364
00:24:57,880 --> 00:25:00,480
If one person
couldn't catch a prey alone,

365
00:25:00,640 --> 00:25:03,360
they would cooperate
to hunt and to gather.

366
00:25:03,960 --> 00:25:06,640
They also had coordinated strategies.

367
00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:10,000
They invented traps, nets and weapons.

368
00:25:13,120 --> 00:25:15,720
Cooperation and intelligence.

369
00:25:17,280 --> 00:25:21,040
It's not by chance that humans live
in families, communities, tribes,

370
00:25:21,200 --> 00:25:23,120
villages and megalopolises.

371
00:25:23,280 --> 00:25:25,560
They seek the presence of others,

372
00:25:25,720 --> 00:25:28,840
for this has been successful
through the ages.

373
00:25:29,000 --> 00:25:31,240
To defend themselves against predators,

374
00:25:31,400 --> 00:25:34,040
to build shelters
against the cold or the heat,

375
00:25:34,200 --> 00:25:38,480
to fish while others made boats
or repaired nets...

376
00:25:39,560 --> 00:25:41,120
They took care of their children,

377
00:25:41,280 --> 00:25:44,440
their sick or their old,
who could in turn be helpful.

378
00:25:44,880 --> 00:25:47,960
They learnt to observe nature
and copy it.

379
00:25:48,600 --> 00:25:51,120
They discovered
the medicinal properties of plants,

380
00:25:51,280 --> 00:25:54,160
and passed this knowledge down
through the generations.

381
00:25:55,040 --> 00:26:00,200
If I had to sum up what is common to all
the peoples I've visited in my life,

382
00:26:01,920 --> 00:26:05,440
from tribes in Sudan,
Mali or the Sahara,

383
00:26:06,920 --> 00:26:09,880
to villages in Ethiopia
or communities in India,

384
00:26:10,640 --> 00:26:12,480
or simply back home in France,

385
00:26:12,880 --> 00:26:14,080
I'd unhesitatingly say

386
00:26:14,240 --> 00:26:16,920
that it's their vision
and sense of community

387
00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:21,400
which have enabled them to adapt
to tough, even hostile, conditions.

388
00:26:24,240 --> 00:26:27,000
This is just as true
for our modern societies.

389
00:26:32,200 --> 00:26:36,120
Returning to our representation
of life on earth as a 24-hour period,

390
00:26:37,480 --> 00:26:38,720
the first humans appeared

391
00:26:38,880 --> 00:26:43,920
at about58 p.m. and 43 seconds,

392
00:26:44,840 --> 00:26:47,840
We've been around
for barely a few heartbeats of the day.

393
00:26:49,400 --> 00:26:53,280
Yet, as insignificant
as our appearance might have seemed,

394
00:26:53,440 --> 00:26:56,120
it completely changed everything.

395
00:26:58,840 --> 00:27:01,760
And the life of human beings
underwent a radical change

396
00:27:01,920 --> 00:27:03,600
when they learnt to control the energy

397
00:27:03,760 --> 00:27:07,480
that's stored in trees
in a particularly effective way,

398
00:27:07,640 --> 00:27:08,960
by making fire.

399
00:27:10,760 --> 00:27:12,920
The energy of burning wood

400
00:27:13,080 --> 00:27:16,080
helped them
to fight the cold and the damp,

401
00:27:16,240 --> 00:27:18,960
to keep at bay darkness and predators,

402
00:27:19,120 --> 00:27:22,480
and to kill the parasites in meat
which made them ill.

403
00:27:24,000 --> 00:27:28,040
By taming this source of energy,
which only they learnt how to do,

404
00:27:28,200 --> 00:27:31,360
human beings pushed back
the constraints of nature.

405
00:27:35,800 --> 00:27:39,920
In nature all species are kept in check
by climatic conditions,

406
00:27:40,080 --> 00:27:42,280
such as droughts and harsh winters,

407
00:27:42,440 --> 00:27:44,240
and by other species,

408
00:27:44,400 --> 00:27:47,840
by food becoming scarce
when populations grow too large,

409
00:27:48,000 --> 00:27:51,760
or by their natural enemies,
predators and parasites.

410
00:27:53,160 --> 00:27:54,480
The human beings' genius

411
00:27:54,640 --> 00:27:58,040
lay in eradicating all of nature's
forms of control,

412
00:27:58,200 --> 00:28:01,840
evading bad weather
and eliminating natural enemies,

413
00:28:02,000 --> 00:28:06,160
and stretching the planet's
elastic resources to their limit.

414
00:28:10,920 --> 00:28:13,600
For the first time
in the history of Earth,

415
00:28:13,760 --> 00:28:16,200
there would eventually be no force

416
00:28:16,360 --> 00:28:20,240
capable of restricting the growth
of a living species:

417
00:28:20,400 --> 00:28:21,760
humans.

418
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:36,080
After taming fire,

419
00:28:36,520 --> 00:28:41,080
humans would become masters in the art
of channelling other forms of energy.

420
00:28:42,280 --> 00:28:45,400
They began
in a spectacularly innovative way,

421
00:28:46,320 --> 00:28:48,840
by domesticating wild animals

422
00:28:49,160 --> 00:28:51,280
and making use of their energy.

423
00:28:55,720 --> 00:29:00,000
Taming these formidable creatures,
so strong and recalcitrant,

424
00:29:00,160 --> 00:29:04,280
would make possible
what had hitherto been unthinkable,

425
00:29:04,880 --> 00:29:07,560
in particular long-distance transport.

426
00:29:08,560 --> 00:29:12,880
What seems quite ordinary to us today,
mounting a powerful animal,

427
00:29:13,280 --> 00:29:16,120
was actually
an incredibly daring endeavour.

428
00:29:19,560 --> 00:29:21,360
With these combined energies,

429
00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:23,760
humans acquired a new freedom,

430
00:29:24,640 --> 00:29:26,280
crossing every frontier,

431
00:29:26,440 --> 00:29:30,320
beginning with that between the possible
and the impossible.

432
00:29:34,760 --> 00:29:37,520
These animals would at first enable them
to go further,

433
00:29:38,360 --> 00:29:40,360
to spread all over the planet.

434
00:29:47,000 --> 00:29:48,320
The conquest of the world

435
00:29:48,480 --> 00:29:51,760
could not have happened
without the strength of these animals,

436
00:29:51,920 --> 00:29:55,200
and the destiny of humanity
would have been quite different.

437
00:30:05,560 --> 00:30:07,960
Having domesticated animals,

438
00:30:08,120 --> 00:30:10,560
they would now domesticate wild plants

439
00:30:10,720 --> 00:30:12,600
and tame the earth,

440
00:30:12,760 --> 00:30:16,320
learning through contact
how to make it give up its goodness,

441
00:30:16,480 --> 00:30:19,360
with a combination of labour and love.

442
00:30:19,680 --> 00:30:21,160
A tender tilling.

443
00:30:21,840 --> 00:30:24,280
They replanted some of their food,

444
00:30:24,440 --> 00:30:27,480
to harvest it later,
but in a greater quantity.

445
00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:48,360
Humans went from a nomadic
to a sedentary existence.

446
00:30:48,520 --> 00:30:50,760
By settling down
they could channel energy

447
00:30:50,920 --> 00:30:53,760
in a more efficient and sustainable way.

448
00:30:55,520 --> 00:30:58,400
They learnt the art
of managing the land,

449
00:30:58,920 --> 00:31:02,520
and gradually inherited great experience
in the practice

450
00:31:02,680 --> 00:31:06,320
of transforming landscapes
to feed their people.

451
00:31:11,440 --> 00:31:12,600
I'm still fascinated

452
00:31:12,760 --> 00:31:15,800
by the constant labour
of the women and men of every continent,

453
00:31:16,520 --> 00:31:19,720
who paint gigantic frescoes
across the land,

454
00:31:20,040 --> 00:31:22,200
creating works of art they cannot see,

455
00:31:22,360 --> 00:31:25,880
but which reflect their hard work
and know-how.

456
00:31:45,640 --> 00:31:48,440
This communion between the land,
humans and animals

457
00:31:48,600 --> 00:31:50,880
has lasted for thousands of years.

458
00:31:51,280 --> 00:31:52,720
But I notice

459
00:31:52,880 --> 00:31:56,400
that the methods have changed little
in most countries around the world.

460
00:32:01,720 --> 00:32:03,280
By inventing agriculture

461
00:32:03,440 --> 00:32:05,440
almost 10,000 years ago,

462
00:32:05,600 --> 00:32:09,920
humans could harvest great amounts
of the energy stored in plants,

463
00:32:10,800 --> 00:32:14,400
and thereby better survive, grow,
and develop.

464
00:32:22,240 --> 00:32:24,800
Side by side,
panting and sweating together,

465
00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:27,040
women, men and oxen

466
00:32:27,440 --> 00:32:30,760
painstakingly ploughed the land,
watered and nourished it,

467
00:32:30,920 --> 00:32:33,920
took care of the fragile young shoots
which emerged,

468
00:32:34,080 --> 00:32:37,640
and fought rodents,
caterpillars and disease,

469
00:32:37,800 --> 00:32:39,840
frost and drought,

470
00:32:40,000 --> 00:32:43,440
anything which could cast them
into hunger.

471
00:33:14,280 --> 00:33:16,720
But far from destroying
what they subjugated,

472
00:33:16,880 --> 00:33:19,000
they stimulated and encouraged,

473
00:33:19,160 --> 00:33:21,280
inducing germination and growth,

474
00:33:21,440 --> 00:33:25,160
eventually getting even fields of rock
to flower.

475
00:33:34,360 --> 00:33:37,600
Life was still hard, brutal even,

476
00:33:37,760 --> 00:33:40,040
but it lengthened,
enjoyed better support,

477
00:33:40,200 --> 00:33:42,160
and was less unpredictable.

478
00:33:49,120 --> 00:33:51,040
At the same time
as developing agriculture,

479
00:33:51,200 --> 00:33:54,840
humans optimised their exploitation
of the energy stored in animals

480
00:33:55,000 --> 00:33:58,000
by becoming breeders
rather than hunters.

481
00:34:01,400 --> 00:34:03,360
Why go running after prey

482
00:34:03,520 --> 00:34:06,560
when you can keep the creatures
close at hand?

483
00:34:11,400 --> 00:34:13,160
These herds of domestic animals,

484
00:34:13,320 --> 00:34:15,520
oxen, sheep, pigs and goats,

485
00:34:15,680 --> 00:34:18,320
would soon come
to take on such importance

486
00:34:18,720 --> 00:34:22,480
that they would often be
their owners' most precious possessions.

487
00:34:23,240 --> 00:34:25,120
Their entire wealth.

488
00:34:31,360 --> 00:34:33,160
Around the world I've seen this.

489
00:34:34,040 --> 00:34:36,720
In a way they're the equivalent
of our bank accounts,

490
00:34:36,880 --> 00:34:39,440
but with much more love and care
lavished on them,

491
00:34:39,600 --> 00:34:41,480
and much more risk involved.

492
00:34:50,840 --> 00:34:53,040
These animals
being their entire wealth,

493
00:34:53,200 --> 00:34:56,760
humans learnt to live
on everything that came from them.

494
00:34:56,920 --> 00:34:58,280
Their meat and milk, of course,

495
00:34:59,280 --> 00:35:03,440
but also their skin, their tendons,
even their excrement,

496
00:35:03,600 --> 00:35:06,880
which burnt well,
providing heat and cooking fires.

497
00:35:07,560 --> 00:35:10,480
Again and again,
it all comes down to energy.

498
00:35:22,520 --> 00:35:23,840
Every species

499
00:35:24,240 --> 00:35:27,520
was exploited for its qualities,
for what it offered humans,

500
00:35:27,680 --> 00:35:31,280
often its strength and endurance,
and resilience to climatic conditions.

501
00:35:42,480 --> 00:35:45,640
What fascinates me
is not just that humans managed

502
00:35:45,800 --> 00:35:47,960
to harness the energy
of plants and animals,

503
00:35:49,040 --> 00:35:52,640
but that they managed to control
the entire energy transfer

504
00:35:52,800 --> 00:35:55,360
from one living thing to another,

505
00:35:55,520 --> 00:35:58,800
harnessing for their own benefit
everything they could take.

506
00:36:19,800 --> 00:36:24,240
Humans have always applied
their social nature to sharing.

507
00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:28,480
They have shared, pooled and gifted
possessions and knowledge.

508
00:36:29,240 --> 00:36:31,120
They invented bartering.

509
00:36:31,280 --> 00:36:33,200
Then an even cleverer version:

510
00:36:34,040 --> 00:36:37,720
trading, which makes
all kinds of exchange easier.

511
00:36:43,560 --> 00:36:47,920
Their intelligence helped them discover
even faster methods of transport,

512
00:36:48,080 --> 00:36:49,400
like boats,

513
00:36:50,120 --> 00:36:53,120
which slip across the water,
requiring little energy input.

514
00:36:54,040 --> 00:36:56,680
Thus did they conquer distance,

515
00:36:56,840 --> 00:37:01,160
discover other continents,
and access the inaccessible.

516
00:37:29,920 --> 00:37:32,760
All over the planet humans survived,

517
00:37:32,920 --> 00:37:36,080
adapted, thrived, and spread out.

518
00:37:37,200 --> 00:37:38,400
And every time,

519
00:37:38,800 --> 00:37:41,480
their inventiveness
took on a new aspect,

520
00:37:43,160 --> 00:37:44,080
giving rise

521
00:37:44,240 --> 00:37:48,280
to all kinds of different, rich,
picturesque and fascinating cultures.

522
00:37:53,680 --> 00:37:56,640
Whether the land
was too dry or too damp,

523
00:37:56,800 --> 00:37:59,360
humans always managed to tame it,

524
00:37:59,520 --> 00:38:00,880
as they'd tamed oxen

525
00:38:01,040 --> 00:38:02,320
and rice.

526
00:38:15,360 --> 00:38:18,520
With fire, humans discovered metals,

527
00:38:19,200 --> 00:38:22,520
and their tools became
increasingly powerful.

528
00:38:22,680 --> 00:38:26,760
They dug the earth in search
of precious rocks, rare metals,

529
00:38:26,920 --> 00:38:28,760
then sources of energy.

530
00:38:29,280 --> 00:38:31,960
They always used
their two main assets:

531
00:38:32,120 --> 00:38:35,320
their intelligence
and their cooperative spirit.

532
00:38:35,920 --> 00:38:40,280
And their determination to succeed
at anything led to real achievements.

533
00:38:42,200 --> 00:38:43,720
No matter how difficult,

534
00:38:43,880 --> 00:38:46,320
no matter the time and the sacrifices,

535
00:38:46,480 --> 00:38:50,160
humans eliminated all the obstacles
placed before them,

536
00:38:50,640 --> 00:38:53,040
meeting every challenge.

537
00:38:54,480 --> 00:38:56,240
And then, 150 years ago,

538
00:38:56,400 --> 00:38:58,560
humans achieved a stroke of genius,

539
00:38:58,960 --> 00:39:01,400
marking a total breakthrough
in their existence,

540
00:39:01,560 --> 00:39:04,520
the wide-scale exploitation
of new forms of energy,

541
00:39:04,680 --> 00:39:06,480
concentrated and excessively available:

542
00:39:07,520 --> 00:39:09,680
coal, and then oil.

543
00:39:12,240 --> 00:39:15,920
There then followed a radical change
in the scale of their success:

544
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:18,320
the Industrial Revolution.

545
00:39:19,040 --> 00:39:21,240
They exploited this energy
on a huge scale,

546
00:39:21,400 --> 00:39:24,920
in a more systematic, organised
and methodical way.

547
00:39:27,080 --> 00:39:30,800
150 years, out of 4.5 billion.

548
00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:33,680
In our 24-hour history of Earth,

549
00:39:33,840 --> 00:39:38,280
this era began
at five microseconds before midnight.

550
00:39:38,680 --> 00:39:40,480
Five microseconds.

551
00:39:40,640 --> 00:39:44,320
Even a blink of the eye
lasts 100,000 times longer.

552
00:39:47,520 --> 00:39:49,720
So, five microseconds ago,

553
00:39:49,880 --> 00:39:51,920
human beings learnt how to master energy

554
00:39:52,080 --> 00:39:54,640
as no other living being had ever done,

555
00:39:55,080 --> 00:39:57,840
changing for ever the human condition.

556
00:40:05,000 --> 00:40:08,240
They dug to get at coal, oil and gas.

557
00:40:08,560 --> 00:40:12,280
This energy was almost limitless,
so great were the reserves.

558
00:40:12,440 --> 00:40:15,800
And almost free.
You just had to help yourself.

559
00:40:17,240 --> 00:40:19,280
They could dig anywhere, both on land

560
00:40:19,440 --> 00:40:21,040
and underwater.

561
00:40:29,480 --> 00:40:31,880
This fossil energy
results from the decomposition

562
00:40:32,040 --> 00:40:33,920
of things that died
millions of years ago.

563
00:40:34,080 --> 00:40:36,960
This is why it's called fossil fuel.

564
00:40:42,320 --> 00:40:43,720
In a way,

565
00:40:43,880 --> 00:40:46,640
humans moved on
from the energy of the living

566
00:40:46,800 --> 00:40:48,240
to the energy of the dead,

567
00:40:48,400 --> 00:40:51,800
that of billions
of decomposing animals and plants,

568
00:40:51,960 --> 00:40:56,320
an underground store of millions of years
of the sun's energy.

569
00:41:00,720 --> 00:41:02,000
Think about it.

570
00:41:02,160 --> 00:41:04,120
Humans were no longer content

571
00:41:04,280 --> 00:41:07,480
to control the energy passing
from one living being to another,

572
00:41:07,640 --> 00:41:09,080
as in agriculture or livestock farming.

573
00:41:09,840 --> 00:41:12,080
Now they were achieving the exploit

574
00:41:12,240 --> 00:41:15,880
of harnessing the fossil energy
which had built up

575
00:41:16,040 --> 00:41:18,400
but had never before been exploited.

576
00:41:18,560 --> 00:41:23,160
Energy that was incredibly
more concentrated and powerful.

577
00:41:35,440 --> 00:41:36,480
Thanks to oil,

578
00:41:36,640 --> 00:41:40,520
humans could work with materials
like steel, concrete and plastic,

579
00:41:40,680 --> 00:41:42,360
and were able to build

580
00:41:42,520 --> 00:41:44,640
much more, in a much better way.

581
00:41:48,160 --> 00:41:51,880
These constructions were now
on an unimaginable scale,

582
00:41:52,040 --> 00:41:54,000
their size matching the ambitions.

583
00:41:56,000 --> 00:41:58,240
They invented machines,

584
00:41:58,600 --> 00:42:00,440
metal giants to dig and find

585
00:42:00,600 --> 00:42:02,920
materials and more energy.

586
00:42:07,080 --> 00:42:09,280
There was excess in every domain,

587
00:42:09,440 --> 00:42:11,800
whether for exploitation,
habitation or travel.

588
00:42:15,800 --> 00:42:19,000
Humans could now,
thanks to these iron giants,

589
00:42:19,400 --> 00:42:21,920
move around on the land, the sea

590
00:42:22,600 --> 00:42:23,760
and even in the air,

591
00:42:23,920 --> 00:42:28,640
reducing the travel time to the ends
of the earth from weeks to hours.

592
00:42:30,760 --> 00:42:33,240
A return trip
to the other side of the planet

593
00:42:33,400 --> 00:42:37,360
takes less time than going
to the next town two centuries ago.

594
00:42:44,040 --> 00:42:47,360
Humans' frail barks
had now become factory boats,

595
00:42:47,920 --> 00:42:50,920
able to locate, track
and catch fish by the tonne,

596
00:42:51,080 --> 00:42:54,040
without risking their lives
each time they went to sea.

597
00:43:00,600 --> 00:43:02,600
Agriculture became mechanised.

598
00:43:03,000 --> 00:43:04,920
Exchanging donkeys for tractors,

599
00:43:05,080 --> 00:43:08,960
they could work ever greater surfaces
with ever greater ease.

600
00:43:25,200 --> 00:43:28,600
Oil was the magic potion
which banished ever-present hunger,

601
00:43:30,440 --> 00:43:33,320
the extreme insecurity
and the constant exhaustion

602
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:35,960
which were rewarded
with such modest harvests.

603
00:43:39,480 --> 00:43:42,440
Oil enabled women and men
to make the transition

604
00:43:42,600 --> 00:43:45,520
from simply surviving
to actually living.

605
00:43:56,000 --> 00:43:58,600
Humans totally mastered irrigation,

606
00:43:58,760 --> 00:44:00,560
digging hundreds of metres underground,

607
00:44:01,360 --> 00:44:03,880
waking up water
that had slumbered for millennia,

608
00:44:04,040 --> 00:44:05,920
to fight against drought,

609
00:44:06,240 --> 00:44:08,320
even in the driest places.

610
00:44:23,720 --> 00:44:26,680
With their mastery
of fertiliser and irrigation,

611
00:44:26,840 --> 00:44:28,960
they turned deserts green.

612
00:44:36,800 --> 00:44:40,760
Thanks to oil, they were able
to invent new pesticides,

613
00:44:40,920 --> 00:44:45,000
much more effective
at fighting weeds and pests.

614
00:44:46,160 --> 00:44:48,800
No more harvests almost totally lost,

615
00:44:48,960 --> 00:44:50,640
ravaged by insects and rats.

616
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:52,720
Farewell, famine!

617
00:44:54,200 --> 00:44:57,520
All the creatures that had been
stealing this energy for millennia

618
00:44:57,680 --> 00:44:59,080
now had to go without.

619
00:44:59,240 --> 00:45:02,600
Humans made sure
that all the plants they grew

620
00:45:02,760 --> 00:45:04,160
in ever larger fields

621
00:45:04,320 --> 00:45:08,000
would no longer be misappropriated
by any other living creature.

622
00:45:14,040 --> 00:45:17,840
Manipulating oil,
thanks to their mastery of chemistry,

623
00:45:18,240 --> 00:45:20,440
they invented new materials like plastic.

624
00:45:22,840 --> 00:45:23,880
In agriculture,

625
00:45:24,040 --> 00:45:27,800
plastic would let them
tame the sun's rays,

626
00:45:27,960 --> 00:45:30,720
trapping their heat inside greenhouses.

627
00:45:32,160 --> 00:45:34,120
The famous greenhouse effect.

628
00:45:38,240 --> 00:45:43,160
By thus capturing solar energy
much more efficiently than ever before,

629
00:45:43,800 --> 00:45:48,000
humans were able to go on growing crops
even when it was cold.

630
00:45:49,560 --> 00:45:54,000
And, with artificial lighting,
even at night.

631
00:45:57,280 --> 00:46:02,320
Efficiency and productivity
have been so prioritised by humans

632
00:46:02,480 --> 00:46:04,760
that they have become second nature.

633
00:46:05,600 --> 00:46:07,560
Almost an obsession.

634
00:46:09,680 --> 00:46:11,360
Since plants don't sleep,

635
00:46:11,520 --> 00:46:14,760
it makes sense to grow them constantly.

636
00:46:19,880 --> 00:46:21,800
This was the Green Revolution,

637
00:46:21,960 --> 00:46:24,040
which multiplied farming yields

638
00:46:24,200 --> 00:46:25,280
while reducing

639
00:46:25,440 --> 00:46:28,040
the amount of labour required,

640
00:46:28,200 --> 00:46:29,840
thanks to mechanisation,

641
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:33,360
the use of very effective fertilisers,

642
00:46:33,520 --> 00:46:35,640
high-performance irrigation,

643
00:46:35,800 --> 00:46:38,320
and extremely powerful pesticides.

644
00:46:38,720 --> 00:46:43,320
We went from 1,000 kilos of cereal
produced per farmer,

645
00:46:43,480 --> 00:46:45,160
to 500,000 kilos.

646
00:46:45,520 --> 00:46:46,880
Yes, you heard right.

647
00:46:47,040 --> 00:46:49,760
500 times more in barely 150 years.

648
00:46:52,800 --> 00:46:57,040
Livestock farmers too were able
to change the dimensions of their farms.

649
00:47:00,400 --> 00:47:03,680
They could now efficiently manage
hundreds of animals,

650
00:47:03,840 --> 00:47:05,840
optimising feeding and care,

651
00:47:06,000 --> 00:47:10,400
giving many more people access
to cheaper meat.

652
00:47:20,600 --> 00:47:25,560
Mechanisation also made it possible
to exploit raw materials, like wood,

653
00:47:25,720 --> 00:47:29,560
on a much more massive scale
than had ever been possible before,

654
00:47:29,720 --> 00:47:33,360
making it available
to everyone everywhere.

655
00:47:33,520 --> 00:47:36,920
Entire forests
could be transported by ship.

656
00:47:43,680 --> 00:47:45,520
Foodstuffs were transported
by the tonne,

657
00:47:45,680 --> 00:47:48,800
gradually allowing hunger
to be pushed back around the world.

658
00:47:55,520 --> 00:47:58,280
Each region specialised,
becoming more efficient,

659
00:47:58,440 --> 00:48:02,680
exporting to neighbouring regions,
while importing their specialities.

660
00:48:15,240 --> 00:48:17,640
Onto our tables
came steaks from Argentina,

661
00:48:17,800 --> 00:48:18,920
tomatoes from Morocco,

662
00:48:19,080 --> 00:48:21,640
avocados from Mexico,
prawns from Vietnam,

663
00:48:21,800 --> 00:48:24,720
soy from Brazil, rice from Thailand...

664
00:48:32,840 --> 00:48:35,560
Controlling energy like never before,
thanks to oil,

665
00:48:35,720 --> 00:48:37,960
nothing could now be denied us.

666
00:48:39,720 --> 00:48:43,200
We could now build an enormous city
in only two years,

667
00:48:43,360 --> 00:48:45,200
and house millions of people there.

668
00:48:47,840 --> 00:48:50,400
Concrete is the child of oil.

669
00:48:50,720 --> 00:48:52,680
These technical feats
concentrate us so,

670
00:48:52,840 --> 00:48:57,160
that it has become impossible to forget
that we're a very social species.

671
00:49:07,200 --> 00:49:08,520
Populations grew,

672
00:49:09,240 --> 00:49:12,840
and we built ever bigger,
ever higher, ever more organised cities.

673
00:49:36,000 --> 00:49:39,080
We had the means and resources
to build cities anywhere,

674
00:49:39,240 --> 00:49:41,160
even in the middle of the desert.

675
00:49:43,280 --> 00:49:46,160
We simply had to desalinate the water
and import sand,

676
00:49:46,320 --> 00:49:50,400
the world's second most consumed
resource after water, and make concrete.

677
00:49:54,560 --> 00:49:58,000
The concrete used to construct
the world's tallest skyscraper, in Dubai,

678
00:49:58,160 --> 00:50:01,720
was made with sand - listen carefully -
from Australia.

679
00:50:01,880 --> 00:50:02,880
Yes, Australia.

680
00:50:03,040 --> 00:50:04,160
Do you realise?

681
00:50:04,800 --> 00:50:06,840
Nothing is denied us.

682
00:50:18,120 --> 00:50:20,000
Like ants or termites,

683
00:50:20,160 --> 00:50:25,480
we build energetically
for our ever-growing population.

684
00:50:25,640 --> 00:50:27,200
But, unlike insects,

685
00:50:27,360 --> 00:50:30,200
we're constantly improving
our level of comfort,

686
00:50:30,360 --> 00:50:34,040
living longer,
and possessing more and more things.

687
00:51:08,640 --> 00:51:10,720
It's been calculated
that a litre of oil

688
00:51:10,880 --> 00:51:13,720
is the equivalent in energy
of the work

689
00:51:13,880 --> 00:51:16,280
of 100 people for an entire day.

690
00:51:20,920 --> 00:51:25,360
But we are now producing more
than 15 billion litres of oil a day.

691
00:51:33,240 --> 00:51:35,600
The energy equivalent
of the physical labour

692
00:51:35,760 --> 00:51:39,200
of 200 times
the population of the planet.

693
00:51:59,880 --> 00:52:01,600
Since I was born in Paris,

694
00:52:01,760 --> 00:52:05,400
the health of men and women
around the world has hugely improved.

695
00:52:05,840 --> 00:52:08,400
Children die young less often,

696
00:52:08,560 --> 00:52:13,320
many of us enjoy a richer,
more plentiful and diversified diet,

697
00:52:13,480 --> 00:52:16,240
we live better and older,

698
00:52:16,400 --> 00:52:19,080
we spend more time
in education, leisure,

699
00:52:19,240 --> 00:52:20,600
and tourism...

700
00:52:26,080 --> 00:52:29,440
Every year, France welcomes
more than 85 million tourists,

701
00:52:30,120 --> 00:52:32,640
more than the actual
population of France.

702
00:52:38,800 --> 00:52:42,320
We can now quickly nip
to another continent,

703
00:52:42,480 --> 00:52:44,320
just to see elephants...

704
00:52:46,320 --> 00:52:49,440
or cruise on distant seas
or the lagoons of Venice,

705
00:52:49,600 --> 00:52:51,640
without abandoning our comforts.

706
00:52:54,320 --> 00:52:57,720
And all these achievements
from the development of our society

707
00:52:57,880 --> 00:52:59,720
seem normal to us.

708
00:53:01,000 --> 00:53:05,560
We can go and visit the sacred temples
of Egypt, Cambodia or Burma,

709
00:53:06,560 --> 00:53:09,240
to appreciate, as a family or en masse,

710
00:53:09,400 --> 00:53:10,480
their serenity

711
00:53:10,640 --> 00:53:12,040
and their calm.

712
00:53:24,360 --> 00:53:25,480
You've got the picture.

713
00:53:25,640 --> 00:53:28,680
This, sadly, is where this lovely story
of human success

714
00:53:28,840 --> 00:53:30,640
starts to go off the rails.

715
00:53:31,200 --> 00:53:34,000
And I can no longer speak
as if everything is fine.

716
00:53:35,800 --> 00:53:39,600
I must have the courage of the truth,
and tell things how they are.

717
00:53:39,760 --> 00:53:42,640
That is what I'm going to try to do now.

718
00:53:45,320 --> 00:53:48,400
Having eliminated
practically all natural obstacles,

719
00:53:48,560 --> 00:53:51,680
humans are pursuing
their blind, uncontrolled race ahead,

720
00:53:51,840 --> 00:53:54,400
with no constraint to slow them down.

721
00:53:56,040 --> 00:53:58,880
They are running now totally unbalanced.

722
00:54:08,920 --> 00:54:11,320
Do these people on this beach in Rio

723
00:54:11,480 --> 00:54:15,560
have any idea of the crisis
that the planet is facing?

724
00:54:17,440 --> 00:54:19,080
Bolstered by their riches,

725
00:54:19,240 --> 00:54:22,160
humans haven't shed their instinct
for accumulation,

726
00:54:22,320 --> 00:54:24,720
reproduction and dissemination.

727
00:54:29,120 --> 00:54:31,800
With the mortality rate
constantly in decline,

728
00:54:31,960 --> 00:54:35,440
the world's population
is growing at breakneck speed.

729
00:54:46,360 --> 00:54:47,640
When I was a child,

730
00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:50,560
there were barely 2.5 billion of us.

731
00:54:51,360 --> 00:54:53,160
In just my lifetime,

732
00:54:53,320 --> 00:54:55,480
that number has increased threefold.

733
00:54:57,160 --> 00:55:01,440
Every second,
there are five more of us on Earth.

734
00:55:01,840 --> 00:55:03,280
Five more,

735
00:55:03,440 --> 00:55:04,760
five more,

736
00:55:04,920 --> 00:55:06,240
five more...

737
00:55:07,600 --> 00:55:11,840
By the time you've watched this film,
there'll be 20,000 more of us.

738
00:55:14,760 --> 00:55:18,360
In just four days,
there'll be a million more of us.

739
00:55:20,920 --> 00:55:23,880
Next year, 100 million more.

740
00:55:26,600 --> 00:55:30,160
We're becoming
an ever weightier burden on Earth,

741
00:55:30,920 --> 00:55:33,320
our carbon footprint
ever more pronounced

742
00:55:33,480 --> 00:55:36,160
as we clutter our lives with things.

743
00:55:39,000 --> 00:55:43,000
Pushed on by the momentum of life
and the dynamics of our own success,

744
00:55:43,480 --> 00:55:46,440
we thought
we could dominate the laws of nature.

745
00:55:46,600 --> 00:55:49,520
But today they're reminding us
of their presence.

746
00:56:03,480 --> 00:56:08,120
There cannot be an infinite population
in a limited territory.

747
00:56:09,560 --> 00:56:14,200
We cannot extract infinite resources
from a finite planet.

748
00:56:14,680 --> 00:56:18,840
We cannot have infinite growth
in a finite world.

749
00:56:27,960 --> 00:56:32,560
Today the planet isn't facing
one major environmental crisis,

750
00:56:32,720 --> 00:56:34,000
but two.

751
00:56:34,160 --> 00:56:37,480
The climate crisis
and that of biodiversity.

752
00:56:38,480 --> 00:56:42,760
The two crises are linked,
each exacerbating the other.

753
00:56:43,240 --> 00:56:46,280
Both were created by human activity,

754
00:56:46,440 --> 00:56:49,280
and both have an impact
on human societies.

755
00:56:54,480 --> 00:56:57,880
There's a lot of talk
of the ice melting at the poles.

756
00:56:58,040 --> 00:56:59,640
But we don't live at the poles,

757
00:56:59,800 --> 00:57:02,920
so how does that actually concern us?

758
00:57:03,080 --> 00:57:04,480
The answer is simple.

759
00:57:04,640 --> 00:57:05,920
It's essential

760
00:57:06,080 --> 00:57:09,600
because the ice is the best measure
of what's happening to the climate.

761
00:57:18,720 --> 00:57:22,200
Its melting is easy to observe
and illustrates the problem.

762
00:57:22,920 --> 00:57:27,440
It's a very clear warning signal
which is constantly screaming at us.

763
00:57:27,840 --> 00:57:30,840
The planet is warming up
far too quickly.

764
00:57:39,080 --> 00:57:41,600
And the reasons
are easy to understand.

765
00:57:42,320 --> 00:57:46,520
For all the advantages oil has given us
we have had to pay a terrible price.

766
00:57:46,680 --> 00:57:50,280
As it is burnt
it releases CO2 into the atmosphere,

767
00:57:50,440 --> 00:57:54,600
the CO2 increases the greenhouse effect
and therefore the air temperature.

768
00:57:55,520 --> 00:57:58,400
This greenhouse effect,
which is a natural process

769
00:57:58,560 --> 00:58:03,000
that let Earth warm up sufficiently
for life to flourish,

770
00:58:03,160 --> 00:58:05,920
is now too strong, much too strong.

771
00:58:14,360 --> 00:58:16,880
The world's scientists are warning us

772
00:58:17,040 --> 00:58:19,880
because on a planet-wide scale
the effects can be dramatic.

773
00:58:23,760 --> 00:58:26,200
The more greenhouse gases we emit,

774
00:58:26,360 --> 00:58:29,360
the more we risk
a massive melting of the poles.

775
00:58:29,520 --> 00:58:34,360
But the poles play an essential role
in regulating the planet's climate.

776
00:58:35,520 --> 00:58:39,480
Their disappearance would completely
destabilise the current climate.

777
00:58:41,040 --> 00:58:44,840
And the melting of the ice
would raise the level of the oceans.

778
00:58:47,160 --> 00:58:48,880
If Greenland melted,

779
00:58:49,040 --> 00:58:52,040
the sea level would rise by six metres.

780
00:59:01,720 --> 00:59:06,400
If the Antarctic melted, the scientists
say it would be more like 60 metres.

781
00:59:06,960 --> 00:59:09,800
The amount of land flooded
would be incredible.

782
00:59:09,960 --> 00:59:15,440
The oceans would advance tens,
even hundreds, of kilometres inland.

783
00:59:15,600 --> 00:59:18,680
Our coastlines
would be entirely changed.

784
00:59:22,160 --> 00:59:24,600
Luckily we haven't reached
that point yet.

785
00:59:24,760 --> 00:59:27,760
But data show that the pack ice
is melting faster,

786
00:59:27,920 --> 00:59:30,120
and icebergs are breaking off.

787
00:59:30,280 --> 00:59:31,480
The world's glaciers,

788
00:59:31,640 --> 00:59:35,200
on which more than 1 person in 5
depends for drinking water,

789
00:59:35,360 --> 00:59:37,640
are gradually disappearing.

790
00:59:42,360 --> 00:59:45,120
Since the Industrial Revolution
150 years ago,

791
00:59:45,280 --> 00:59:48,560
we've increased the global temperature
by one degree.

792
00:59:48,720 --> 00:59:52,960
And even by three degrees
at the North Pole and South Pole.

793
00:59:53,120 --> 00:59:56,720
Each summer
brings a new high-temperature record.

794
00:59:58,240 --> 01:00:01,080
The reason the scientists are so worried

795
01:00:01,240 --> 01:00:04,320
is because these masses of ice
are a tipping point,

796
01:00:04,480 --> 01:00:07,000
ready to topple into a chain reaction

797
01:00:07,160 --> 01:00:10,560
which would precipitate melting
at a faster and faster rate.

798
01:00:11,320 --> 01:00:13,760
Several phenomena
have recently been discovered

799
01:00:13,920 --> 01:00:17,280
which could precipitate
this warming and melting.

800
01:00:18,040 --> 01:00:20,880
One of these
is the warming of the permafrost.

801
01:00:21,040 --> 01:00:22,520
From Canada to Siberia,

802
01:00:22,680 --> 01:00:26,160
this is an immense expanse,
one fifth of the world's land surface.

803
01:00:27,720 --> 01:00:29,040
This great wilderness

804
01:00:29,200 --> 01:00:32,160
of earth permanently frozen
to a depth of several metres

805
01:00:32,320 --> 01:00:35,400
has trapped incalculable quantities
of methane,

806
01:00:35,560 --> 01:00:38,720
a gas with almost 30 times
the warming power of CO2.

807
01:00:40,440 --> 01:00:43,520
In thawing and releasing this gas
into the atmosphere,

808
01:00:43,680 --> 01:00:47,640
this permafrost is accelerating
its own thawing,

809
01:00:47,800 --> 01:00:49,960
which is picking up speed,
quite slowly for now,

810
01:00:50,120 --> 01:00:51,960
but getting faster and faster.

811
01:00:52,680 --> 01:00:54,880
It's a climate bomb.

812
01:00:55,680 --> 01:00:59,240
Some of you may think
that these extra two degrees

813
01:00:59,400 --> 01:01:02,080
don't pose much of a threat.

814
01:01:03,760 --> 01:01:06,360
After all, two degrees
is practically nothing!

815
01:01:08,240 --> 01:01:11,680
It's easier to understand
the impact of a couple of degrees

816
01:01:11,840 --> 01:01:15,080
when you see the effect of temperature
on your body.

817
01:01:15,720 --> 01:01:19,600
Two extra degrees,
and you're bedridden with a fever.

818
01:01:20,200 --> 01:01:23,440
Four extra degrees, and you're dead.

819
01:01:41,240 --> 01:01:44,800
The climate crisis
isn't just global warming.

820
01:01:45,240 --> 01:01:47,880
We ought really to call it
"climate malfunction",

821
01:01:48,040 --> 01:01:53,280
with storms, hurricanes, cyclones,
heatwaves, floods, and fires,

822
01:01:53,440 --> 01:01:54,920
ever stronger,

823
01:01:55,920 --> 01:01:57,240
ever more frequent.

824
01:02:26,440 --> 01:02:30,960
All this energy that we emit
in the form of CO2 into the atmosphere

825
01:02:31,360 --> 01:02:33,880
comes back at us in the deadly force

826
01:02:34,040 --> 01:02:36,120
of the storms and cyclones.

827
01:02:36,560 --> 01:02:39,600
Nothing is lost,
it is all just transformed.

828
01:02:44,800 --> 01:02:47,880
We see these catastrophes on TV
practically every day.

829
01:02:48,480 --> 01:02:49,800
We're getting used to them.

830
01:02:49,960 --> 01:02:52,600
And they're affecting
more and more people, everywhere.

831
01:03:01,960 --> 01:03:03,880
Australians, Russians, Brazilians,

832
01:03:04,040 --> 01:03:07,320
Americans, Indians, but also Europeans.

833
01:03:07,480 --> 01:03:09,160
This concerns us all.

834
01:03:20,760 --> 01:03:24,800
But there's another,
more insidious effect of global warming.

835
01:03:25,400 --> 01:03:27,480
Its effect on agriculture.

836
01:03:28,000 --> 01:03:31,920
Farmed species were selected
for a stable, temperate climate,

837
01:03:32,080 --> 01:03:35,240
the same species farmed in each region
for millennia.

838
01:03:35,400 --> 01:03:37,000
The plants in a field

839
01:03:37,160 --> 01:03:38,600
are fine-tuned,

840
01:03:38,760 --> 01:03:43,240
their fertiliser, pesticides
and water precisely dosed,

841
01:03:43,600 --> 01:03:46,080
their genetics all identical,

842
01:03:46,440 --> 01:03:48,880
the rhythm of their lives standardised.

843
01:03:49,840 --> 01:03:52,600
These varieties of cereals,
vegetables and fruit

844
01:03:52,760 --> 01:03:57,400
therefore perform particularly well
in the current climatic conditions.

845
01:03:59,600 --> 01:04:01,280
On the other hand,

846
01:04:01,440 --> 01:04:05,320
if the conditions change
they'll become completely ill-adapted.

847
01:04:07,360 --> 01:04:11,760
But the climate upheavals are too swift
and brutal for these pampered plants,

848
01:04:11,920 --> 01:04:14,080
which are starting to be affected.

849
01:04:16,280 --> 01:04:19,600
The regions which farm produce
adapted to certain climates

850
01:04:19,760 --> 01:04:23,440
may see their yields shrink
and have to change crops,

851
01:04:23,600 --> 01:04:26,520
or even abandon their plantations.

852
01:04:29,000 --> 01:04:33,280
We are, then, risking a malfunction
in the world's food supply.

853
01:04:38,520 --> 01:04:39,560
This is worrying

854
01:04:39,720 --> 01:04:42,400
because our daily lives
and very civilisation

855
01:04:42,560 --> 01:04:46,840
depend entirely on the food
with which faming supplies us.

856
01:04:47,320 --> 01:04:49,560
We all tend to forget this.

857
01:04:53,880 --> 01:04:56,640
And it concerns all living species.

858
01:04:58,280 --> 01:05:00,600
For while life is accustomed to change,

859
01:05:00,760 --> 01:05:04,680
biodiversity isn't adapted
to such rapid modifications.

860
01:05:11,240 --> 01:05:15,880
Biodiversity is the diversity,
the richness, of the living world.

861
01:05:16,640 --> 01:05:18,760
Over two million known species,

862
01:05:18,920 --> 01:05:22,240
but many millions of species
still to be discovered.

863
01:05:41,480 --> 01:05:45,200
All these species are interlinked
and even depend on each other.

864
01:05:51,040 --> 01:05:52,000
Trees, insects,

865
01:05:53,080 --> 01:05:55,440
birds, mammals, humans...

866
01:05:55,920 --> 01:05:59,520
The countless species
interacting with an ecosystem

867
01:05:59,680 --> 01:06:02,800
depend on their connection to others.

868
01:06:03,320 --> 01:06:08,200
Yes, you and I
are part of our biodiversity.

869
01:06:08,640 --> 01:06:12,200
And, above all,
we need it in order to survive.

870
01:06:14,200 --> 01:06:17,200
Absolutely everything we eat and drink

871
01:06:17,360 --> 01:06:19,320
is this biodiversity.

872
01:06:19,480 --> 01:06:22,240
Meat and fish,
fruit and vegetables, of course,

873
01:06:22,400 --> 01:06:25,840
but also the microorganisms
which make cheese and yoghurt,

874
01:06:26,240 --> 01:06:29,040
bread made with wheat,
beer, and wine.

875
01:06:33,280 --> 01:06:35,160
Biodiversity also supplies us

876
01:06:35,320 --> 01:06:38,560
with our materials,
like cotton, wool, or wood,

877
01:06:38,720 --> 01:06:41,960
or most of our medicines,
traditional and modern.

878
01:06:42,480 --> 01:06:44,000
Biodiversity

879
01:06:44,400 --> 01:06:45,680
modulates our climate,

880
01:06:45,840 --> 01:06:48,600
by absorbing the CO2 in the atmosphere,
for example.

881
01:06:48,760 --> 01:06:52,040
It's biodiversity too
which purifies our air and our water,

882
01:06:52,200 --> 01:06:55,440
fertilises our land,
and pollinates our crops.

883
01:06:55,800 --> 01:06:57,480
It is what constitutes

884
01:06:57,640 --> 01:07:01,800
the very bedrock of our existence
as living beings.

885
01:07:02,640 --> 01:07:05,680
And even if we think
we're disconnected from nature,

886
01:07:05,840 --> 01:07:09,400
even if we've lost the capacity
to marvel at it,

887
01:07:09,560 --> 01:07:11,800
we are intrinsically connected.

888
01:07:12,480 --> 01:07:17,480
We depend entirely on the good health
of the ecosystems around us

889
01:07:17,640 --> 01:07:19,000
for the planet to work.

890
01:07:21,400 --> 01:07:25,800
Living species,
whether farmed for our food or wild,

891
01:07:25,960 --> 01:07:28,600
are the intravenous drips
which since the dawn of time

892
01:07:28,760 --> 01:07:31,400
have kept the human race alive.

893
01:07:32,720 --> 01:07:38,280
Yet we're killing off
a thousand species every year.

894
01:07:39,920 --> 01:07:42,080
Every extinction is irreversible,

895
01:07:42,240 --> 01:07:45,480
each one an irreplaceable loss.

896
01:07:46,960 --> 01:07:49,120
It's a bit like wiping a hard disc

897
01:07:49,280 --> 01:07:51,920
that's been working
for millions of years,

898
01:07:52,080 --> 01:07:54,120
without knowing what was on it.

899
01:07:56,760 --> 01:07:58,760
And as well as all the species
already gone,

900
01:07:58,920 --> 01:08:02,680
a million more are currently
threatened with extinction.

901
01:08:03,640 --> 01:08:04,720
A million!

902
01:08:14,000 --> 01:08:16,840
I know that these figures
don't move everyone.

903
01:08:17,000 --> 01:08:19,640
But some are so important

904
01:08:19,800 --> 01:08:22,200
that I can't stop myself quoting them.

905
01:08:22,360 --> 01:08:25,160
Here they are,
in four stages of my life,

906
01:08:25,320 --> 01:08:28,440
and you'll see that they're not
as abstract as all that.

907
01:08:29,720 --> 01:08:32,920
Since 1972, when I was 25,

908
01:08:33,080 --> 01:08:35,360
the population of the world has doubled,

909
01:08:35,520 --> 01:08:39,520
and we've eliminated almost two thirds
of animal populations.

910
01:08:40,440 --> 01:08:44,360
Today, if we combine all mammals,

911
01:08:44,520 --> 01:08:48,680
96% are humans and their livestock.

912
01:08:49,080 --> 01:08:51,880
Only 4% are wild animals.

913
01:09:05,680 --> 01:09:08,480
Since 1982, when I was 35,

914
01:09:08,640 --> 01:09:12,280
we have doubled our extraction
of natural resources from the earth,

915
01:09:13,200 --> 01:09:17,600
and we're now chucking 8 million tonnes
of plastic into the sea every year,

916
01:09:18,120 --> 01:09:20,280
the equivalent
of a dustbin lorry's amount

917
01:09:20,440 --> 01:09:23,320
tipped into the sea every minute.

918
01:09:32,320 --> 01:09:34,880
This material can take centuries
to decompose,

919
01:09:35,040 --> 01:09:39,440
and in the meantime
it fills the stomachs of rivers, fish,

920
01:09:39,840 --> 01:09:41,080
and birds.

921
01:09:50,880 --> 01:09:53,800
I find these images inconceivable,

922
01:09:54,200 --> 01:09:55,640
impossible to look at...

923
01:10:01,720 --> 01:10:03,440
They're an irrefutable symbol.

924
01:10:03,600 --> 01:10:06,840
We live in a civilisation of rubbish.

925
01:10:34,960 --> 01:10:38,280
In 1992 I was 45,

926
01:10:38,440 --> 01:10:40,800
and I learnt,
at the first Earth Summit in Rio,

927
01:10:40,960 --> 01:10:44,040
that we'd lost
half of the world's natural forests

928
01:10:44,200 --> 01:10:46,160
and half of the ice caps.

929
01:10:48,840 --> 01:10:51,480
Aware of the harm
we were doing to our environment,

930
01:10:52,680 --> 01:10:55,320
I began a work
that would change my life:

931
01:10:55,480 --> 01:10:57,080
Earth From Above.

932
01:11:05,760 --> 01:11:08,920
Now I'm approaching my 75th birthday,

933
01:11:09,080 --> 01:11:13,520
and 75% of the earth's surface
has been "severely altered".

934
01:11:14,800 --> 01:11:16,560
Half of the inhabitable world

935
01:11:16,720 --> 01:11:18,360
is used for farming,

936
01:11:18,520 --> 01:11:21,880
and most of this farming
has gone insane.

937
01:11:23,160 --> 01:11:27,040
It alone uses up 70%
of the world's fresh water.

938
01:11:27,200 --> 01:11:30,280
And a third of this land
isn't used to feed us,

939
01:11:30,440 --> 01:11:32,320
but to feed our livestock.

940
01:11:32,480 --> 01:11:33,360
Every year,

941
01:11:33,520 --> 01:11:37,720
we spread around five million tonnes
of pesticides and herbicides

942
01:11:37,880 --> 01:11:40,360
to kill insects and weeds.

943
01:11:41,320 --> 01:11:44,960
75% of flying insects have disappeared,
even in the protected areas

944
01:11:45,120 --> 01:11:46,560
of Europe.

945
01:11:46,720 --> 01:11:50,200
And in France we've lost 30%
of our passerine birds.

946
01:11:54,360 --> 01:11:57,280
I could give you dozens of such figures.

947
01:11:58,400 --> 01:12:02,040
It takes but a moment's thought
to realise that our animal nature,

948
01:12:02,200 --> 01:12:06,360
which is still at the heart of humans,
drives us to consume ever more.

949
01:12:06,520 --> 01:12:09,480
That our hyper high performance
has reached such a stage

950
01:12:09,640 --> 01:12:11,440
that nothing can now resist it,

951
01:12:11,600 --> 01:12:15,080
and that, without resistance,
the machine is out of control.

952
01:12:21,920 --> 01:12:25,240
A powerful example of our excesses
is in California,

953
01:12:25,400 --> 01:12:28,000
where the world's almond production
is concentrated.

954
01:12:28,160 --> 01:12:32,520
The industrialisation of agriculture
is on a such a scale here

955
01:12:32,680 --> 01:12:34,080
that to pollinate the trees

956
01:12:34,240 --> 01:12:36,760
bees are brought in by truck.

957
01:12:42,160 --> 01:12:44,320
As hundreds of billions of bees
are needed

958
01:12:44,480 --> 01:12:46,880
to pollinate these gigantic fields,

959
01:12:47,040 --> 01:12:49,320
and there aren't enough in California,

960
01:12:49,760 --> 01:12:51,360
they are rented for the season,

961
01:12:51,520 --> 01:12:54,280
and even sometimes imported
from Australia.

962
01:12:58,000 --> 01:13:01,800
With all this manhandling,
the mortality rate is enormous.

963
01:13:01,960 --> 01:13:05,760
But never mind,
you can always rent more next year.

964
01:13:12,880 --> 01:13:16,960
Elsewhere, our domesticated animals,
which helped us out of poverty,

965
01:13:17,120 --> 01:13:21,600
are raised and slaughtered in conditions
which show our lack of humanity.

966
01:13:22,240 --> 01:13:23,680
In these meat factories,

967
01:13:23,840 --> 01:13:27,640
taken at birth from their mothers
which then produce all our milk,

968
01:13:27,800 --> 01:13:30,760
the calves are crammed together
in their thousands,

969
01:13:30,920 --> 01:13:32,520
in fear and suffering,

970
01:13:32,680 --> 01:13:36,880
without us giving a thought
to their sensibilities or intelligence.

971
01:13:42,800 --> 01:13:45,280
Our greed and pursuit of profit

972
01:13:45,440 --> 01:13:48,640
have made us totally lose sight
of the importance of life.

973
01:13:49,040 --> 01:13:53,480
We treat animals like plants.
We have to make them grow quickly.

974
01:13:57,760 --> 01:14:01,160
To mass-produce cheap meat,
the animals are crammed together

975
01:14:01,320 --> 01:14:04,800
to be fattened and pumped full
of hormones and antibiotics.

976
01:14:05,680 --> 01:14:09,640
This intensive livestock farming
uses water and grain

977
01:14:09,800 --> 01:14:11,240
which could feed the world,

978
01:14:11,400 --> 01:14:13,480
and contributes
to the greenhouse effect.

979
01:14:17,240 --> 01:14:19,160
Despite health warnings,

980
01:14:19,320 --> 01:14:23,360
consumers are urged by lobbies
to eat meat every day.

981
01:14:24,240 --> 01:14:28,160
In 40 years the amount of meat
consumed in the world has tripled,

982
01:14:28,320 --> 01:14:32,840
contributing to the very real
health crisis of obesity.

983
01:14:34,480 --> 01:14:36,320
Yet it's a simple calculation.

984
01:14:36,720 --> 01:14:39,880
While one farmed hectare
can provide food for two carnivores,

985
01:14:40,040 --> 01:14:43,360
it could feed fifty vegetarians.

986
01:14:44,640 --> 01:14:47,840
Over 100 billion animals are killed
every year for their meat,

987
01:14:48,000 --> 01:14:50,360
a billion in France alone.

988
01:14:51,760 --> 01:14:55,760
Yet nothing is curbing this zeal
to produce ever more cheap meat.

989
01:14:56,360 --> 01:14:57,480
Here in China

990
01:14:57,640 --> 01:15:00,200
these are not social-housing blocks.

991
01:15:00,360 --> 01:15:03,720
They're the buildings
of a multi-storey pig farm.

992
01:15:05,200 --> 01:15:07,200
From their birth to their slaughter,

993
01:15:07,360 --> 01:15:11,120
these poor creatures never leave
these ultra-modern pigsties.

994
01:15:11,920 --> 01:15:13,960
Not for a second
of their miserable lives

995
01:15:14,120 --> 01:15:16,520
do they see the sky
or smell the earth.

996
01:15:19,480 --> 01:15:21,280
Our pâté sandwich

997
01:15:21,440 --> 01:15:25,120
is more often the unspeakable
and prolonged suffering

998
01:15:25,280 --> 01:15:27,600
hidden behind these clean walls

999
01:15:27,760 --> 01:15:31,920
than the consumption of an animal
that lived a healthy life on a farm.

1000
01:15:35,200 --> 01:15:36,920
As the poet Lamartine wrote:

1001
01:15:37,080 --> 01:15:40,760
"We don't have two hearts,
one for animals and one for humans.

1002
01:15:40,920 --> 01:15:43,360
"We have one heart or we have none."

1003
01:15:51,480 --> 01:15:55,520
Industrial fishing has also drifted
into troubled waters.

1004
01:15:59,840 --> 01:16:01,560
Using satellite and radar,

1005
01:16:02,240 --> 01:16:07,440
it's now possible to locate any shoal
of fish, however deep it might be,

1006
01:16:07,840 --> 01:16:09,880
and catch every last one.

1007
01:16:12,160 --> 01:16:15,120
Gigantic factory boats
contain all the facilities for gutting

1008
01:16:15,760 --> 01:16:17,240
and conditioning.

1009
01:16:17,400 --> 01:16:20,320
The fish are prepared and frozen
on the boat,

1010
01:16:20,480 --> 01:16:23,960
which can remain at sea for months,
emptying the ocean.

1011
01:16:25,480 --> 01:16:28,400
Unmarketable fish
are caught accidentally,

1012
01:16:28,560 --> 01:16:30,440
as are turtles and dolphins.

1013
01:16:30,600 --> 01:16:33,640
Hundreds of thousands
are killed every year.

1014
01:16:34,320 --> 01:16:37,080
The ocean beds are dredged
by trawling nets,

1015
01:16:37,240 --> 01:16:39,880
which destroy everything
over thousands of hectares,

1016
01:16:40,040 --> 01:16:43,840
a bit like harvesting strawberries
with a bulldozer.

1017
01:16:48,960 --> 01:16:52,520
At the same time we're killing
hundreds of millions of sharks a year.

1018
01:16:52,840 --> 01:16:56,120
More than 10,000 every hour.

1019
01:16:57,120 --> 01:17:00,320
It's not surprising that over 90%
of all marine predators

1020
01:17:00,480 --> 01:17:01,960
have been wiped out.

1021
01:17:04,960 --> 01:17:09,120
These industrial and intensives means
of farming and fishing

1022
01:17:10,200 --> 01:17:12,200
only enrich very few people.

1023
01:17:13,480 --> 01:17:15,680
Most humans still live in poverty,

1024
01:17:15,840 --> 01:17:18,880
without exhausting the land
or emptying the sea.

1025
01:17:21,840 --> 01:17:24,120
250 million farmers

1026
01:17:24,280 --> 01:17:27,080
have only animals
to help them work their land,

1027
01:17:27,240 --> 01:17:30,280
and a billion have nothing
but their own physical strength.

1028
01:17:37,120 --> 01:17:41,040
More than 90% of those who fish
do so on a small scale.

1029
01:17:41,760 --> 01:17:44,920
All over the world
I've filmed women and men

1030
01:17:45,080 --> 01:17:48,320
who haven't benefited
from the different energy revolutions,

1031
01:17:49,000 --> 01:17:52,120
and who work as hard
as people did centuries ago.

1032
01:17:59,440 --> 01:18:01,080
We know that a person in Bangladesh

1033
01:18:01,240 --> 01:18:04,000
emits 30 times less CO2
than an American.

1034
01:18:04,160 --> 01:18:05,560
But don't kid yourself.

1035
01:18:05,720 --> 01:18:10,160
In an era when the Internet makes images
of our paradise available everywhere,

1036
01:18:10,320 --> 01:18:13,360
the inhabitants of developing countries
want only one thing:

1037
01:18:13,520 --> 01:18:17,720
to be developed and live the dream
they see every day on their screens.

1038
01:18:20,400 --> 01:18:23,120
Children who know
of the opulent way we live,

1039
01:18:23,280 --> 01:18:25,080
yet have practically nothing,

1040
01:18:25,240 --> 01:18:28,000
are more numerous
in every country I travel to.

1041
01:18:34,640 --> 01:18:38,320
How can we consume less
and save more

1042
01:18:38,480 --> 01:18:40,840
while giving everyone the chance
of a better life?

1043
01:18:44,880 --> 01:18:48,720
For many humans it's not just
about fleeing poverty or war,

1044
01:18:48,880 --> 01:18:52,800
it's increasingly about fleeing
an environmental crisis.

1045
01:18:56,240 --> 01:18:59,240
But whether the cause is climate,
economics or politics,

1046
01:18:59,400 --> 01:19:01,520
they are all quite simply refugees.

1047
01:19:04,880 --> 01:19:06,400
They're increasingly numerous

1048
01:19:06,560 --> 01:19:09,520
and come from an ever growing number
of countries.

1049
01:19:09,680 --> 01:19:11,400
Only 20 million refugees in 2019.

1050
01:19:12,160 --> 01:19:13,320
I say "only"

1051
01:19:13,480 --> 01:19:17,760
because the UN predicts
250 million climate refugees in 2050.

1052
01:19:25,960 --> 01:19:27,600
In the poorest countries,

1053
01:19:27,760 --> 01:19:31,040
the climate crisis
and the biodiversity collapse

1054
01:19:31,200 --> 01:19:35,360
will cause famines, economic crises
and even wars.

1055
01:19:36,000 --> 01:19:38,960
And the rich countries
will be hit by the ricochets.

1056
01:19:40,760 --> 01:19:42,160
Whatever we might think,

1057
01:19:42,320 --> 01:19:45,400
the real migratory crisis
has not yet begun.

1058
01:19:45,560 --> 01:19:48,120
It will violently affect those fleeing,

1059
01:19:48,280 --> 01:19:50,560
but also those
in the receiving countries.

1060
01:19:59,960 --> 01:20:02,480
In my film Home, already 11 years ago,

1061
01:20:02,640 --> 01:20:06,960
I repeated several times that
it was far too late to be pessimistic.

1062
01:20:07,800 --> 01:20:10,400
And I proclaimed renewable energy

1063
01:20:10,560 --> 01:20:12,040
as the ultimate solution

1064
01:20:12,200 --> 01:20:14,840
for fighting climate change.

1065
01:20:15,800 --> 01:20:20,480
Around the world I've seen wind farms
sprout up like forests of hope.

1066
01:20:21,160 --> 01:20:23,320
But these efforts
haven't been accompanied

1067
01:20:23,480 --> 01:20:26,040
by a reduction in our consumption

1068
01:20:26,200 --> 01:20:29,280
of fossil fuels: coal, gas and oil.

1069
01:20:29,440 --> 01:20:32,280
They haven't replaced fossil fuels,

1070
01:20:32,440 --> 01:20:33,880
they've been supplementary,

1071
01:20:34,040 --> 01:20:35,640
added on.

1072
01:20:46,320 --> 01:20:51,240
I also said, let's look to the sky
and learn to harvest the sunshine.

1073
01:20:51,400 --> 01:20:54,040
Let's create our own photosynthesis.

1074
01:20:54,200 --> 01:20:56,600
Because the sun, in one hour,

1075
01:20:56,760 --> 01:21:00,080
gives us as much energy
as all of humanity consumes in a year.

1076
01:21:04,480 --> 01:21:05,560
Around the world

1077
01:21:05,720 --> 01:21:09,160
I've seen thousands of hectares
taken over by solar panels.

1078
01:21:09,960 --> 01:21:12,080
But all these wonderful initiatives

1079
01:21:12,240 --> 01:21:17,160
haven't replaced the 100 million
barrels of oil we consume every day.

1080
01:21:18,600 --> 01:21:20,240
100 million barrels.

1081
01:21:21,040 --> 01:21:24,480
And this figure increases every year.

1082
01:21:28,080 --> 01:21:30,040
Another mirage: the COPs,

1083
01:21:32,200 --> 01:21:34,760
these major international conferences

1084
01:21:34,920 --> 01:21:38,520
which bring together the countries
that signed the UN agreement

1085
01:21:38,680 --> 01:21:41,440
to fight climate change.

1086
01:21:41,960 --> 01:21:46,240
They've taken place every year
since the Kyoto Protocol in 1997.

1087
01:21:46,960 --> 01:21:48,720
I've often been present.

1088
01:21:49,040 --> 01:21:51,960
Behind the windows
in the UN building in New York

1089
01:21:52,120 --> 01:21:55,680
hundreds of diplomats study
the increasingly alarming reports

1090
01:21:55,840 --> 01:21:57,640
of the world's scientists,

1091
01:21:57,800 --> 01:21:59,800
and try to come up with solutions.

1092
01:21:59,960 --> 01:22:03,480
All of them symbolise
the hopes of humanity.

1093
01:22:03,640 --> 01:22:05,520
And I think they know it.

1094
01:22:05,840 --> 01:22:10,080
I don't for a second doubt
their good faith or sincere commitment.

1095
01:22:10,800 --> 01:22:13,680
These conferences at least
gather the world's leaders

1096
01:22:13,840 --> 01:22:16,120
to consider this vital subject.

1097
01:22:16,600 --> 01:22:17,840
Unfortunately,

1098
01:22:18,000 --> 01:22:22,120
they're more like meetings
of apartment co-owners who don't get on,

1099
01:22:22,280 --> 01:22:25,120
where the selfishness
of every nation comes to the fore,

1100
01:22:25,280 --> 01:22:28,560
and each country ends up doing
just what it wants.

1101
01:22:30,000 --> 01:22:33,360
An example, which to me
is the most striking and revelatory,

1102
01:22:33,520 --> 01:22:36,760
is in the famous Paris Agreement,
signed in 2015.

1103
01:22:36,920 --> 01:22:40,600
180 countries committed
to reduce the emissions

1104
01:22:40,760 --> 01:22:42,960
which contribute to climate change.

1105
01:22:43,120 --> 01:22:46,760
But, to make sure
the producing countries would sign,

1106
01:22:46,920 --> 01:22:51,360
the words "coal","oil",
"gas" and "fossil fuel"

1107
01:22:51,520 --> 01:22:54,360
did not even appear in the treaty.

1108
01:22:54,520 --> 01:22:58,200
As if they were afraid of naming
the enemy that's going to kill us.

1109
01:22:59,400 --> 01:23:04,280
Never has a COP succeeded
in reducing CO2 emissions.

1110
01:23:05,240 --> 01:23:09,360
This failure is the symbol
of our addiction to growth.

1111
01:23:11,520 --> 01:23:15,760
Coal, the most polluting fuel,
is still, despite everything,

1112
01:23:15,920 --> 01:23:19,360
the world's prime source
of electricity production.

1113
01:23:21,880 --> 01:23:25,480
They talked of the end of oil,
but they extract more and more,

1114
01:23:25,640 --> 01:23:29,280
like this shale gas
which is poisoning the soil of America.

1115
01:23:29,720 --> 01:23:31,240
With this new energy source,

1116
01:23:31,400 --> 01:23:35,640
the US is once more the world's
main producer of oil and gas,

1117
01:23:36,160 --> 01:23:38,040
driving down the price per barrel.

1118
01:23:38,200 --> 01:23:40,400
It's never been so cheap.

1119
01:23:41,600 --> 01:23:44,880
And that is in no way good news
for the environment.

1120
01:23:48,400 --> 01:23:52,160
With 40% of its people
not believing in climate change,

1121
01:23:52,320 --> 01:23:56,480
America, the world's richest
and most polluting country,

1122
01:23:56,640 --> 01:23:57,800
is, I think, the symbol

1123
01:23:57,960 --> 01:23:59,960
of our inconsistency.

1124
01:24:00,760 --> 01:24:03,600
Fossil fuels
are the lifeblood of our growth

1125
01:24:03,760 --> 01:24:05,880
and as such
are unconditionally protected

1126
01:24:06,040 --> 01:24:07,880
by international finance.

1127
01:24:08,960 --> 01:24:13,720
The banks lend with interest
over 650 billion dollars a year

1128
01:24:13,880 --> 01:24:18,200
to companies which explore new reserves
of fossil fuels.

1129
01:24:22,200 --> 01:24:25,080
The banks are therefore dependent
on their debtors,

1130
01:24:25,240 --> 01:24:28,160
and on the growth
of the fossil-fuel industry.

1131
01:24:32,880 --> 01:24:34,920
So it's hard to change the model

1132
01:24:35,080 --> 01:24:38,000
when it might cause
colossal financial losses

1133
01:24:38,160 --> 01:24:39,720
or even bankruptcies.

1134
01:24:42,280 --> 01:24:43,800
So what's to be done?

1135
01:24:43,960 --> 01:24:47,760
Curing finance of its addiction
to coal, oil and gas

1136
01:24:47,920 --> 01:24:50,600
is one of the challenges
to be taken up.

1137
01:24:53,920 --> 01:24:58,920
To be honest, I do see the banks making
encouraging moves to get out of coal,

1138
01:24:59,760 --> 01:25:02,800
but still too timidly
to reverse the trend.

1139
01:25:03,560 --> 01:25:05,080
They must go further

1140
01:25:05,240 --> 01:25:08,560
and invent a new model of finance
at the service of the planet,

1141
01:25:09,200 --> 01:25:14,000
whereas today it's our planet
which is at the service of finance.

1142
01:25:27,240 --> 01:25:31,760
In 2020 gigantic wildfires,
impossible to control,

1143
01:25:31,920 --> 01:25:35,240
ravaged Australia, Siberia,
and especially California,

1144
01:25:35,400 --> 01:25:39,160
where almost 300,000 people
had to be relocated.

1145
01:25:47,720 --> 01:25:50,000
San Francisco's millions of inhabitants,

1146
01:25:50,160 --> 01:25:53,000
who saw their city turn red
in the middle of the day

1147
01:25:53,160 --> 01:25:54,840
because of the burning forests,

1148
01:25:55,000 --> 01:25:59,440
no doubt really understood
what climate change means.

1149
01:26:18,160 --> 01:26:20,760
These Mad-Max-style,
end-of-the-world images

1150
01:26:20,920 --> 01:26:23,280
should make them think.

1151
01:26:23,760 --> 01:26:25,680
Should make us think.

1152
01:26:38,440 --> 01:26:40,720
This isn't fiction,

1153
01:26:41,120 --> 01:26:42,360
the movies...

1154
01:26:42,520 --> 01:26:44,080
It's reality.

1155
01:27:00,360 --> 01:27:03,800
How I hate telling you all this!

1156
01:27:05,320 --> 01:27:07,320
It breaks my heart.

1157
01:27:08,040 --> 01:27:09,880
It's so desperate.

1158
01:27:11,400 --> 01:27:16,080
These aren't the stories a grandfather
wants to tell his grandchildren.

1159
01:27:17,960 --> 01:27:20,320
But I don't want to lie to you.

1160
01:27:20,800 --> 01:27:23,080
I'm too old for that and I have no right.

1161
01:27:23,400 --> 01:27:25,720
I feel obliged to tell you the truth,

1162
01:27:25,880 --> 01:27:28,720
to have the courage to face that truth.

1163
01:27:31,200 --> 01:27:33,440
Could this be our legacy,

1164
01:27:33,880 --> 01:27:35,200
my legacy,

1165
01:27:36,160 --> 01:27:38,320
that I'll leave to my grandchildren?

1166
01:27:39,960 --> 01:27:44,080
Yet our children are often
a lot more clear-headed than us.

1167
01:27:45,120 --> 01:27:47,720
Thirty years ago, in 1992,

1168
01:27:47,880 --> 01:27:51,680
I was gripped
by the words of Severn Suzuki.

1169
01:27:52,560 --> 01:27:54,040
She was thirteen,

1170
01:27:54,600 --> 01:27:58,960
and she spoke at the United Nations
on behalf of all the world's children.

1171
01:28:58,640 --> 01:29:00,960
And almost 30 years later,

1172
01:29:01,120 --> 01:29:03,320
it was 15-year-old Greta Thunberg

1173
01:29:03,480 --> 01:29:05,880
who spoke at the United Nations.

1174
01:29:53,320 --> 01:29:55,960
She is so raw and awkward,

1175
01:29:57,320 --> 01:30:00,160
but is so touching and moving.

1176
01:30:01,200 --> 01:30:04,120
And above all else she is so right.

1177
01:30:05,960 --> 01:30:09,200
She endures the suffering
of those who understand.

1178
01:30:10,240 --> 01:30:13,000
And I think it's indecent
to make fun of her,

1179
01:30:13,800 --> 01:30:16,760
because it's not up to her
and our children

1180
01:30:16,920 --> 01:30:18,920
to bear the weight of the world.

1181
01:30:19,520 --> 01:30:22,000
It's up to me, to all of us.

1182
01:30:23,400 --> 01:30:27,120
How can a world
which ignores its children

1183
01:30:27,280 --> 01:30:29,600
hope to have a future?

1184
01:30:30,680 --> 01:30:34,000
How can we hear, 30 years apart,

1185
01:30:34,440 --> 01:30:38,200
the same warning message,
the same call for help,

1186
01:30:38,560 --> 01:30:40,000
and do nothing?

1187
01:30:42,000 --> 01:30:44,240
We haven't listened to our children,

1188
01:30:44,400 --> 01:30:47,040
and today we've been brought low

1189
01:30:47,200 --> 01:30:49,680
by something much smaller:

1190
01:30:50,160 --> 01:30:50,920
a virus.

1191
01:30:53,080 --> 01:30:55,720
As I'm finishing writing this film,

1192
01:30:56,120 --> 01:31:00,240
I'd never have imagined showing you
these sci-fi images

1193
01:31:00,680 --> 01:31:03,280
of these empty cities,
devoid of human beings.

1194
01:31:04,600 --> 01:31:09,000
Yet scientists had warned us
of the risks of a pandemic.

1195
01:31:10,960 --> 01:31:13,200
It's a bit like with climate change.

1196
01:31:13,360 --> 01:31:14,800
We don't want to believe it.

1197
01:31:16,440 --> 01:31:18,560
A pandemic every ten years.

1198
01:31:19,320 --> 01:31:21,560
That's where we're heading

1199
01:31:21,720 --> 01:31:25,840
if we don't radically change
our relationship to biodiversity.

1200
01:31:27,040 --> 01:31:31,240
Through deforestation and the capture
and sale of wild animals,

1201
01:31:31,400 --> 01:31:35,120
humans have created the perfect cocktail
for the outbreak of new pandemics.

1202
01:31:37,160 --> 01:31:42,240
HIV, Ebola, bird flu, and now Covid-19.

1203
01:31:43,280 --> 01:31:48,080
All these pandemics came from viruses
in wild animals,

1204
01:31:48,240 --> 01:31:50,400
which have adapted to humans.

1205
01:31:51,640 --> 01:31:55,440
Our industrial-scale livestock farming
and interconnected world

1206
01:31:55,600 --> 01:31:57,840
merely amplify the phenomenon.

1207
01:31:59,400 --> 01:32:02,520
This invisible danger
has become visible.

1208
01:32:04,640 --> 01:32:06,800
And, confronted with this new reality,

1209
01:32:06,960 --> 01:32:09,960
we have been able
to sacrifice our economy.

1210
01:32:13,480 --> 01:32:18,040
All around the world, at the same time,
we decided to stop everything.

1211
01:32:19,400 --> 01:32:23,160
And we all accepted these constraints

1212
01:32:23,840 --> 01:32:25,600
in order to save lives.

1213
01:32:30,040 --> 01:32:32,120
It is therefore vital

1214
01:32:32,840 --> 01:32:34,360
that we protect biodiversity

1215
01:32:34,520 --> 01:32:38,200
and rethink our relationship
with the natural world.

1216
01:32:39,120 --> 01:32:42,400
For the reality is that we're wiping out

1217
01:32:42,560 --> 01:32:45,160
everything that isn't human on earth.

1218
01:32:46,160 --> 01:32:47,680
Take heed.

1219
01:32:48,040 --> 01:32:49,840
According to the WWF,

1220
01:32:50,000 --> 01:32:53,600
in 50 years we've lost around 70%

1221
01:32:53,760 --> 01:32:58,520
of mammals, fish, birds,
amphibians, and reptiles.

1222
01:32:58,680 --> 01:33:01,000
70% of living creatures.

1223
01:33:01,160 --> 01:33:02,440
It's incredible.

1224
01:33:03,040 --> 01:33:07,320
And today,
faced with this unimaginable loss,

1225
01:33:07,480 --> 01:33:09,480
how is it possible not to think

1226
01:33:09,640 --> 01:33:12,200
of every living creature around me,
around us,

1227
01:33:12,360 --> 01:33:14,440
as something precious and sacred?

1228
01:33:15,400 --> 01:33:16,560
So,

1229
01:33:17,160 --> 01:33:20,440
what can we do to fight climate change?

1230
01:33:21,880 --> 01:33:23,680
It's actually quite simple.

1231
01:33:24,440 --> 01:33:28,840
It is imperative
that we decarbonise our lives

1232
01:33:29,000 --> 01:33:30,280
in every way we can.

1233
01:33:30,440 --> 01:33:34,120
This means reducing
our consumption of oil,

1234
01:33:34,440 --> 01:33:36,240
coal, and gas.

1235
01:33:36,880 --> 01:33:40,960
For this carbon-loaded energy
is hiding everywhere.

1236
01:33:41,360 --> 01:33:45,760
In our food, our clothes,
our travel, our homes...

1237
01:33:46,080 --> 01:33:51,080
Everything we consume every day
is full of oil, full of carbon.

1238
01:33:51,760 --> 01:33:54,080
There is no other solution,

1239
01:33:54,920 --> 01:33:57,320
even if this seems impossible.

1240
01:33:58,280 --> 01:34:01,840
For this energy which makes us
so powerful and rich

1241
01:34:02,560 --> 01:34:04,800
is now killing us.

1242
01:34:06,080 --> 01:34:08,720
Yes, it's killing us, as simple as that.

1243
01:34:09,400 --> 01:34:13,240
We have to confront this truth together.

1244
01:34:13,960 --> 01:34:16,600
And it's not my truth,

1245
01:34:16,760 --> 01:34:19,360
it's the truth
of thousands of scientists

1246
01:34:19,520 --> 01:34:21,200
that you have to believe.

1247
01:34:21,360 --> 01:34:22,920
Their solution?

1248
01:34:23,560 --> 01:34:27,720
We need to reduce the world's
consumption of fossil fuels

1249
01:34:27,880 --> 01:34:30,200
by 5% every year

1250
01:34:30,360 --> 01:34:34,840
to avoid exceeding the 2 degrees
fixed by the Paris Agreement.

1251
01:34:36,400 --> 01:34:39,400
And I'm mostly talking
about the rich nations,

1252
01:34:39,560 --> 01:34:42,400
because 70% of CO2 emissions

1253
01:34:42,560 --> 01:34:47,360
are produced by barely 10%
of the world's population.

1254
01:34:48,200 --> 01:34:49,720
And that includes me.

1255
01:34:50,400 --> 01:34:51,840
What an injustice!

1256
01:34:53,000 --> 01:34:54,600
If we do nothing,

1257
01:34:55,000 --> 01:34:57,160
by the year 2070

1258
01:34:57,520 --> 01:35:00,440
a third of humanity
may be living in regions

1259
01:35:00,600 --> 01:35:04,400
as hot and uninhabitable as the Sahara.

1260
01:35:05,480 --> 01:35:07,320
So, by 2070

1261
01:35:07,480 --> 01:35:12,160
a third of humanity,
which will mean over 3 billion people,

1262
01:35:12,320 --> 01:35:14,600
will be unable to live
in their own region.

1263
01:35:14,760 --> 01:35:17,880
Three billion, that's a lot of people!

1264
01:35:19,680 --> 01:35:22,880
We must, therefore, show great courage

1265
01:35:23,040 --> 01:35:25,800
in facing the enormity
of this overwhelming task,

1266
01:35:25,960 --> 01:35:30,160
and acknowledge
that there is no miracle solution.

1267
01:35:30,480 --> 01:35:32,080
There's no alternative.

1268
01:35:32,680 --> 01:35:34,560
Decarbonise our lives.

1269
01:35:35,240 --> 01:35:37,600
Not to commit to doing this

1270
01:35:38,200 --> 01:35:40,000
means being complicit.

1271
01:35:40,160 --> 01:35:42,720
And I'm in no position to lecture you,

1272
01:35:42,880 --> 01:35:46,760
because for 4/5 of my life
I ignored all that.

1273
01:36:04,520 --> 01:36:08,960
Take a good look at these faces
we filmed around the world.

1274
01:36:11,560 --> 01:36:14,920
I now know that my quest for beauty
was right there,

1275
01:36:15,880 --> 01:36:17,240
in these faces.

1276
01:36:17,400 --> 01:36:20,080
So present, so obvious.

1277
01:36:23,200 --> 01:36:25,920
We're going to have
to confront our destiny

1278
01:36:26,080 --> 01:36:27,400
all together,

1279
01:36:27,920 --> 01:36:29,160
with them.

1280
01:36:37,800 --> 01:36:41,000
We are all equal
in the face of suffering and death.

1281
01:36:42,080 --> 01:36:45,840
I think that we all share, deep down,
love for one another.

1282
01:36:52,160 --> 01:36:55,280
Remember what it is
that makes us strong:

1283
01:36:55,440 --> 01:36:57,960
intelligence and cooperation.

1284
01:37:07,600 --> 01:37:11,080
Can you feel that they are members
of our family?

1285
01:37:13,320 --> 01:37:14,840
Of your family?

1286
01:37:24,080 --> 01:37:25,640
Let us tell our children

1287
01:37:25,800 --> 01:37:28,840
that they're arriving on Earth
almost at the start of a story,

1288
01:37:29,000 --> 01:37:31,280
not at its disillusioned end.

1289
01:37:33,520 --> 01:37:34,400
They are

1290
01:37:34,560 --> 01:37:36,320
in the very first chapters

1291
01:37:36,480 --> 01:37:38,920
of a long and fabulous saga.

1292
01:37:39,880 --> 01:37:42,600
They must know they have a job to do,

1293
01:37:43,320 --> 01:37:45,240
with the children, their children,

1294
01:37:45,400 --> 01:37:47,040
and their children's children.

1295
01:37:54,840 --> 01:37:57,920
Do you see all the convictions
of the world in their faces?

1296
01:37:58,760 --> 01:38:00,720
Can you feel the love they're radiating?

1297
01:38:02,000 --> 01:38:04,840
So imagine what we could do,
all together.

1298
01:38:11,120 --> 01:38:13,800
For the only sustainable energy is love.

1299
01:38:25,000 --> 01:38:26,440
For my legacy

1300
01:38:27,280 --> 01:38:29,680
is quite simply the love of life.

1301
01:38:49,360 --> 01:38:54,760
There are SOLUTIONS,
it's up to you to CHOOSE.

1302
01:38:56,800 --> 01:38:58,400
For we are the CITIZENS,

1303
01:38:58,560 --> 01:38:59,960
we are the BUSINESSES,

1304
01:39:00,120 --> 01:39:03,160
we are the STATE

1305
01:39:07,280 --> 01:39:13,200
Let us listen to the SCIENTISTS
and learn about CLIMATE CHANGE

1306
01:39:16,080 --> 01:39:18,680
LET US ONLY VOTE for POLITICIANS

1307
01:39:18,840 --> 01:39:23,320
who put ECOLOGY
at the core of their PROGRAMMES

1308
01:39:26,520 --> 01:39:28,000
Let us VOLUNTEER

1309
01:39:28,160 --> 01:39:31,840
and MAKE COMMITMENTS
by joining ASSOCIATIONS

1310
01:39:35,080 --> 01:39:39,920
Let us STOP EATING INDUSTRIAL meat

1311
01:39:44,440 --> 01:39:46,880
Let us EAT food that is LOCAL,

1312
01:39:47,040 --> 01:39:49,840
in SEASON, ORGANIC, UNPROCESSED,

1313
01:39:50,000 --> 01:39:52,560
and NOT wrapped in PLASTIC

1314
01:39:54,840 --> 01:40:00,800
Let us SAVE with banks
that practise SUSTAINABLE FINANCE

1315
01:40:04,800 --> 01:40:09,880
Let us ISOLATE our HOMES

1316
01:40:13,920 --> 01:40:15,920
Let us buy SECOND-HAND

1317
01:40:16,080 --> 01:40:20,200
and REPAIR our things
to avoid OVERCONSUMPTION

1318
01:40:23,280 --> 01:40:25,880
Les us TRAVEL by TRAIN, BUS,

1319
01:40:26,040 --> 01:40:27,640
BIKE, CAR-SHARING,

1320
01:40:27,800 --> 01:40:30,520
or ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1321
01:40:35,680 --> 01:40:38,560
FLYING must ONLY BE
a means of transport

1322
01:40:38,720 --> 01:40:42,600
in EXCEPTIONAL CIRCUMSTANCES

1323
01:40:45,880 --> 01:40:48,400
When we BUILD,
instead of CEMENT

1324
01:40:48,560 --> 01:40:50,800
let us PREFER WOOD, EARTH,

1325
01:40:50,960 --> 01:40:53,400
STONE, and FIBRES.

1326
01:40:56,040 --> 01:40:59,600
Let us CALCULATE
our CARBON FOOTPRINT

1327
01:40:59,760 --> 01:41:02,440
to learn how to REDUCE it

1328
01:41:05,160 --> 01:41:08,480
Let us not SEE these as CONSTRAINTS

1329
01:41:13,320 --> 01:41:17,320
TAKING ACTION makes you HAPPY

1330
01:41:20,480 --> 01:41:25,040
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