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ROBINSON:
If you have ever owned a slave,
please raise your hand.
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And there's not one hand going
up anywhere in this theater.
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Slavery is not our fault.
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We didn't do it.
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We didn't cause it.
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It's not our responsibility.
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But it is our shared history.
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[♪♪♪]
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And when we try and turn it
into something that it's not...
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when we try and make
more light of it than it was,
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then we are denying
who we really are,
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and we are impeding our ability
to truly move forward
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as a community or as a nation.
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We're at the Lorraine Motel.
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And right outside Room 306,
there's a wreath,
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which is approximately
where Dr. King was standing
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when he was shot down.
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And if you look
across the street,
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there's a building over there
from where the shots were fired.
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It was a shot
that almost couldn't miss.
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[CROWD CLAMORING]
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ROBINSON:
Exactly one week
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before Dr. King was shot
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there was a demonstration here
in Downtown Memphis
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to support the striking
sanitation workers,
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and my dad took
my older brother and I
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to that demonstration.
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It broke into violence,
and my dad told us to run.
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It's difficult
to think about now,
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because there was a young Black
teenager named Larry Payne
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who lost his life that day.
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He encountered a police officer
and was killed, and...
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It's just one of those events
in my childhood
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that made me realize
how lucky I was.
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Uh, how lucky I was
not to end up like Larry Payne.
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And how lucky I was
to have come out of Memphis...
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in the way that I did.
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[♪♪♪]
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KING:
We've gotta give ourselves
to this struggle until the end.
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Nothing would be more tragic
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than to stop...
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at this point in Memphis.
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We've gotta see it through.
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[CROWD APPLAUDING]
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WARREN:
Tonight, Jeff Robinson
will tell us stories
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that we've not heard.
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Stories that we think we know
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but have not wrestled
with their meaning yet.
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The story of us.
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Ladies and gentlemen, give it up
for Jeff Robinson, y'all.
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[CROWD CHEERING, APPLAUDING]
[BOTH SPEAK INDISTINCTLY]
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[CLEARS THROAT]
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Hey, y'all.
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I was 11 years old in 1968.
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And to my young eyes,
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we had been on a path toward
racial justice that was amazing.
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There was the Civil Rights Act,
the Voting Rights Act.
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We were winning on buses
and at lunch counters.
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[♪♪♪]
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We were seemingly, to me,
at a tipping point
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where we were either
gonna roll forward
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with this incredible momentum
on racial justice
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or we could roll back.
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And then April 4th happened.
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[GUNSHOT]
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And King got shot in the neck.
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And it felt like
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the whole thing
just rolled back.
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Because then came Richard Nixon
and the War on Drugs.
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We're 50 years later now.
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And once again,
young activists in America
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are making Americans
take a look in the mirror,
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in terms of our true history
of race and racial prejudice.
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Once again, the young activists
are calling us to account.
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Once again, America is having
to look at issues of race
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dead in the eye, and once again,
we are at a tipping point.
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And the question
for all of us in this room is:
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"What are we gonna do about it?"
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We are our own worst enemies
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when it comes to making
true racial progress in America.
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And unless we are willing
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to take a long and hard look
in the mirror,
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this concept of taking two steps
forward and three steps backward
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is where we are going to
continue moving in this country.
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[♪♪♪]
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In 2011,
my wife and I became parents.
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My sister-in-law who lived here
in Queens passed away,
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and we became the parents
of her then-13-year-old son.
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And if you ask Matthew
Liam Brooks, "What are you?"
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He will tell you,
"I'm Puerto Rican,
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Taíno Indian
and African American."
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And he's very proud of that.
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And when I look at him, I say,
"I understand, dude.
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But you're a young Black male.
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'Cause that's
what America is gonna see."
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And all of a sudden,
the surface skimming
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that I felt like
I had been doing about--
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On the history of race and
what racism meant in America,
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it wasn't enough,
and so I started reading more.
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And I found myself
getting angry
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and feeling ignorant.
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I went to Marquette University
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and I graduated
from Harvard Law School.
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I've had one of
the best educations in America,
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and I started learning stuff
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about the history of race
in this country
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that I had never heard before.
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And I thought, "How could
I not have known this?
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How could I not have been
taught this?"
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And I started thinking,
"If I don't know this,
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I wonder how many other people
don't know."
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[CAR HORN HONKING]
[PEOPLE CHEER]
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SPIVEY:
Slavery had nothing to do
with the war.
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That was not the cause
of the Southern states seceding.
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That was not the cause
of the first shot being fired
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on that fort over there.
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It was about money.
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And it was not about slavery.
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It was about Morrill Tariffs.
It was about more money.
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Lincoln wanted to impose
45 percent more taxes
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on the Southern states.
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Taxes on the goods the Southern
states were producing.
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And those goods were,
essentially,
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cotton, tobacco and rice.
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Predominantly.
And those goods...
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were produced by slave labor.
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All of it.
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Isn't that right?
No. Well, I mean...
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Ninety-five percent of it?
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Isn't that right?
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If it's 95 percent produced
by slave labor,
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enslaved people...
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and the North is saying,
"We're gonna tax you on that
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because we want
some of that money,"
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and the South is saying,
"No, wait a minute.
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We're the ones producing, so you
shouldn't be taking the money,"
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that money wouldn't exist
without slave labor.
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That did affect the bottom line,
wouldn't you agree with that?
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They chose to stay.
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In most cases, in the South,
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that's the way it worked,
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because they were treated
as family.
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And they knew what they had.
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They didn't know what they were
being faced with if they left.
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So your view is that enslaved
people were treated as family?
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Then why wouldn't it be
all right for me to own you,
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as long as I treated you
like family?
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If that's the way
economics work.
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Would you be satisfied
with that?
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In today's world?
In any world.
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In today's time?
At any time.
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No.
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So was slavery evil?
156
00:09:01,709 --> 00:09:03,612
Yes.
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I'm not denying that.
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And this flag has
nothing to do with that?
159
00:09:09,221 --> 00:09:10,756
No.
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This was
a soldier's battle flag.
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I think I need to--
I'm a little sick today,
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and so I'm just standing
in the heat.
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Uh, thank you for talking to me.
I will say that.
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I-- I appreciate that.
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Thank you very much
for talking to me.
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Yes, sir.
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[♪♪♪]
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I needed to walk away. Uh...
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I am definitely interested
in engaging
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with people that don't agree.
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But it seemed like facts...
172
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were not that important
to this gentleman.
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He knew that what he was saying
made no sense whatsoever,
174
00:10:01,004 --> 00:10:04,203
but he believes it so deeply...
175
00:10:04,339 --> 00:10:06,977
that he's unwilling
to let go of it.
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00:10:08,849 --> 00:10:14,954
So I don't know
if he can be reached.
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00:10:15,090 --> 00:10:21,728
But I know that if no one tries,
he definitely won't change.
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00:10:24,431 --> 00:10:27,360
[♪♪♪]
179
00:10:33,167 --> 00:10:35,902
People aren't just good or bad.
180
00:10:36,038 --> 00:10:38,075
People are many things.
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00:10:38,210 --> 00:10:41,914
Every person in this theater
knows that's true,
182
00:10:42,049 --> 00:10:45,483
'cause every one of us has been
a saint or a sinner
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00:10:45,619 --> 00:10:47,616
at some times in our life.
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00:10:47,751 --> 00:10:49,018
And you know what?
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00:10:49,154 --> 00:10:52,159
Countries aren't
just one thing either.
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They're many things.
187
00:10:53,861 --> 00:10:56,660
America has demonstrated
its greatness
188
00:10:56,796 --> 00:10:59,525
time and time and time again.
189
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And America is one
of the most racist countries
190
00:11:02,801 --> 00:11:04,133
on the face of the Earth.
191
00:11:04,269 --> 00:11:07,268
Those two things
are not mutually exclusive.
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00:11:07,403 --> 00:11:11,008
[AUDIENCE APPLAUDS]
It is not an either-or.
193
00:11:15,378 --> 00:11:18,147
And the reason I'm asking us
to think about this
194
00:11:18,283 --> 00:11:22,217
is that, literally,
the future is at stake.
195
00:11:26,627 --> 00:11:28,727
Can I see a show of hands?
196
00:11:28,863 --> 00:11:30,891
How many people can see
a triangle
197
00:11:31,027 --> 00:11:32,464
in the form on the board?
198
00:11:32,600 --> 00:11:33,992
Just throw your hands up.
199
00:11:34,128 --> 00:11:35,901
How about a circle?
200
00:11:36,932 --> 00:11:38,497
How about a star?
201
00:11:39,605 --> 00:11:41,908
The Star of David?
202
00:11:42,043 --> 00:11:44,711
You realize none of those shapes
are on this screen?
203
00:11:44,846 --> 00:11:46,646
Not one of them.
[AUDIENCE CHUCKLES]
204
00:11:46,782 --> 00:11:49,410
Not one of them.
But what your brain does
205
00:11:49,546 --> 00:11:53,853
is to fill in the gaps,
so that the world makes sense.
206
00:11:53,988 --> 00:11:55,785
And we look at these shapes
and we say,
207
00:11:55,920 --> 00:11:57,386
"I kind of recognize them."
208
00:11:57,521 --> 00:12:00,891
And so we fill in the gaps
so the world makes sense.
209
00:12:01,027 --> 00:12:02,421
And that
doesn't have any problem
210
00:12:02,557 --> 00:12:04,226
when you're doing
something like this.
211
00:12:04,361 --> 00:12:08,059
But the thing is
that we can fill in the gaps
212
00:12:08,195 --> 00:12:09,427
on all sorts of things,
213
00:12:09,563 --> 00:12:11,872
including our judgments
about people.
214
00:12:12,007 --> 00:12:14,441
And sometimes, what we're
filling in the gaps with
215
00:12:14,576 --> 00:12:16,670
comes from a really ugly place.
216
00:12:16,805 --> 00:12:21,107
This is the only time tonight
I'm going to ask you to do this.
217
00:12:21,242 --> 00:12:23,312
I want you to work with me,
218
00:12:23,447 --> 00:12:27,079
and I'm gonna ask you to,
loudly and quickly,
219
00:12:27,215 --> 00:12:30,282
say the color, not the word.
220
00:12:30,417 --> 00:12:32,555
Are we ready?
AUDIENCE: Yes.
221
00:12:32,690 --> 00:12:34,893
Ready? Go.
222
00:12:35,029 --> 00:12:38,861
AUDIENCE:
Red, yellow, blue, green, brown.
223
00:12:38,996 --> 00:12:41,529
Blue, brown, red, yellow, green.
224
00:12:41,665 --> 00:12:42,667
Faster.
225
00:12:42,802 --> 00:12:45,505
Red, yellow, blue, green, brown.
226
00:12:45,640 --> 00:12:47,839
Blue, brown, red, yellow, green.
227
00:12:47,974 --> 00:12:49,367
Blue, br--
[AUDIENCE CHUCKLES]
228
00:12:49,503 --> 00:12:51,911
[LAUGHS]
[AUDIENCE LAUGHING]
229
00:12:53,681 --> 00:12:58,949
This thing is 80 years old.
230
00:12:59,085 --> 00:13:02,852
And what it does
is to simply demonstrate
231
00:13:02,987 --> 00:13:04,619
that you are making connections
232
00:13:04,754 --> 00:13:08,927
between the word and the color
below your conscious level.
233
00:13:09,063 --> 00:13:11,159
You don't even know
that you're doing it.
234
00:13:11,294 --> 00:13:13,966
And when that connection
is broken,
235
00:13:14,101 --> 00:13:17,866
it actually takes
just a little bit more time
236
00:13:18,002 --> 00:13:20,072
to get to the right answer.
237
00:13:20,207 --> 00:13:26,343
That is the heart of the science
about unconscious bias.
238
00:13:26,478 --> 00:13:31,781
Whether it's unconscious bias
or deliberate bias...
239
00:13:31,917 --> 00:13:33,346
the person experiencing it
240
00:13:33,482 --> 00:13:36,155
experiences exactly
the same thing.
241
00:13:36,291 --> 00:13:39,618
If you don't get the job because
a racist doesn't hire you,
242
00:13:39,753 --> 00:13:42,529
or because somebody
has unconscious bias,
243
00:13:42,664 --> 00:13:44,089
you still don't have a job.
244
00:13:44,225 --> 00:13:45,558
If you get arrested
245
00:13:45,694 --> 00:13:49,198
because somebody had bias
to call the police
246
00:13:49,334 --> 00:13:52,064
because someone Black
is existing in space
247
00:13:52,199 --> 00:13:53,465
and they're nervous,
248
00:13:53,601 --> 00:13:55,668
whether it's unconscious
or deliberate,
249
00:13:55,803 --> 00:13:59,211
you still have to deal
with a law enforcement officer.
250
00:13:59,347 --> 00:14:02,675
The difference is meaningless
when it is talking about
251
00:14:02,810 --> 00:14:06,518
the experience of the person
who is victimized by it.
252
00:14:06,653 --> 00:14:08,251
[♪♪♪]
253
00:14:08,386 --> 00:14:10,515
I'm moving from D.C.,
I'm sweating right now.
254
00:14:10,651 --> 00:14:13,521
I'm in my apartment.
But, you know...
255
00:14:13,657 --> 00:14:16,155
somebody called the cops on me
in my own building.
256
00:14:16,291 --> 00:14:18,994
About-- How many of y'all?
257
00:14:19,130 --> 00:14:21,567
About six of y'all showed up.
258
00:14:21,703 --> 00:14:25,366
NEWSCASTER:
New at 5:00, a rude welcome
to the neighborhood
259
00:14:25,502 --> 00:14:28,206
for a man
on the Upper West Side.
260
00:14:28,342 --> 00:14:30,374
He was moving
into his apartment building
261
00:14:30,510 --> 00:14:34,807
when a half-dozen NYPD officers
suddenly showed up.
262
00:14:34,943 --> 00:14:38,777
Darren Martin streamed the
encounter live on Instagram.
263
00:14:38,912 --> 00:14:41,485
He says one of his neighbors
called the police
264
00:14:41,620 --> 00:14:44,385
thinking that he was actually
breaking into the apartment.
265
00:14:44,520 --> 00:14:46,487
Even claiming
that he had a weapon.
266
00:14:48,558 --> 00:14:51,226
So this is 106th Street
in Manhattan?
267
00:14:51,361 --> 00:14:54,363
Yep.
And on the night in question,
268
00:14:54,499 --> 00:14:57,603
uh, looking at where this car
is parked right here,
269
00:14:57,739 --> 00:14:59,004
is this where your U-Haul was?
270
00:14:59,139 --> 00:15:00,598
Our U-Haul was parked
right outside.
271
00:15:00,734 --> 00:15:02,670
Right over here
where this car is.
272
00:15:02,806 --> 00:15:06,612
Right in front of the building.
And then, it looks like 56 is--
273
00:15:06,747 --> 00:15:08,014
Right over here, yeah.
274
00:15:08,149 --> 00:15:10,246
So this is the apartment
that I was moving into.
275
00:15:10,381 --> 00:15:13,715
Yeah, this is it.
And it's outside.
276
00:15:13,850 --> 00:15:16,421
It's a regular building. Looks
like any other walk-up here.
277
00:15:16,556 --> 00:15:19,256
I don't know what those cops'
intentions were when they came.
278
00:15:19,392 --> 00:15:22,155
They were looking for someone
with a weapon.
279
00:15:22,291 --> 00:15:25,096
I could've been killed.
280
00:15:25,232 --> 00:15:27,363
Can I go see my guy?
Can I go upstairs?
281
00:15:27,498 --> 00:15:29,428
OFFICER: Not right now.
Why can't I go anywhere?
282
00:15:29,563 --> 00:15:30,969
OFFICER:
We have to check it out.
283
00:15:31,105 --> 00:15:32,397
What's the problem?
I live here.
284
00:15:32,533 --> 00:15:33,838
We gotta do our investigation.
285
00:15:33,973 --> 00:15:34,938
What are you investigating?
286
00:15:35,073 --> 00:15:36,339
Listen, they called, right?
287
00:15:36,474 --> 00:15:38,370
We're doing our job. That's it.
Who called?
288
00:15:38,505 --> 00:15:40,012
If you're doing nothing wrong--
289
00:15:40,148 --> 00:15:42,047
DARREN: Who called?
Someone called us.
290
00:15:42,182 --> 00:15:45,246
Well, I'm glad
that this is nothing more
291
00:15:45,381 --> 00:15:48,418
than a cramped space
in a hallway
292
00:15:48,553 --> 00:15:52,217
in an apartment building
on 106th Street in New York,
293
00:15:52,353 --> 00:15:54,355
and not another landmark
294
00:15:54,491 --> 00:15:57,163
where another person
from our community
295
00:15:57,298 --> 00:16:00,693
is killed by the police
and we're asking why.
296
00:16:03,997 --> 00:16:09,070
The biases and prejudices
about race in America
297
00:16:09,205 --> 00:16:11,476
are so deep in our DNA
298
00:16:11,611 --> 00:16:16,608
that sometimes we don't even
recognize that they're there.
299
00:16:16,744 --> 00:16:18,947
Take
the Implicit Association Test,
300
00:16:19,083 --> 00:16:21,051
if you haven't taken it.
301
00:16:21,186 --> 00:16:22,651
It's up on the Harvard website,
302
00:16:22,786 --> 00:16:26,050
and it tests your implicit
or unconscious association
303
00:16:26,186 --> 00:16:30,597
on all kinds of things. On race,
on gender, all kinds of things.
304
00:16:30,732 --> 00:16:31,856
And I was interested,
305
00:16:31,992 --> 00:16:33,958
as I was looking at all
of this information,
306
00:16:34,094 --> 00:16:37,235
so I went and took it,
and, uh, it made a mistake.
307
00:16:37,370 --> 00:16:39,467
So I had to take it again.
[AUDIENCE LAUGHS]
308
00:16:39,602 --> 00:16:42,776
Uh, because, see,
it gave these results,
309
00:16:42,911 --> 00:16:44,841
and it's like, "That ain't me."
310
00:16:44,977 --> 00:16:46,471
So I took it again.
311
00:16:46,606 --> 00:16:49,015
And it had the same results.
312
00:16:49,151 --> 00:16:52,917
A negative impression
of Black males.
313
00:16:53,052 --> 00:16:57,287
A negative impression of myself.
314
00:16:57,423 --> 00:17:00,292
And I thought,
"Where did that come from?"
315
00:17:00,427 --> 00:17:07,095
CRUTCHER:
♪ I've had some good days ♪
316
00:17:07,230 --> 00:17:08,862
♪ I've had... ♪
317
00:17:08,998 --> 00:17:10,763
OFFICER 1:
All right, Betty Jo,
where you at?
318
00:17:10,898 --> 00:17:15,007
CRUTCHER:
♪ Some hills to climb ♪
319
00:17:15,142 --> 00:17:19,806
♪ I've had some weary days ♪
320
00:17:19,941 --> 00:17:22,912
♪ And some
Sleepless nights... ♪
321
00:17:23,048 --> 00:17:26,416
OFFICER 2:
Well, he's got his hands up
there for her now.
322
00:17:27,948 --> 00:17:30,824
OFFICER 1:
This guy's still walking.
323
00:17:30,959 --> 00:17:33,324
He isn't following commands.
324
00:17:33,459 --> 00:17:35,491
OFFICER 2:
Time for a Taser, I think.
325
00:17:37,026 --> 00:17:40,859
That looks like a bad dude too.
May be on something.
326
00:17:40,994 --> 00:17:43,430
OFFICER 1:
He may have just been Tasered.
327
00:17:43,565 --> 00:17:45,899
BETTY JO:
Shots fired!
328
00:17:46,035 --> 00:17:48,071
OFFICER 3:
Unit 321,
we have shots fired.
329
00:17:48,207 --> 00:17:50,439
We have one suspect down.
330
00:17:50,575 --> 00:17:52,574
CRUTCHER:
♪ Won't complain ♪
331
00:17:53,643 --> 00:17:57,576
♪ Sometimes clouds hang low ♪
332
00:17:57,711 --> 00:17:59,183
[CHATTER OVER POLICE RADIO]
333
00:17:59,319 --> 00:18:04,917
♪ I can hardly see the road ♪
334
00:18:05,052 --> 00:18:09,892
♪ I've asked a question, Lord
Why? ♪
335
00:18:10,027 --> 00:18:12,259
ROBINSON:
Has your brother been
misportrayed,
336
00:18:12,395 --> 00:18:14,129
in terms of who he was?
337
00:18:14,265 --> 00:18:17,103
Yes, he has. The narrative...
338
00:18:17,239 --> 00:18:21,206
uh, started out as Terence
being a suspect.
339
00:18:21,342 --> 00:18:23,968
Well, he was a student,
not a suspect.
340
00:18:24,104 --> 00:18:26,772
Just left school
15 minutes earlier.
341
00:18:26,908 --> 00:18:29,842
Fifteen minutes later,
he was dead.
342
00:18:31,348 --> 00:18:33,384
In the media, he was a thug.
343
00:18:33,519 --> 00:18:36,383
He was a criminal.
He was a drug addict.
344
00:18:36,519 --> 00:18:38,991
He was a bad dude.
Yes.
345
00:18:39,126 --> 00:18:41,591
Nobody ever humanized
my brother.
346
00:18:41,726 --> 00:18:46,127
And I had to let America know
who that bad dude was.
347
00:18:46,262 --> 00:18:47,359
That was my twin.
348
00:18:47,494 --> 00:18:48,833
[♪♪♪]
349
00:18:48,969 --> 00:18:51,600
He was a father.
350
00:18:51,735 --> 00:18:53,531
He was a son.
He was a brother,
351
00:18:53,667 --> 00:18:56,808
an uncle, a cousin.
352
00:18:56,944 --> 00:18:59,407
He was a friend.
353
00:18:59,542 --> 00:19:01,907
He had a family who loved him.
354
00:19:03,218 --> 00:19:06,217
And my brother did not
deserve to die,
355
00:19:06,352 --> 00:19:08,953
unarmed,
with his hands in the air.
356
00:19:09,088 --> 00:19:12,123
Nobody deserves to die
357
00:19:12,258 --> 00:19:15,192
and take
their last breath alone.
358
00:19:15,327 --> 00:19:18,297
He took his last breath alone.
359
00:19:18,432 --> 00:19:21,432
He laid in the street
like an animal.
360
00:19:29,811 --> 00:19:33,541
ROBINSON:
George Orwell did not write
about a year.
361
00:19:33,677 --> 00:19:36,445
He wrote about
a mindset of oppression.
362
00:19:36,581 --> 00:19:38,109
And there are two things
that he said
363
00:19:38,244 --> 00:19:41,952
that I would strive for each
of us to please remember
364
00:19:42,087 --> 00:19:43,320
as we go forward.
365
00:19:43,456 --> 00:19:45,418
The first,
"Who controls the past,
366
00:19:45,553 --> 00:19:46,953
controls the future."
367
00:19:47,088 --> 00:19:50,292
And, "Who controls the present,
controls the past."
368
00:19:50,428 --> 00:19:52,593
A government that is in power
369
00:19:52,728 --> 00:19:55,193
has the ability
to shape the views
370
00:19:55,329 --> 00:19:59,371
of the population it governs
by putting out a narrative
371
00:19:59,507 --> 00:20:04,772
that sometimes has nothing
to do with the truth.
372
00:20:07,046 --> 00:20:08,875
TRUMP [RECORDED]:
373
00:20:11,845 --> 00:20:13,550
INTERVIEWER:
Yeah. It was--
374
00:20:43,981 --> 00:20:46,511
There are several things
that are problematic there.
375
00:20:46,646 --> 00:20:49,422
[AUDIENCE LAUGHS]
376
00:20:49,557 --> 00:20:52,721
The first is that Andrew Jackson
died almost 16 years
377
00:20:52,856 --> 00:20:54,853
before the Civil War.
[AUDIENCE LAUGHS]
378
00:20:54,988 --> 00:20:57,160
The second is that
if he had said,
379
00:20:57,296 --> 00:20:59,530
"There's no reason for this,"
380
00:20:59,666 --> 00:21:02,334
it wouldn't have been
because he was saying,
381
00:21:02,469 --> 00:21:04,802
"There's no reason
to have slavery,"
382
00:21:04,938 --> 00:21:09,874
because Andrew Jackson had no
problem with enslaving people.
383
00:21:10,009 --> 00:21:11,805
He was a slaver.
384
00:21:11,940 --> 00:21:14,709
And Andrew Jackson will
tell you
385
00:21:14,844 --> 00:21:18,177
what he thinks
about slavery himself.
386
00:21:18,313 --> 00:21:21,981
Andrew Jackson posted this ad
offering a reward
387
00:21:22,116 --> 00:21:24,716
for the capture
of an enslaved person
388
00:21:24,852 --> 00:21:27,119
who had escaped from him.
389
00:21:27,254 --> 00:21:29,924
And the ad describes
the enslaved man,
390
00:21:30,059 --> 00:21:32,930
what he was wearing,
where he might run,
391
00:21:33,065 --> 00:21:37,169
promises to pay all expenses
involved in capturing him
392
00:21:37,304 --> 00:21:40,098
in addition to the $50 reward,
393
00:21:40,233 --> 00:21:44,571
and $10 extra
for every hundred lashes
394
00:21:44,707 --> 00:21:46,737
any person will give him,
395
00:21:46,873 --> 00:21:49,679
to the amount of 300.
396
00:21:50,845 --> 00:21:54,750
That's who Andrew Jackson was.
397
00:21:54,886 --> 00:22:00,888
And that is who is on the face
of our $20 bills.
398
00:22:02,156 --> 00:22:04,490
Countries aren't
just one thing.
399
00:22:04,625 --> 00:22:06,696
[♪♪♪]
400
00:22:07,963 --> 00:22:09,765
CLARKE:
They would sell enslaved people
401
00:22:09,901 --> 00:22:13,065
out of this location
six days a week.
402
00:22:13,200 --> 00:22:16,239
Everyone from newborns
to 70-year-olds
403
00:22:16,374 --> 00:22:18,411
were sold out of here.
404
00:22:19,679 --> 00:22:23,315
For enslaved people
to make the most money
405
00:22:23,451 --> 00:22:26,481
for the traders
and for the sellers,
406
00:22:26,617 --> 00:22:28,347
they have to be prepped first.
407
00:22:28,482 --> 00:22:34,527
Prep could be everything from
high-fat and high-protein diets
408
00:22:34,662 --> 00:22:36,858
to get them
into better physical shape,
409
00:22:36,993 --> 00:22:39,293
as well as, you know,
fresh clothing.
410
00:22:39,428 --> 00:22:42,260
You have this sort of prepping
of the skin through oiling.
411
00:22:42,395 --> 00:22:44,863
If they're looking
a little bit older,
412
00:22:44,998 --> 00:22:47,265
they could either dye the hair
413
00:22:47,401 --> 00:22:49,869
or pluck any grays
that someone would have,
414
00:22:50,005 --> 00:22:51,904
things of that nature,
in order to,
415
00:22:52,039 --> 00:22:53,843
when they come up
onto the block,
416
00:22:53,978 --> 00:22:58,917
they're able to garner
the largest amount of money.
417
00:22:59,052 --> 00:23:02,482
ROBINSON:
And I'm looking at, here,
a "List of Negroes."
418
00:23:02,618 --> 00:23:04,554
And it says, number one,
419
00:23:04,689 --> 00:23:07,858
the name is Sunday,
the age is 45.
420
00:23:07,993 --> 00:23:10,890
CLARKE:
Enslaved people,
they didn't have last names,
421
00:23:11,026 --> 00:23:15,227
generally,
until the 1870 Census.
422
00:23:15,363 --> 00:23:18,933
And so it was the question of,
"What is your name?"
423
00:23:20,133 --> 00:23:21,738
Because the names
could be changed
424
00:23:21,873 --> 00:23:24,007
each time you were sold?
They would be changed.
425
00:23:24,142 --> 00:23:27,071
That's the first thing that is
changed every time you're sold.
426
00:23:27,207 --> 00:23:29,648
So on all broadsides
you will ever see,
427
00:23:29,783 --> 00:23:31,748
this is just the name
they come to the sale with.
428
00:23:31,883 --> 00:23:34,380
And keep in mind
that the enslaved property
429
00:23:34,515 --> 00:23:38,082
of slave owners was worth more
than everything else they owned.
430
00:23:38,218 --> 00:23:40,325
It was worth more
than the plantation.
431
00:23:40,461 --> 00:23:41,858
It was worth more
than the land.
432
00:23:41,993 --> 00:23:44,093
More than the goods that are
produced on that plantation.
433
00:23:44,229 --> 00:23:47,632
More than the house. More than
any other liveries they have.
434
00:23:47,767 --> 00:23:49,699
So the first thing
that's going to be sold
435
00:23:49,834 --> 00:23:53,398
to pay for a debt
is your enslaved.
436
00:23:53,533 --> 00:23:56,241
Because you didn't have to
buy them outright.
437
00:23:56,376 --> 00:23:58,137
You could mortgage them.
438
00:24:00,143 --> 00:24:03,449
When it came
to movement of enslaved,
439
00:24:03,585 --> 00:24:05,746
prior to being brought
onto that block,
440
00:24:05,881 --> 00:24:07,782
they're going to be chained.
Mm-hm.
441
00:24:07,918 --> 00:24:09,983
Now, everyone's
going to be chained.
442
00:24:10,118 --> 00:24:11,984
It's not just
going to be grown-ups.
443
00:24:12,120 --> 00:24:13,687
It's not going to be
the elderly.
444
00:24:13,822 --> 00:24:15,421
It'll also be the children.
445
00:24:15,557 --> 00:24:18,959
ROBINSON:
And so I think
what I'm looking at are shackles
446
00:24:19,094 --> 00:24:22,295
that were designed
for an adult male,
447
00:24:22,431 --> 00:24:28,470
and shackles that were designed
for a child of maybe 3 or 4.
448
00:24:28,605 --> 00:24:30,004
CLARKE:
Yes. Yes.
449
00:24:37,248 --> 00:24:39,115
Ista...
450
00:24:39,251 --> 00:24:40,883
what are...
451
00:24:42,649 --> 00:24:48,457
the three holes that I see in
these bricks in the walls there?
452
00:24:48,592 --> 00:24:50,156
They're fingerprints.
453
00:24:50,292 --> 00:24:52,958
Um, enslaved people would
begin to learn a skill
454
00:24:53,093 --> 00:24:54,931
at the age of about 6.
Mm-hm.
455
00:24:55,067 --> 00:24:58,534
And so fingerprints
and handprints and thumbprints
456
00:24:58,670 --> 00:25:00,903
exist all throughout the city,
457
00:25:01,038 --> 00:25:04,071
because enslaved people built
the city.
458
00:25:04,206 --> 00:25:08,444
And so on churches,
on businesses, on--
459
00:25:08,580 --> 00:25:10,210
In alleyways, you see these.
460
00:25:10,346 --> 00:25:13,417
In theaters, you see these
all throughout the city
461
00:25:13,553 --> 00:25:14,984
in very, very subtle ways.
462
00:25:15,120 --> 00:25:17,120
And if you don't know
what you're looking for,
463
00:25:17,255 --> 00:25:19,689
you may not see them.
ROBINSON: But they're there.
464
00:25:19,825 --> 00:25:21,891
CLARKE:
Absolutely, and they are a way
465
00:25:22,026 --> 00:25:25,391
of the enslaved
who created this city
466
00:25:25,527 --> 00:25:28,567
and created the economy
that created this country
467
00:25:28,702 --> 00:25:31,698
to remind us,
"Hey, I was here too."
468
00:25:31,833 --> 00:25:34,673
[CHURCH BELL TOLLING]
469
00:25:43,249 --> 00:25:45,585
ROBINSON:
And so if I make
the statement to you:
470
00:25:45,720 --> 00:25:50,416
"America was founded
on white supremacy."
471
00:25:50,551 --> 00:25:53,886
You could say, "Jeff,
that's an extreme statement."
472
00:25:54,021 --> 00:25:55,626
And what I would say to you is,
473
00:25:55,762 --> 00:25:58,464
"Don't believe a word
I say about it.
474
00:25:58,600 --> 00:26:01,930
Just listen
to what Americans said."
475
00:26:02,066 --> 00:26:03,994
Because they were willing
to tell you
476
00:26:04,130 --> 00:26:05,898
exactly what they thought.
477
00:26:06,034 --> 00:26:07,432
All you have to do is go look.
478
00:26:07,567 --> 00:26:12,678
We know that in 1619,
20-and-odd enslaved people
479
00:26:12,813 --> 00:26:16,944
were brought to America,
landed in Jamestown.
480
00:26:17,080 --> 00:26:20,511
And by 1636,
less than 20 years later,
481
00:26:20,646 --> 00:26:25,222
we launched the first
American-made slave ship,
482
00:26:25,357 --> 00:26:26,488
the Desire.
483
00:26:26,624 --> 00:26:27,721
And it wasn't built
484
00:26:27,857 --> 00:26:29,086
in Alabama or Mississippi.
485
00:26:29,222 --> 00:26:31,796
It was built in Massachusetts.
486
00:26:31,932 --> 00:26:35,195
And look at the name
of the ship. The Desire.
487
00:26:35,331 --> 00:26:38,133
And the names
of the three subsequent ships
488
00:26:38,268 --> 00:26:42,941
built in America to go to Africa
to get enslaved people.
489
00:26:43,076 --> 00:26:47,044
The Fortune, the Hope
and the Prosperity.
490
00:26:47,180 --> 00:26:51,146
They are telling you with
language that is crystal clear
491
00:26:51,282 --> 00:26:54,918
what they think about
the concept of white supremacy.
492
00:26:55,053 --> 00:26:57,922
In 1662, Virginia passed a law
that said,
493
00:26:58,058 --> 00:27:00,989
"Children of enslaved mothers
are also enslaved."
494
00:27:01,125 --> 00:27:03,388
Very simple law.
Why did they need it?
495
00:27:03,523 --> 00:27:07,063
Because it was clear
that white slave masters
496
00:27:07,199 --> 00:27:12,365
were raping Black women
on a normal and regular basis,
497
00:27:12,500 --> 00:27:14,835
and these rapes
were producing children.
498
00:27:14,970 --> 00:27:16,336
And the law just wanted to say,
499
00:27:16,471 --> 00:27:18,274
"We don't want there
to be any mistake.
500
00:27:18,410 --> 00:27:20,704
If those babies come out
with blue eyes or freckles,
501
00:27:20,840 --> 00:27:25,549
those aren't people,
those are enslaved people."
502
00:27:25,684 --> 00:27:27,344
The law made sure to know that.
503
00:27:27,480 --> 00:27:29,454
Virginia then passed a law
saying,
504
00:27:29,590 --> 00:27:31,656
"If slaves become Christians,
505
00:27:31,792 --> 00:27:33,353
that doesn't mean
that they're freed."
506
00:27:33,489 --> 00:27:37,257
Because you become a Christian
if you are enslaved
507
00:27:37,392 --> 00:27:41,196
only by the charity
and piety of your owner.
508
00:27:41,331 --> 00:27:46,233
This is the language
that Americans were using
509
00:27:46,368 --> 00:27:48,805
to describe
the institution of slavery.
510
00:27:48,941 --> 00:27:52,411
They equated it
with charity and piety.
511
00:27:52,546 --> 00:27:55,106
1669, Virginia passed a law,
512
00:27:55,241 --> 00:27:56,913
"An enslaved person's death
513
00:27:57,049 --> 00:28:00,652
while resisting a master
is not a felony."
514
00:28:00,787 --> 00:28:03,154
Would you look
at those words, please?
515
00:28:03,289 --> 00:28:07,023
And think about the videos you
have seen in the past ten years
516
00:28:07,158 --> 00:28:10,057
of Black and brown people
ending up dead
517
00:28:10,193 --> 00:28:13,299
in altercations
with police officers
518
00:28:13,434 --> 00:28:15,399
when they are unarmed?
519
00:28:15,535 --> 00:28:17,500
It's still not a felony.
520
00:28:17,635 --> 00:28:19,970
[♪♪♪]
521
00:28:20,105 --> 00:28:22,669
In 1739,
there was a slave revolt
522
00:28:22,804 --> 00:28:26,178
in Stono, South Carolina,
that was incredibly violent.
523
00:28:26,313 --> 00:28:29,176
There were some white people
that were actually beheaded.
524
00:28:29,312 --> 00:28:31,846
And the state of South Carolina
responded,
525
00:28:31,981 --> 00:28:33,345
and they responded quickly.
526
00:28:33,481 --> 00:28:38,419
By 1740, they had passed
a 58-chapter law,
527
00:28:38,555 --> 00:28:42,021
and the purpose of that law,
in their words, not mine,
528
00:28:42,157 --> 00:28:44,762
"So that the slave may be kept
529
00:28:44,898 --> 00:28:48,427
in due subjugation
and obedience."
530
00:28:50,203 --> 00:28:54,807
This wasn't just social racism
or individual racism.
531
00:28:54,942 --> 00:28:58,437
This was the law
inscribing this.
532
00:29:00,941 --> 00:29:05,209
Can you talk just a little bit
about where you're taking us?
533
00:29:05,344 --> 00:29:08,719
I'm taking you on Ashley Avenue
534
00:29:08,855 --> 00:29:14,256
between Fishburne
and Line Streets.
535
00:29:14,391 --> 00:29:17,224
Now, the neighborhood
didn't look like it looks today.
536
00:29:17,360 --> 00:29:20,129
It was a lot of farmland
and some wooded area.
537
00:29:25,165 --> 00:29:29,842
MILLER:
Some people just refer to it
as the Ashley Avenue Oak.
538
00:29:32,346 --> 00:29:37,377
Lynchings or hangings took
place here on this very spot.
539
00:29:40,482 --> 00:29:42,381
This happened from slavery,
it happened
540
00:29:42,516 --> 00:29:45,387
all the way up
until the early 1900s.
541
00:29:45,523 --> 00:29:49,426
So there were lynchings here
even after the Civil War ended?
542
00:29:49,561 --> 00:29:50,830
Absolutely.
543
00:29:56,437 --> 00:29:59,302
MILLER:
Well, everybody needs to know
what happened here
544
00:29:59,438 --> 00:30:01,500
so that we would all
be able to learn from it.
545
00:30:01,635 --> 00:30:03,937
Because it's a part
of our history.
546
00:30:04,072 --> 00:30:05,878
American history.
547
00:30:18,186 --> 00:30:21,993
ROBINSON:
The word "slavery" appears
once in the Constitution.
548
00:30:22,129 --> 00:30:25,360
That's in the 13th Amendment,
outlawing slavery.
549
00:30:25,495 --> 00:30:27,627
And if you go back
to the historical documents,
550
00:30:27,763 --> 00:30:31,036
what you'll see is that the
Southern states would get upset
551
00:30:31,172 --> 00:30:34,138
when the word "slavery"
was used. And for God's sakes,
552
00:30:34,273 --> 00:30:37,237
we don't wanna make
white people uncomfortable.
553
00:30:37,373 --> 00:30:39,144
So the Northerners said,
"Don't worry,
554
00:30:39,280 --> 00:30:42,673
we won't use the word 'slavery'
when we go to the Constitution.
555
00:30:42,809 --> 00:30:47,584
We'll call them things like
'such persons.'"
556
00:30:47,720 --> 00:30:49,053
The Three-fifths Clause
557
00:30:49,188 --> 00:30:51,957
in Article I, Section 2
of the Constitution.
558
00:30:52,093 --> 00:30:56,161
All those Black folks
in Virginia, 236,000?
559
00:30:56,297 --> 00:30:59,156
Well, they will be counted
as three-fifths of a person.
560
00:30:59,291 --> 00:31:00,696
Each one of them.
561
00:31:00,831 --> 00:31:02,232
Article I, Section 9,
562
00:31:02,367 --> 00:31:07,372
no ban on migration
or importations of such persons
563
00:31:07,507 --> 00:31:08,639
until 1808.
564
00:31:08,774 --> 00:31:09,907
What are they saying?
565
00:31:10,043 --> 00:31:11,741
"We have built
all of these ships
566
00:31:11,876 --> 00:31:13,441
to go get enslaved people,
567
00:31:13,577 --> 00:31:16,713
and we need at least about
20 years to keep doing it."
568
00:31:16,848 --> 00:31:18,313
So the Constitution says,
569
00:31:18,448 --> 00:31:21,113
"You can keep doing it
for the next 20 years."
570
00:31:21,248 --> 00:31:22,615
Article II, Section 1.
571
00:31:22,750 --> 00:31:24,783
"Each state shall appoint
a number of electors
572
00:31:24,918 --> 00:31:28,156
equal to the number of
senators and representatives."
573
00:31:28,292 --> 00:31:30,023
What we are talking about,
folks,
574
00:31:30,159 --> 00:31:32,095
is the Electoral College.
575
00:31:32,230 --> 00:31:35,097
The Electoral College
was based on the fact
576
00:31:35,233 --> 00:31:37,528
that the Southern states
were concerned
577
00:31:37,664 --> 00:31:39,670
about the power
that they would have
578
00:31:39,806 --> 00:31:41,038
to prevent the government
579
00:31:41,174 --> 00:31:44,271
from taking
the enslaved people from them.
580
00:31:44,407 --> 00:31:46,644
And this was
one of the compromises.
581
00:31:46,780 --> 00:31:48,574
That Three-fifths Clause?
582
00:31:48,709 --> 00:31:54,052
Three-fifths of 236,000
adds a lot of delegates.
583
00:31:55,453 --> 00:31:58,223
Article IV, Section 2,
no freedom for a runaway,
584
00:31:58,359 --> 00:32:00,991
because slaves have to be
returned to owners on demand.
585
00:32:01,127 --> 00:32:02,961
And people have said
that the folks
586
00:32:03,097 --> 00:32:05,289
who wrote our Constitution
were brilliant.
587
00:32:05,424 --> 00:32:06,724
And I agree with that.
588
00:32:06,859 --> 00:32:09,033
They were brilliant
and they were sneaky too.
589
00:32:09,169 --> 00:32:12,065
Because they said,
"You know, somebody may try
590
00:32:12,200 --> 00:32:14,103
and amend the Constitution
591
00:32:14,239 --> 00:32:16,840
and get rid
of Article I, Section 9.
592
00:32:16,975 --> 00:32:18,441
So in Article V, they said:
593
00:32:18,576 --> 00:32:22,379
"You can't amend Article I,
Section 9, until 1808."
594
00:32:22,514 --> 00:32:27,481
This is how important
the concept of white supremacy
595
00:32:27,617 --> 00:32:30,755
was to the people
that founded the country.
596
00:32:30,890 --> 00:32:32,321
When they were talking about
597
00:32:32,457 --> 00:32:34,521
life, liberty
and the pursuit of happiness,
598
00:32:34,657 --> 00:32:38,729
they saw that
as being completely consistent
599
00:32:38,864 --> 00:32:41,726
with enslaving people.
600
00:32:43,198 --> 00:32:45,235
The law picked a side.
601
00:32:48,308 --> 00:32:51,371
If you read the historians,
they will tell you
602
00:32:51,506 --> 00:32:53,975
that modern-day
police departments
603
00:32:54,111 --> 00:32:56,146
were originally formed,
604
00:32:56,282 --> 00:32:59,315
especially in the South,
in slave patrols.
605
00:32:59,450 --> 00:33:02,186
I am not saying
that modern-day police officers
606
00:33:02,322 --> 00:33:05,323
are members of a slave patrol.
They are not.
607
00:33:05,458 --> 00:33:09,059
There are law enforcement
officers all over America
608
00:33:09,194 --> 00:33:12,430
who are fighting
for racial justice
609
00:33:12,565 --> 00:33:17,295
and Constitutional and decent
policing in our communities.
610
00:33:17,431 --> 00:33:19,704
But I will tell you this:
611
00:33:19,840 --> 00:33:21,172
People in my community,
612
00:33:21,308 --> 00:33:25,043
from my great-great-great
grandfathers on down,
613
00:33:25,179 --> 00:33:28,175
have had a reason
to fear that badge.
614
00:33:28,311 --> 00:33:29,641
Because the people wearing it,
615
00:33:29,777 --> 00:33:32,309
and the weapons and guns
that they carried,
616
00:33:32,445 --> 00:33:35,481
were used to oppress us.
617
00:33:35,616 --> 00:33:37,420
So the next time
you're wondering,
618
00:33:37,556 --> 00:33:41,891
"Why is there such animosity
in the Black community
619
00:33:42,027 --> 00:33:43,421
when it comes to policing?
620
00:33:43,556 --> 00:33:45,024
Why is there such concern?"
621
00:33:45,159 --> 00:33:47,126
It's in our DNA.
622
00:33:47,261 --> 00:33:49,896
[♪♪♪]
623
00:33:50,032 --> 00:33:52,898
CARR:
I always used to tell Eric,
you know,
624
00:33:53,034 --> 00:33:56,769
"Don't have any interactions
with the police officers.
625
00:33:56,905 --> 00:33:59,772
Because the police officers,
they have the upper hand.
626
00:33:59,908 --> 00:34:02,608
You have to remember,
they're the ones with the guns.
627
00:34:02,744 --> 00:34:05,112
They're the ones
that could arrest you,
628
00:34:05,248 --> 00:34:07,085
and no matter what you say."
629
00:34:07,220 --> 00:34:10,382
So he would say,
"Oh, yeah, I know, Ma."
630
00:34:10,517 --> 00:34:13,324
And, um, even with all the talk,
631
00:34:13,459 --> 00:34:17,622
we can talk to our children
as much as we want,
632
00:34:17,758 --> 00:34:21,363
it's not always gonna be
a good turnout
633
00:34:21,498 --> 00:34:25,263
when things like this happen.
Mm, right.
634
00:34:25,398 --> 00:34:27,800
That's Eric. Eric is,
635
00:34:27,935 --> 00:34:32,644
I think, five months old
in that picture, if that old.
636
00:34:32,779 --> 00:34:34,707
He was my first-born.
637
00:34:36,476 --> 00:34:40,218
Eric was a gentle giant.
638
00:34:40,353 --> 00:34:43,255
He was a person
who cared about other people
639
00:34:43,390 --> 00:34:46,086
and who thought
everyone was his friend.
640
00:34:46,222 --> 00:34:47,555
Are you serious?
641
00:34:47,690 --> 00:34:50,327
I didn't do nothin'.
What'd I do?
642
00:34:52,166 --> 00:34:54,397
ROBINSON:
If you can share it...
643
00:34:55,595 --> 00:34:57,862
what was going through your mind
644
00:34:57,998 --> 00:35:01,670
as you heard your son saying,
"I can't breathe"?
645
00:35:01,806 --> 00:35:07,179
Until now, I cannot look
at that video in its entirety,
646
00:35:07,314 --> 00:35:09,446
because when I seen it
for the first time,
647
00:35:09,581 --> 00:35:13,011
I remember me going through
this house banging on walls,
648
00:35:13,147 --> 00:35:17,619
yelling at the police officers,
"Let him go! Let him go!"
649
00:35:17,755 --> 00:35:20,384
Now I could see exactly
what they did to him.
650
00:35:20,519 --> 00:35:22,020
Do not touch me.
651
00:35:22,155 --> 00:35:25,526
CARR:
When this tragedy
happened to me,
652
00:35:25,661 --> 00:35:28,932
I just wanted
to take to my bed,
653
00:35:29,067 --> 00:35:30,500
and just go to sleep,
654
00:35:30,636 --> 00:35:34,701
and just wake up when this
terrible nightmare was over.
655
00:35:36,008 --> 00:35:37,706
But it was never over.
656
00:35:37,842 --> 00:35:44,216
And the Holy Spirit spoke
to me one evening and says,
657
00:35:44,351 --> 00:35:47,845
"Are you gonna lay there
and die like your son?
658
00:35:47,981 --> 00:35:51,750
Or are you gonna get up,
lift up his name,
659
00:35:51,886 --> 00:35:55,192
and let people know
exactly who he was
660
00:35:55,328 --> 00:35:58,756
and not let
the media demonize him?"
661
00:35:58,892 --> 00:36:01,728
My son will not have
died in vain.
662
00:36:01,863 --> 00:36:05,029
We are gonna support him
every step of the way.
663
00:36:05,164 --> 00:36:08,438
Me and my grandchildren,
my nieces, nephews, sisters,
664
00:36:08,573 --> 00:36:12,343
everybody is going
to support this cause,
665
00:36:12,478 --> 00:36:15,378
'cause we won't rest
until we get justice.
666
00:36:15,514 --> 00:36:19,015
Even though it's too late
for my son,
667
00:36:19,151 --> 00:36:22,320
we have to save other lives.
668
00:36:22,455 --> 00:36:25,951
How would you like your son
to be remembered?
669
00:36:26,086 --> 00:36:29,320
Well, I would like my son
to be remembered as
670
00:36:29,455 --> 00:36:35,665
the sacrificial lamb, that
everyone knows his name now.
671
00:36:35,800 --> 00:36:40,271
And I am so glad that
it is making a difference,
672
00:36:40,406 --> 00:36:43,970
that people are more aware
of the cruelty
673
00:36:44,106 --> 00:36:47,709
and the injustice that's
going on with people of color,
674
00:36:47,845 --> 00:36:52,110
and maybe they will stand up
and take notice, and say,
675
00:36:52,246 --> 00:36:54,983
"Well, hey, we have
to do something about this."
676
00:36:55,119 --> 00:36:57,854
CROWD [CHANTING]:
I can't breathe!
I can't breathe!
677
00:36:57,989 --> 00:37:01,354
CARR:
This is real.
We see what's actually going on
678
00:37:01,490 --> 00:37:03,161
in this world today.
679
00:37:03,296 --> 00:37:06,096
And I'm just hoping
that his name
680
00:37:06,231 --> 00:37:08,862
will live on in history forever.
681
00:37:08,998 --> 00:37:12,932
And as long as I live,
I will always say his name,
682
00:37:13,067 --> 00:37:16,374
and I will ask everyone else
to please say his name
683
00:37:16,509 --> 00:37:19,905
and tell people
what does it mean to them.
684
00:37:20,840 --> 00:37:23,006
His name was Eric Garner.
Yes.
685
00:37:23,142 --> 00:37:26,945
Eric Garner was his name.
Is his name.
686
00:37:30,349 --> 00:37:35,093
NATIONAL ANTHEM SINGERS:
♪ A home and country ♪
687
00:37:35,228 --> 00:37:39,856
♪ Should leave us no more ♪
688
00:37:39,992 --> 00:37:44,402
♪ Their blood has washed out ♪
689
00:37:44,537 --> 00:37:50,040
♪ Their foul footsteps'
Pollution ♪
690
00:37:50,176 --> 00:37:55,080
♪ No refuge could save ♪
691
00:37:55,215 --> 00:37:59,315
♪ The hireling and slave ♪
692
00:37:59,451 --> 00:38:04,122
♪ From the terror of flight ♪
693
00:38:04,258 --> 00:38:08,852
♪ Or the gloom of the grave ♪
694
00:38:08,987 --> 00:38:13,791
♪ And the star-spangled banner ♪
695
00:38:13,926 --> 00:38:19,966
♪ In triumph doth wave... ♪
696
00:38:20,101 --> 00:38:22,571
In case you doubt
the lyrics to the third verse
697
00:38:22,707 --> 00:38:24,773
of the national anthem
that you just heard,
698
00:38:24,908 --> 00:38:28,676
these are the handwritten lyrics
from Francis Scott Key.
699
00:38:28,811 --> 00:38:32,379
"No refuge could save
the hireling and slave
700
00:38:32,514 --> 00:38:34,282
from the terror of flight
701
00:38:34,418 --> 00:38:36,685
or the gloom of the grave."
702
00:38:36,821 --> 00:38:41,256
He is celebrating
the murder of enslaved people.
703
00:38:41,392 --> 00:38:42,790
And why would he do that?
704
00:38:42,925 --> 00:38:45,090
He was the wealthy owner
of enslaved people.
705
00:38:45,225 --> 00:38:47,729
He came from a Maryland
plantation-owning family.
706
00:38:47,864 --> 00:38:51,034
In United States
v. Reuben Crandall,
707
00:38:51,170 --> 00:38:52,567
he prosecuted a man
708
00:38:52,703 --> 00:38:55,067
for possessing
abolitionist literature.
709
00:38:55,202 --> 00:38:58,241
He was the city prosecutor
in Washington, D.C.,
710
00:38:58,376 --> 00:39:00,707
and he sought the death penalty.
711
00:39:00,843 --> 00:39:02,811
And here is
his closing argument:
712
00:39:02,946 --> 00:39:06,581
"Are you willing, gentlemen,
to abandon your country,
713
00:39:06,717 --> 00:39:08,747
to permit it to be
taken from you
714
00:39:08,882 --> 00:39:11,220
and occupied
by the abolitionist,
715
00:39:11,356 --> 00:39:13,590
according to whose taste it is
716
00:39:13,725 --> 00:39:17,726
to associate and amalgamate
with the Negro?"
717
00:39:19,232 --> 00:39:21,299
I guess he wrote a nice poem,
718
00:39:21,435 --> 00:39:24,535
but that's
who Francis Scott Key is.
719
00:39:26,903 --> 00:39:31,406
By 1835, cotton
from enslaved people's labor,
720
00:39:31,541 --> 00:39:34,679
55 percent of U.S. exports.
721
00:39:34,815 --> 00:39:38,242
So when we see America starting
to become industrialized,
722
00:39:38,377 --> 00:39:43,154
we see that cotton from
the labor of enslaved people
723
00:39:43,289 --> 00:39:45,248
was a critical part of this.
724
00:39:45,384 --> 00:39:49,154
Twelve U.S. presidents
owned enslaved people.
725
00:39:49,289 --> 00:39:53,265
This covered about
50 of America's first 60 years,
726
00:39:53,400 --> 00:39:55,366
and that's why
I am saying to you,
727
00:39:55,502 --> 00:39:57,434
the people
that founded this country
728
00:39:57,570 --> 00:39:59,670
had no problem
with white supremacy.
729
00:39:59,805 --> 00:40:05,609
They depended on it
to make America a great nation.
730
00:40:10,784 --> 00:40:13,179
ROBINSON:
So when did slavery end
in New York?
731
00:40:13,314 --> 00:40:17,014
TOUSSAINT:
Slavery in New York ended
in 1827,
732
00:40:17,150 --> 00:40:21,284
but to really understand
New York's rise,
733
00:40:21,420 --> 00:40:24,289
in terms of becoming
a financial powerhouse,
734
00:40:24,425 --> 00:40:28,295
it's important to understand
the connection between New York
735
00:40:28,430 --> 00:40:30,162
and enslavement,
736
00:40:30,297 --> 00:40:35,738
even after slavery
was abolished in New York City.
737
00:40:37,105 --> 00:40:39,605
The building behind us
is the Cotton Exchange,
738
00:40:39,741 --> 00:40:41,471
established in the 1850s,
739
00:40:41,607 --> 00:40:46,483
one of the greatest commodities
exchanges in the country.
740
00:40:46,619 --> 00:40:50,320
New York was
a center for finance,
741
00:40:50,455 --> 00:40:52,655
is still the center for finance,
742
00:40:52,791 --> 00:40:55,824
and this is
where slaveholders would come
743
00:40:55,960 --> 00:40:59,361
to get all their endeavors
financed and insured.
744
00:40:59,496 --> 00:41:00,993
We found out recently
745
00:41:01,129 --> 00:41:04,864
that major insurers
like AIG and Aetna
746
00:41:04,999 --> 00:41:08,471
insured enslaved people
as goods.
747
00:41:08,606 --> 00:41:12,209
Enslaved people who died
en route
748
00:41:12,345 --> 00:41:14,611
during the Middle Passage,
749
00:41:14,747 --> 00:41:17,209
enslaved people who died
on the plantation,
750
00:41:17,344 --> 00:41:20,143
all those people,
with their lives, were insured.
751
00:41:20,279 --> 00:41:22,418
So they had
life insurance policies.
752
00:41:22,554 --> 00:41:24,719
Also, major investment banks,
753
00:41:24,855 --> 00:41:26,854
like the now-defunct
Lehman Brothers,
754
00:41:26,989 --> 00:41:32,324
provided financing
for slaveholders.
755
00:41:32,459 --> 00:41:36,667
So the economy of New York
was entwined with slavery.
756
00:41:38,297 --> 00:41:40,736
We're walking up
just from the waterfront,
757
00:41:40,871 --> 00:41:43,441
right back here,
about a block away,
758
00:41:43,576 --> 00:41:45,376
and as we're coming
to the corner
759
00:41:45,511 --> 00:41:48,872
of, uh, Water and Wall Streets,
760
00:41:49,008 --> 00:41:51,209
there is this little park.
761
00:41:57,585 --> 00:42:01,525
I have an idea in my mind
when you say "slave market."
762
00:42:01,661 --> 00:42:03,888
But can you just tell us,
explicitly,
763
00:42:04,023 --> 00:42:06,290
what was happening on this site?
764
00:42:06,425 --> 00:42:08,830
So there was
a municipal market, a pavilion,
765
00:42:08,965 --> 00:42:12,903
that operated
from 1711 until 1762.
766
00:42:13,038 --> 00:42:18,235
By the mid-1700s, one in five
New Yorkers were enslaved.
767
00:42:18,371 --> 00:42:20,206
So they created
this municipal market,
768
00:42:20,341 --> 00:42:22,943
where once you were kidnapped
and brought here,
769
00:42:23,078 --> 00:42:25,915
you would be sold
at this pavilion.
770
00:42:26,050 --> 00:42:28,685
In addition, if you were
already enslaved in New York
771
00:42:28,821 --> 00:42:30,750
and your slaveholder
didn't have something
772
00:42:30,886 --> 00:42:32,284
for you to do during the day,
773
00:42:32,419 --> 00:42:36,123
you could be rented out
for the day at this market.
774
00:42:36,258 --> 00:42:39,796
Like any other transaction
that might occur in the city
775
00:42:39,931 --> 00:42:42,766
where the city would impose
a tax to get revenue,
776
00:42:42,901 --> 00:42:46,130
the slave trade was just
another thing to be taxed?
777
00:42:46,266 --> 00:42:47,998
Exactly.
And that's why New York City
778
00:42:48,133 --> 00:42:49,674
was such a pro-slavery city.
779
00:42:49,810 --> 00:42:51,737
When we say that to people,
they're shocked.
780
00:42:51,873 --> 00:42:54,040
New York was pro-slavery.
781
00:42:54,175 --> 00:42:57,977
New York received,
from cotton alone,
782
00:42:58,113 --> 00:43:01,615
$200 million
in that time's currency.
783
00:43:01,751 --> 00:43:04,117
So if you could imagine
784
00:43:04,252 --> 00:43:06,757
the interests that would
wanna protect that.
785
00:43:09,055 --> 00:43:12,623
ROBINSON:
How many of you knew that
the mayor of New York City
786
00:43:12,758 --> 00:43:17,899
advocated that New York leave
the Union during the Civil War?
787
00:43:18,035 --> 00:43:20,270
He didn't say,
"Join the Confederacy."
788
00:43:20,405 --> 00:43:22,206
What he said was:
789
00:43:22,342 --> 00:43:24,302
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
790
00:43:34,247 --> 00:43:36,955
He was saying,
"We can't give this up.
791
00:43:37,090 --> 00:43:40,053
If we withdraw from the Union,
we don't have to join the South.
792
00:43:40,188 --> 00:43:42,527
We can make business deals
with the North
793
00:43:42,662 --> 00:43:44,362
and business deals
with the South.
794
00:43:44,497 --> 00:43:46,896
The money will keep coming in."
795
00:43:48,329 --> 00:43:51,335
So, what was the role of slavery
in America
796
00:43:51,471 --> 00:43:53,770
on the eve of the Civil War?
797
00:43:53,905 --> 00:43:56,341
Well, that yearly
cotton production,
798
00:43:56,476 --> 00:43:58,935
1.5 million pounds in 1790,
799
00:43:59,071 --> 00:44:01,876
try 2.3 billion pounds,
800
00:44:02,011 --> 00:44:05,416
60 percent
of U.S. exports by 1860.
801
00:44:05,551 --> 00:44:07,213
If any of you have ever held
802
00:44:07,348 --> 00:44:10,786
a ball of freshly picked cotton
in your hand,
803
00:44:10,922 --> 00:44:13,120
with no stems
or no sticks on it,
804
00:44:13,255 --> 00:44:17,729
you will know that
it weighs virtually nothing.
805
00:44:17,864 --> 00:44:20,631
How much of that
do you think you had to pick
806
00:44:20,766 --> 00:44:24,467
to get to 2.3 billion pounds
of it?
807
00:44:24,603 --> 00:44:25,802
And how did they do that?
808
00:44:25,937 --> 00:44:27,535
Because the number
of enslaved people
809
00:44:27,671 --> 00:44:29,339
wasn't 700,000 anymore.
810
00:44:29,474 --> 00:44:31,401
It was 4 million.
811
00:44:31,536 --> 00:44:34,103
And remember,
we're not bringing over people
812
00:44:34,239 --> 00:44:37,112
on slave ships after 1808.
813
00:44:37,247 --> 00:44:39,981
Now, history will show
there were definitely ships
814
00:44:40,117 --> 00:44:42,884
of enslaved people
brought after 1808,
815
00:44:43,020 --> 00:44:45,785
but that market dried up
very quickly.
816
00:44:45,921 --> 00:44:50,327
This was done by breeding.
817
00:44:50,463 --> 00:44:54,058
Black women were bred...
818
00:44:54,193 --> 00:44:56,363
so that they would bear children
819
00:44:56,499 --> 00:45:00,469
who could continue
American cotton production.
820
00:45:00,604 --> 00:45:03,700
[♪♪♪]
821
00:45:03,836 --> 00:45:07,741
The value of enslaved people,
in 1860 dollars,
822
00:45:07,876 --> 00:45:11,949
$3.5 billion dollars.
823
00:45:12,084 --> 00:45:17,218
One hundred billion dollars
in today's money.
824
00:45:17,354 --> 00:45:20,186
More millionaires per capita
in the Mississippi Valley,
825
00:45:20,321 --> 00:45:22,527
that's Tennessee,
Mississippi and Louisiana,
826
00:45:22,662 --> 00:45:24,226
than any place else in America.
827
00:45:24,362 --> 00:45:28,829
Today, that is one of the
poorest sections in the country.
828
00:45:28,965 --> 00:45:30,361
There are all kinds of people
829
00:45:30,496 --> 00:45:33,037
who are desperate
to make arguments
830
00:45:33,173 --> 00:45:37,100
that the Civil War was about
something other than slavery.
831
00:45:37,235 --> 00:45:38,876
In the state of Texas,
832
00:45:39,011 --> 00:45:42,472
elected officials
are trying to pass laws
833
00:45:42,608 --> 00:45:44,774
that will require
their schoolteachers
834
00:45:44,910 --> 00:45:51,221
to teach that slavery was
a side issue in the Civil War.
835
00:45:51,356 --> 00:45:55,058
And my response to that is,
once again, don't believe me.
836
00:45:55,194 --> 00:45:58,692
Just go back and look
at what the states said.
837
00:45:58,828 --> 00:46:01,492
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
838
00:46:54,551 --> 00:46:59,289
Georgia was essentially saying,
"You freaking lied to us.
839
00:46:59,424 --> 00:47:03,125
You told us that we could keep
these people as enslaved people,
840
00:47:03,260 --> 00:47:05,226
and now you're taking them
away from us,
841
00:47:05,361 --> 00:47:07,359
and we're leaving the Union
because of it."
842
00:47:07,494 --> 00:47:10,126
And you know what?
Georgia was right.
843
00:47:10,261 --> 00:47:11,695
They were promised
844
00:47:11,831 --> 00:47:15,540
that they would get to keep
people as enslaved people.
845
00:47:15,675 --> 00:47:17,071
I'm from the state of Tennessee,
846
00:47:17,206 --> 00:47:19,777
and if I wanna go
to my home state
847
00:47:19,913 --> 00:47:22,241
and walk into
the Tennessee statehouse
848
00:47:22,376 --> 00:47:24,549
to see
one of my state legislators,
849
00:47:24,684 --> 00:47:26,582
I gotta walk past this guy,
850
00:47:26,718 --> 00:47:28,281
Nathan Bedford Forrest,
851
00:47:28,416 --> 00:47:31,019
who was either
the originator of the KKK
852
00:47:31,154 --> 00:47:33,054
or one of its first
Grand Wizards,
853
00:47:33,189 --> 00:47:35,520
somebody that was
clearly involved
854
00:47:35,655 --> 00:47:38,930
with the KKK
coming to a height of power,
855
00:47:39,065 --> 00:47:41,559
somebody that was
a Confederate soldier,
856
00:47:41,694 --> 00:47:43,929
and what he had to say about
the Civil War,
857
00:47:44,065 --> 00:47:45,165
at least he was honest.
858
00:47:45,300 --> 00:47:47,004
"If we ain't
fighting for slavery,
859
00:47:47,139 --> 00:47:49,501
then what the hell
are we fighting for?"
860
00:47:51,006 --> 00:47:53,109
Ignorance is not bliss,
861
00:47:53,245 --> 00:47:56,773
because it allows
a false history to thrive.
862
00:47:56,908 --> 00:48:00,012
"Who controls the past,
controls the future."
863
00:48:00,148 --> 00:48:01,886
And if slavery just ended,
864
00:48:02,022 --> 00:48:03,982
and then we had
the Civil Rights Movement,
865
00:48:04,118 --> 00:48:05,385
and everything was fine,
866
00:48:05,520 --> 00:48:07,519
then what are we still
complaining about?
867
00:48:07,654 --> 00:48:09,928
"Who controls the past,
controls the future."
868
00:48:10,063 --> 00:48:12,327
And your children,
they are being taught
869
00:48:12,462 --> 00:48:14,828
that slavery was a side issue
in the Civil War.
870
00:48:14,963 --> 00:48:17,100
[♪♪♪]
871
00:48:18,733 --> 00:48:21,471
Six months before
the Emancipation Proclamation,
872
00:48:21,606 --> 00:48:26,136
Abraham Lincoln passed the
Compensated Emancipation Act.
873
00:48:26,271 --> 00:48:27,842
What did that do?
874
00:48:27,977 --> 00:48:29,539
He freed D.C. slaves,
875
00:48:29,675 --> 00:48:31,615
and first,
he set up a commission
876
00:48:31,750 --> 00:48:34,348
to pay approximately $300,
877
00:48:34,483 --> 00:48:37,383
which was about $7000
in today's money,
878
00:48:37,519 --> 00:48:40,152
in compensation
to former slave owners
879
00:48:40,287 --> 00:48:43,225
for each enslaved African freed.
880
00:48:43,361 --> 00:48:46,464
Please read that carefully.
I'm not fooling.
881
00:48:46,599 --> 00:48:48,196
After nine months,
882
00:48:48,332 --> 00:48:53,096
900 slave owners
were paid $1 million,
883
00:48:53,231 --> 00:48:56,969
in 1860 money...
884
00:48:57,104 --> 00:48:59,871
for lost property.
885
00:49:00,006 --> 00:49:04,845
So when people have a discussion
about reparations for slavery,
886
00:49:04,981 --> 00:49:06,413
it's a false debate,
887
00:49:06,548 --> 00:49:09,351
because reparations
have already been paid.
888
00:49:09,486 --> 00:49:14,086
They were paid to slave owners.
[AUDIENCE APPLAUDS]
889
00:49:14,221 --> 00:49:15,819
At the very same time
890
00:49:15,955 --> 00:49:19,994
that America refused
to give the Negro any land...
891
00:49:20,129 --> 00:49:22,761
through an act of Congress,
892
00:49:22,897 --> 00:49:27,771
our government was giving away
millions of acres of land
893
00:49:27,906 --> 00:49:30,305
in the West and the Midwest.
894
00:49:30,441 --> 00:49:33,177
Which meant that
it was willing to undergird
895
00:49:33,313 --> 00:49:36,277
its white peasants from
Europe with an economic floor.
896
00:49:36,413 --> 00:49:39,849
But not only
did they give the land...
897
00:49:39,985 --> 00:49:42,285
they built land grant colleges
898
00:49:42,420 --> 00:49:45,451
with government money
to teach them how to farm.
899
00:49:45,587 --> 00:49:49,653
Not only that,
they provided county agents
900
00:49:49,789 --> 00:49:51,789
to further their expertise
in farming.
901
00:49:51,924 --> 00:49:55,660
Not only that, they provided
low interest rates
902
00:49:55,795 --> 00:49:58,696
in order that they could
mechanize their farms.
903
00:49:58,831 --> 00:50:02,269
Not only that,
today many of these people
904
00:50:02,405 --> 00:50:04,975
are receiving
millions of dollars
905
00:50:05,111 --> 00:50:07,310
in federal subsidies
not to farm,
906
00:50:07,446 --> 00:50:09,741
and they are the very people
telling the Black man
907
00:50:09,876 --> 00:50:14,149
that he ought to lift himself
by his own bootstraps.
908
00:50:14,284 --> 00:50:16,312
And this is what
we are faced with,
909
00:50:16,448 --> 00:50:17,889
and this is the reality.
910
00:50:18,024 --> 00:50:20,752
Now, when we come
to Washington...
911
00:50:20,887 --> 00:50:26,729
in this campaign,
we are coming to get our check.
912
00:50:26,864 --> 00:50:29,597
[♪♪♪]
913
00:50:29,733 --> 00:50:31,728
ROBINSON:
So, what happened
after the war?
914
00:50:31,864 --> 00:50:34,171
Something was happening
in the South,
915
00:50:34,307 --> 00:50:37,635
because the enslaved people
who were newly freed
916
00:50:37,771 --> 00:50:41,508
had been in the starting blocks
for 246 years.
917
00:50:41,643 --> 00:50:44,610
And when the word "go" came,
they were ready.
918
00:50:44,745 --> 00:50:46,678
'Cause what many people fail
to recognize
919
00:50:46,813 --> 00:50:51,715
is Reconstruction
was actually working.
920
00:50:51,851 --> 00:50:55,755
In 1868, before
the 15th Amendment passed,
921
00:50:55,890 --> 00:51:00,758
there were 700,000 Black
registered voters in the South.
922
00:51:00,894 --> 00:51:05,398
Two thousand Black men
served in elected office.
923
00:51:05,534 --> 00:51:08,438
There was a Civil Rights Act
in 1875.
924
00:51:08,574 --> 00:51:12,240
I bet most of the lawyers in
this room don't even know this.
925
00:51:12,376 --> 00:51:14,378
It outlawed
racial discrimination
926
00:51:14,514 --> 00:51:18,415
in housing, schools, public
transportation and jury service.
927
00:51:18,550 --> 00:51:22,681
It was just overruled
by the Supreme Court in 1883.
928
00:51:22,817 --> 00:51:25,488
And then Rutherford Hayes
got elected president.
929
00:51:25,624 --> 00:51:29,492
And in 1877, he withdrew the
Northern troops from the South,
930
00:51:29,628 --> 00:51:32,357
and what happened then is that
the Confederates regrouped
931
00:51:32,493 --> 00:51:34,792
as organizations like the KKK.
932
00:51:34,927 --> 00:51:37,134
The Southern states
started passing laws
933
00:51:37,269 --> 00:51:39,402
to enforce and maintain
white supremacy,
934
00:51:39,537 --> 00:51:42,036
and if you want an example
of what was happening,
935
00:51:42,171 --> 00:51:45,241
in 1896 in Louisiana,
936
00:51:45,377 --> 00:51:50,380
there were 130,344
Black registered voters,
937
00:51:50,515 --> 00:51:53,312
and two years later,
there were just over 5000.
938
00:51:53,447 --> 00:51:58,381
Why do you think 125,000 people
939
00:51:58,517 --> 00:52:01,489
decided not to vote?
940
00:52:04,528 --> 00:52:07,694
There was a chance
at the end of the Civil War,
941
00:52:07,829 --> 00:52:10,661
and there was Reconstruction,
and it was working.
942
00:52:10,797 --> 00:52:12,837
And they reached
the tipping point,
943
00:52:12,972 --> 00:52:15,305
and they just rolled right back.
944
00:52:16,836 --> 00:52:20,244
And this is
what we rolled back to.
945
00:52:22,281 --> 00:52:25,378
In 1896,
the United States Supreme Court
946
00:52:25,513 --> 00:52:27,580
decided Plessy v. Ferguson.
947
00:52:27,716 --> 00:52:30,580
Mr. Plessy got on a train,
on purpose,
948
00:52:30,716 --> 00:52:32,417
knowing he would be arrested,
949
00:52:32,552 --> 00:52:35,457
to test the law in America.
950
00:52:35,592 --> 00:52:38,262
And the United States
Supreme Court said,
951
00:52:38,397 --> 00:52:42,630
"The law of America
is separate but equal."
952
00:52:42,765 --> 00:52:47,304
It's not the custom,
it's the law of the land.
953
00:52:49,970 --> 00:52:52,438
Now, I'm gonna ask you
to look at that image
954
00:52:52,573 --> 00:52:56,912
and understand what was normal,
955
00:52:57,048 --> 00:53:00,581
accepted and American...
956
00:53:02,349 --> 00:53:03,881
in our country.
957
00:53:13,631 --> 00:53:15,625
Because you wanna talk
about race in America
958
00:53:15,760 --> 00:53:17,435
at the turn of the 20th century,
959
00:53:17,570 --> 00:53:20,765
well, there were race riots in
New Orleans and New York City.
960
00:53:20,901 --> 00:53:24,702
In 1901,
105 Black people are lynched.
961
00:53:24,838 --> 00:53:27,976
1902, 85 Black people
are lynched.
962
00:53:28,112 --> 00:53:29,874
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
963
00:53:54,072 --> 00:53:56,935
Between 1877 and 1950,
964
00:53:57,071 --> 00:54:03,611
more than 4000 racial,
terrorized lynchings in America.
965
00:54:13,856 --> 00:54:16,288
This article appeared in
the Chicago Defender,
966
00:54:16,423 --> 00:54:18,458
December 20, 1947.
967
00:54:18,593 --> 00:54:21,792
It says,
"Enraged, jealous whites
968
00:54:21,928 --> 00:54:24,863
shoot down
successful businessman.
969
00:54:24,998 --> 00:54:29,199
Believed Dixie gang
murdered young father.
970
00:54:29,335 --> 00:54:33,609
Enraged whites, jealous over
the business success of a Negro,
971
00:54:33,744 --> 00:54:37,244
are believed to be the lynchers
of Elmore Bolling,
972
00:54:37,380 --> 00:54:39,249
who was found last week
973
00:54:39,385 --> 00:54:41,750
riddled with shotgun
and pistol bullets.
974
00:54:41,885 --> 00:54:47,619
Those who know say Bolling
has long been a marked man
975
00:54:47,755 --> 00:54:50,425
since he was rated
by whites here
976
00:54:50,560 --> 00:54:54,596
as too successful
to be a Negro."
977
00:54:58,032 --> 00:55:01,669
Your family found
your father's body in a ditch.
978
00:55:01,805 --> 00:55:03,833
Is this the ditch that
we're looking at now?
979
00:55:03,968 --> 00:55:05,769
Yes, this is actually the spot,
980
00:55:05,904 --> 00:55:09,713
and it's ingrained in my memory
981
00:55:09,848 --> 00:55:13,912
where I'm just looking at him
in the ditch with his eyes open.
982
00:55:16,681 --> 00:55:18,686
We heard the shots.
983
00:55:18,821 --> 00:55:21,987
We thought that someone
was killing some cows,
984
00:55:22,122 --> 00:55:25,022
but we actually heard the shots
that killed my dad.
985
00:55:27,459 --> 00:55:31,732
We all went down there,
not knowing what to expect.
986
00:55:32,997 --> 00:55:34,967
His truck that he was driving
987
00:55:35,102 --> 00:55:37,738
was still running,
with the lights on.
988
00:55:39,137 --> 00:55:41,311
He had been shot
six times with a pistol
989
00:55:41,447 --> 00:55:43,645
and once in the back
with a shotgun.
990
00:55:46,113 --> 00:55:50,119
I knew that
what had happened to my father
991
00:55:50,254 --> 00:55:54,058
was extremely bad.
992
00:55:54,193 --> 00:55:56,659
I cried most of the time
993
00:55:56,794 --> 00:56:00,662
until my mom finally sent me
away with the neighbor.
994
00:56:02,696 --> 00:56:05,465
This is a fabulous picture.
995
00:56:05,601 --> 00:56:07,670
Could you tell us who is here?
996
00:56:07,805 --> 00:56:14,137
This is Mom, Bertha Bolling.
Bertha Nowden Bolling.
997
00:56:14,272 --> 00:56:18,648
Um, and this is my dad,
Elmore Bolling.
998
00:56:18,783 --> 00:56:21,518
And one of the things
that we always laugh about,
999
00:56:21,653 --> 00:56:26,089
the children,
is that this thing in his hand,
1000
00:56:26,225 --> 00:56:28,420
actually, is her purse.
1001
00:56:28,556 --> 00:56:29,985
She kept the money.
1002
00:56:30,121 --> 00:56:32,221
[LAUGHS]
So on this picture,
1003
00:56:32,357 --> 00:56:35,792
Dad took her purse
and had it under his arm,
1004
00:56:35,927 --> 00:56:38,194
because that was the money.
1005
00:56:42,542 --> 00:56:45,142
What was the trajectory
of your family
1006
00:56:45,278 --> 00:56:47,543
after your father was lynched?
1007
00:56:47,678 --> 00:56:50,845
By my father being
the main breadwinner,
1008
00:56:50,980 --> 00:56:55,345
we went from prosperity
to poverty almost overnight.
1009
00:56:55,481 --> 00:57:01,283
And my mom, she became
a presser in a dry cleaners.
1010
00:57:01,419 --> 00:57:05,223
And her arms had
the burns that showed--
1011
00:57:05,359 --> 00:57:08,424
You know, that came along
with that kind of labor.
1012
00:57:08,560 --> 00:57:12,162
And that was the labor
that put me through college.
1013
00:57:14,740 --> 00:57:19,508
The lynchings occurred
for terroristic purposes.
1014
00:57:19,644 --> 00:57:22,173
They wanted
to keep Blacks terrified,
1015
00:57:22,308 --> 00:57:26,550
to keep them from trying
to do things, and it worked.
1016
00:57:28,213 --> 00:57:30,849
Was anyone ever prosecuted?
No.
1017
00:57:30,985 --> 00:57:33,787
The killers who,
actually, one of them
1018
00:57:33,923 --> 00:57:36,560
actually admitted
that he killed my father
1019
00:57:36,695 --> 00:57:39,425
because he insulted his wife
over the telephone,
1020
00:57:39,561 --> 00:57:41,532
were never indicted.
1021
00:57:43,201 --> 00:57:45,833
[♪♪♪]
1022
00:57:48,003 --> 00:57:49,932
And that was
what made me decide
1023
00:57:50,068 --> 00:57:52,905
to do the historic marker.
1024
00:57:53,040 --> 00:57:58,041
I had to have some symbol
to tell the world
1025
00:57:58,177 --> 00:58:02,681
that here was a good man
that was killed
1026
00:58:02,816 --> 00:58:05,281
just because he was successful.
1027
00:58:05,416 --> 00:58:08,251
And am I correct
that it is on, literally,
1028
00:58:08,387 --> 00:58:10,561
the very spot
where your father was killed?
1029
00:58:10,696 --> 00:58:13,927
Within feet of where
he was actually killed.
1030
00:58:32,347 --> 00:58:36,748
And Confederate monuments
started appearing in America.
1031
00:58:36,883 --> 00:58:38,181
And these weren't monuments
1032
00:58:38,317 --> 00:58:40,487
that were built
right after the Civil War,
1033
00:58:40,623 --> 00:58:41,821
when people were thinking,
1034
00:58:41,957 --> 00:58:43,659
"Oh, my God,
we just lost this war,
1035
00:58:43,794 --> 00:58:45,790
and our heroes
are so dear to our heart,
1036
00:58:45,925 --> 00:58:47,665
we wanna memorialize them."
1037
00:58:47,800 --> 00:58:51,961
No, no. They came
mostly in the 20th century.
1038
00:58:52,096 --> 00:58:55,105
This is a guy named John Pelham.
1039
00:58:55,240 --> 00:58:56,540
What did he do?
1040
00:58:56,676 --> 00:58:59,705
Well, he resigned
from West Point in 1861
1041
00:58:59,841 --> 00:59:01,172
to join the Confederate Army,
1042
00:59:01,307 --> 00:59:04,043
and here's what he did
to get a monument.
1043
00:59:04,179 --> 00:59:06,910
"He displayed a genius
for dashing to a spot
1044
00:59:07,046 --> 00:59:08,782
that commanded the battlefield
1045
00:59:08,918 --> 00:59:11,314
and bravely raining shot
and canisters
1046
00:59:11,450 --> 00:59:14,154
on forces that greatly
outnumbered his own."
1047
00:59:14,290 --> 00:59:19,196
Translated, he killed a whole
bunch of American soldiers
1048
00:59:19,331 --> 00:59:21,961
in defense of slavery.
1049
00:59:22,097 --> 00:59:26,334
And they built
a monument to him for that,
1050
00:59:26,470 --> 00:59:28,037
not for something else.
1051
00:59:28,172 --> 00:59:30,699
When people say, "Well, George
Washington owned slaves too,
1052
00:59:30,835 --> 00:59:33,638
and he has a monument. Are you
gonna take away his monument?"
1053
00:59:33,773 --> 00:59:34,940
And my response is
1054
00:59:35,076 --> 00:59:37,109
the Washington Monument
was not built
1055
00:59:37,244 --> 00:59:39,244
because George Washington
owned slaves.
1056
00:59:39,379 --> 00:59:43,516
He did own slaves,
and he will be damned for that.
1057
00:59:43,651 --> 00:59:45,019
Having said that,
1058
00:59:45,154 --> 00:59:47,757
George Washington
led the Revolutionary Army,
1059
00:59:47,892 --> 00:59:49,825
and, I don't know,
he founded the country?
1060
00:59:49,960 --> 00:59:52,360
So maybe that's why
they built him a monument.
1061
00:59:52,495 --> 00:59:54,223
[AUDIENCE LAUGHS]
1062
00:59:54,359 --> 00:59:56,732
The fact that he owned
enslaved people
1063
00:59:56,867 --> 00:59:58,902
had nothing to do
with his monument.
1064
00:59:59,037 --> 01:00:02,466
The Confederate monuments
were built for one reason,
1065
01:00:02,601 --> 01:00:07,806
to honor people for what
they did from 1861 to 1865.
1066
01:00:07,941 --> 01:00:09,944
And those monuments honor people
1067
01:00:10,079 --> 01:00:12,914
during that time period
for doing one thing,
1068
01:00:13,049 --> 01:00:15,983
maiming and murdering
American soldiers
1069
01:00:16,118 --> 01:00:19,987
so that they could keep
owning enslaved people.
1070
01:00:21,185 --> 01:00:23,419
That's where the monuments are.
1071
01:00:25,091 --> 01:00:27,357
Those are the top ten states.
1072
01:00:29,361 --> 01:00:33,132
And this is
who we are in America.
1073
01:00:34,031 --> 01:00:36,173
What's up, y'all?
1074
01:00:36,308 --> 01:00:38,236
Tami Sawyer here.
1075
01:00:38,371 --> 01:00:42,909
I'm live at the
Nathan Bedford Forrest statue.
1076
01:00:43,045 --> 01:00:45,073
Right here
in Memphis, Tennessee.
1077
01:00:45,209 --> 01:00:47,012
I just wanted to come down
1078
01:00:47,148 --> 01:00:49,817
and let
Nathan Bedford Forrest know,
1079
01:00:49,953 --> 01:00:53,757
uh, that he has
a formidable opponent.
1080
01:00:56,155 --> 01:00:58,762
I was asked,
"What's one thing
1081
01:00:58,897 --> 01:01:01,798
you think you could
make happen in a year?"
1082
01:01:01,933 --> 01:01:04,293
I said, "We can get
these damn statues removed."
1083
01:01:04,429 --> 01:01:06,131
And I didn't believe it,
but I said,
1084
01:01:06,267 --> 01:01:09,004
"That sounds like one thing
we could do."
1085
01:01:09,139 --> 01:01:12,338
And, um, I went on Facebook,
and I made a post that said,
1086
01:01:12,473 --> 01:01:15,007
"Who wants to talk about
these statues?" And next thing,
1087
01:01:15,142 --> 01:01:17,073
we had filled
Bruce Elementary gym
1088
01:01:17,208 --> 01:01:19,308
with 350 Memphians of all ages,
1089
01:01:19,444 --> 01:01:21,984
races, genders,
sexualities, creeds,
1090
01:01:22,119 --> 01:01:25,388
even a descendant of Nathan
Bedford Forrest himself,
1091
01:01:25,523 --> 01:01:27,583
who came together to say,
1092
01:01:27,718 --> 01:01:30,861
"We want Nathan Bedford Forrest
and Jefferson Davis
1093
01:01:30,996 --> 01:01:33,896
and all Confederate memorabilia
removed from our city."
1094
01:01:34,031 --> 01:01:35,632
MAN [OVER MEGAPHONE]:
Take them down.
1095
01:01:35,767 --> 01:01:36,830
PROTESTORS [CHANTING]:
901.
1096
01:01:36,965 --> 01:01:39,565
Take them down.
901.
1097
01:01:39,701 --> 01:01:42,300
PEOPLE [CHANTING]:
Protect the people,
not the statue.
1098
01:01:42,435 --> 01:01:44,236
Protect the people,
not the statue.
1099
01:01:44,371 --> 01:01:47,041
Protect the people,
not the statue.
1100
01:01:48,643 --> 01:01:51,113
ROBINSON:
How do you respond
to the people that say,
1101
01:01:51,248 --> 01:01:55,116
"This isn't about slavery
or oppression of Black people.
1102
01:01:55,252 --> 01:01:58,213
This is about Southern culture
and Southern history
1103
01:01:58,349 --> 01:02:01,925
and maintaining our history"?
1104
01:02:02,061 --> 01:02:06,795
I think that those people
need to, one, learn history.
1105
01:02:06,930 --> 01:02:08,728
When people talk
about Southerners,
1106
01:02:08,864 --> 01:02:10,395
they think about white people.
1107
01:02:10,530 --> 01:02:13,799
But the economy of the South
and the culture of the South
1108
01:02:13,934 --> 01:02:16,439
was built off slavery.
1109
01:02:16,575 --> 01:02:18,071
The food we eat, right?
1110
01:02:18,207 --> 01:02:20,805
Fried chicken, ham hocks,
collard greens.
1111
01:02:20,940 --> 01:02:22,411
That's Black people.
1112
01:02:22,547 --> 01:02:24,013
The music we listen to.
1113
01:02:24,148 --> 01:02:28,950
Elvis is not Elvis
without Black musicians, right?
1114
01:02:29,086 --> 01:02:32,116
Martin Luther King
was killed here, right?
1115
01:02:32,252 --> 01:02:34,418
Blackness,
the blood of Black people,
1116
01:02:34,553 --> 01:02:37,789
seeps so deeply
into the ground of the South,
1117
01:02:37,925 --> 01:02:39,325
you cannot look at--
1118
01:02:39,460 --> 01:02:42,229
You cannot describe Southerners
or Southern history
1119
01:02:42,365 --> 01:02:46,300
or American history with
the exclusion of Black people.
1120
01:02:46,435 --> 01:02:49,637
And so the people who say
that we're rewriting history,
1121
01:02:49,772 --> 01:02:51,235
they rewrote history.
1122
01:02:51,370 --> 01:02:53,773
Now, if we had
a statue that says,
1123
01:02:53,908 --> 01:02:55,307
"Here lies the graves
1124
01:02:55,442 --> 01:02:59,444
of a notorious slave owner
and his wife,
1125
01:02:59,579 --> 01:03:02,481
who only became one
of the richest people in Memphis
1126
01:03:02,617 --> 01:03:07,622
because of his brutal practices
towards Black Americans."
1127
01:03:07,758 --> 01:03:10,486
But that's not the history
1128
01:03:10,621 --> 01:03:13,391
that people are ready
to reconcile.
1129
01:03:14,860 --> 01:03:17,928
And I see our Black kids, their
lights go out in their eyes
1130
01:03:18,063 --> 01:03:20,834
at 3, 4, 5 years old.
1131
01:03:20,969 --> 01:03:22,432
They believe they're lesser than
1132
01:03:22,568 --> 01:03:26,036
by the time
they've reached kindergarten.
1133
01:03:26,172 --> 01:03:28,441
And if we can change anything,
1134
01:03:28,576 --> 01:03:31,377
I believe that we could change
the landscape of our city
1135
01:03:31,512 --> 01:03:34,545
so they didn't have
to be reminded on a daily basis
1136
01:03:34,680 --> 01:03:37,213
that they are considered
second-class citizens
1137
01:03:37,348 --> 01:03:39,450
by many people in this country.
1138
01:03:41,257 --> 01:03:46,794
History is being made
in Memphis tonight.
1139
01:03:46,929 --> 01:03:49,594
Within the next few hours...
1140
01:03:49,730 --> 01:03:55,565
both the Nathan Bedford Forrest
and Jefferson Davis statues
1141
01:03:55,700 --> 01:03:58,474
will no longer stand
in our city.
1142
01:03:58,609 --> 01:04:01,945
[♪♪♪]
1143
01:04:03,711 --> 01:04:05,982
SAWYER:
While we watched
the cranes come in,
1144
01:04:06,117 --> 01:04:07,743
the park get filled
with workers,
1145
01:04:07,879 --> 01:04:10,114
and I was right
across the street to witness,
1146
01:04:10,249 --> 01:04:13,089
at 9:01 on December 20th, 2017,
1147
01:04:13,225 --> 01:04:16,125
Nathan Bedford Forrest
rise above that pedestal
1148
01:04:16,260 --> 01:04:18,489
for the first time
since he was placed.
1149
01:04:22,826 --> 01:04:25,062
ROBINSON:
What was that feeling like?
1150
01:04:25,198 --> 01:04:27,103
It's a complicated feeling.
1151
01:04:27,238 --> 01:04:32,235
One of relief, one of joy,
um, and one of sadness.
1152
01:04:32,370 --> 01:04:34,611
Where was the sadness from?
1153
01:04:34,746 --> 01:04:37,542
We had to fight so hard, right?
1154
01:04:37,677 --> 01:04:41,016
Like, that I had friends
who went to jail for this,
1155
01:04:41,151 --> 01:04:44,081
that a woman was killed
for this, right?
1156
01:04:44,217 --> 01:04:46,386
And that our statue came down,
1157
01:04:46,522 --> 01:04:51,622
and almost another thousand
stand across the country.
1158
01:04:51,757 --> 01:04:54,393
And that people are working
harder to protect them
1159
01:04:54,528 --> 01:04:57,826
and tell us that we are wrong
or attention-seekers
1160
01:04:57,962 --> 01:05:01,972
than they are to reconcile
and get to a point of truth
1161
01:05:02,107 --> 01:05:05,140
and understanding about
who these people were.
1162
01:05:08,576 --> 01:05:11,707
[RICHARD WAGNER'S
"RIDE OF THE VALKYRIES" PLAYING]
1163
01:05:23,389 --> 01:05:27,296
ROBINSON:
February 10, 1915, The Birth
of a Nation is released.
1164
01:05:27,431 --> 01:05:31,298
D.W. Griffith's stupendous
motion picture production
1165
01:05:31,433 --> 01:05:34,937
of Thomas Dixon's famous story,
The Clansman.
1166
01:05:35,073 --> 01:05:38,070
It employed the services
of 18,000 people
1167
01:05:38,205 --> 01:05:40,506
and a symphony orchestra of 40.
1168
01:05:40,641 --> 01:05:43,442
As you can see, it took
three years in production.
1169
01:05:45,209 --> 01:05:49,613
It was one of the first movies
screened in the White House.
1170
01:05:51,556 --> 01:05:56,521
And it had white actors
in blackface, like this one.
1171
01:05:58,094 --> 01:06:00,426
And this story, by the way...
1172
01:06:01,864 --> 01:06:03,594
does damage...
1173
01:06:03,729 --> 01:06:07,466
not only
to every Black person...
1174
01:06:08,839 --> 01:06:11,575
but it takes the issue
1175
01:06:11,710 --> 01:06:13,472
of sexual assault
1176
01:06:13,608 --> 01:06:18,774
and twists it in a way
that's incredible.
1177
01:06:20,310 --> 01:06:24,450
Because, of course, rather than
let a Black man touch her...
1178
01:06:28,487 --> 01:06:30,720
she'll jump to her death.
1179
01:06:34,994 --> 01:06:37,964
This is what Woodrow Wilson
had to say about the movie.
1180
01:06:38,100 --> 01:06:39,265
"The white men were roused
1181
01:06:39,401 --> 01:06:41,401
by a mere instinct
of self-preservation
1182
01:06:41,536 --> 01:06:44,036
until at last, there had
sprung into existence
1183
01:06:44,171 --> 01:06:45,842
a great Ku Klux Klan,
1184
01:06:45,978 --> 01:06:48,042
a veritable empire
of the South,
1185
01:06:48,178 --> 01:06:50,377
to protect
the Southern country."
1186
01:06:50,513 --> 01:06:53,882
This is the president
of the United States.
1187
01:06:54,018 --> 01:06:58,780
Folks, this was entertainment.
1188
01:06:58,916 --> 01:07:03,755
This was a pleasant evening
at the movies.
1189
01:07:03,891 --> 01:07:09,159
This is who we are as Americans
at the turn of the last century.
1190
01:07:09,294 --> 01:07:12,135
[♪♪♪]
1191
01:07:17,408 --> 01:07:21,472
Over your shoulder is a bridge
with a man's name on it.
1192
01:07:21,608 --> 01:07:24,112
And I have seen
pictures of that bridge
1193
01:07:24,248 --> 01:07:27,050
ever since I was
a young, young child,
1194
01:07:27,185 --> 01:07:30,716
and I see the name
Edmund Pettus.
1195
01:07:30,851 --> 01:07:32,948
I think there are
very few people in America
1196
01:07:33,083 --> 01:07:36,390
who know who Edmund Pettus
really was.
1197
01:07:37,824 --> 01:07:44,801
Edmund Pettus was
a powerful leader in this area.
1198
01:07:44,937 --> 01:07:48,799
He was a former U.S. Senator.
1199
01:07:48,934 --> 01:07:54,803
Uh, most importantly,
he was the Grand Dragon
1200
01:07:54,938 --> 01:07:57,940
of the Ku Klux Klan.
Highest leader.
1201
01:07:58,075 --> 01:08:02,114
When this bridge was completed,
I think, in 1940 or so,
1202
01:08:02,249 --> 01:08:04,087
they wanted a symbol.
1203
01:08:04,222 --> 01:08:06,750
They wanted
to name, uh, the bridge
1204
01:08:06,886 --> 01:08:12,288
after somebody who, uh,
would send a signal
1205
01:08:12,424 --> 01:08:14,164
of "stay in your place,"
1206
01:08:14,299 --> 01:08:20,169
because symbols
are more powerful than words.
1207
01:08:20,305 --> 01:08:23,504
And so this
is a very powerful symbol.
1208
01:08:23,639 --> 01:08:27,137
Every time someone cross
the Edmund Pettus Bridge,
1209
01:08:27,272 --> 01:08:28,707
it gets in them.
1210
01:08:28,842 --> 01:08:33,009
Every time someone see
a photo of it, it gets in them.
1211
01:08:33,145 --> 01:08:37,920
Every time one sees something
on TV, it gets in them.
1212
01:08:38,056 --> 01:08:39,848
So that's why, in the Senate,
1213
01:08:39,984 --> 01:08:44,590
uh, I got--
I introduced a resolution
1214
01:08:44,726 --> 01:08:48,864
to change the name
from Edmund Pettus Bridge
1215
01:08:48,999 --> 01:08:50,993
to the Freedom Bridge.
1216
01:08:51,128 --> 01:08:54,162
And the state of Alabama,
last year, passed a law
1217
01:08:54,298 --> 01:08:57,933
that said you cannot change
the names of any of these
1218
01:08:58,068 --> 01:09:01,442
so-called iconic
white supremacist symbols.
1219
01:09:03,012 --> 01:09:06,349
SANDERS:
And somebody says,
"Well, this is history."
1220
01:09:06,484 --> 01:09:08,747
This is symbolism.
This is not history.
1221
01:09:08,883 --> 01:09:13,484
We ought never confuse
symbolism with history.
1222
01:09:13,619 --> 01:09:16,284
Symbolism is somebody's idea
1223
01:09:16,420 --> 01:09:20,931
about a response to what
happened. Not what happened.
1224
01:09:21,066 --> 01:09:23,698
MAN [OVER MEGAPHONE]:
You are to move off
of the street immediately
1225
01:09:23,833 --> 01:09:26,433
and assemble in front
of Lehman's Pontiac Dealer,
1226
01:09:26,568 --> 01:09:29,536
otherwise you will not
be protected.
1227
01:09:31,602 --> 01:09:33,837
[CROWD CLAMORING]
1228
01:09:35,407 --> 01:09:37,247
[WOMAN SCREAMS]
1229
01:09:39,076 --> 01:09:43,550
And here it is,
50-some years later after that,
1230
01:09:43,685 --> 01:09:46,082
and we're still fighting
for the right to vote,
1231
01:09:46,218 --> 01:09:50,089
we're still fighting to keep
our children from being killed,
1232
01:09:50,225 --> 01:09:51,491
we're still fighting
1233
01:09:51,627 --> 01:09:55,628
to keep our people
from being incarcerated,
1234
01:09:55,763 --> 01:09:58,193
we're still fighting
for all kinds of things.
1235
01:09:58,329 --> 01:10:02,404
So that just demonstrates
the depth of white supremacy.
1236
01:10:02,539 --> 01:10:05,737
And I didn't fully
understand that.
1237
01:10:16,117 --> 01:10:18,213
ROBINSON:
The Greenwood neighborhood
in Tulsa
1238
01:10:18,348 --> 01:10:20,984
was called Black Wall Street
by many people.
1239
01:10:21,120 --> 01:10:25,195
These are some of the images
of how Black Americans
1240
01:10:25,330 --> 01:10:29,962
were living in Tulsa, Oklahoma,
in 1921.
1241
01:10:30,097 --> 01:10:34,865
The level of economic
advancement was astounding.
1242
01:10:38,971 --> 01:10:41,509
Six hundred businesses,
21 churches,
1243
01:10:41,644 --> 01:10:44,447
21 restaurants,
30 grocery stores,
1244
01:10:44,582 --> 01:10:48,517
two movie theaters,
six private airplanes,
1245
01:10:48,652 --> 01:10:53,487
a hospital, bank,
post office, schools.
1246
01:10:53,623 --> 01:10:58,890
Libraries, law offices,
even a bus system.
1247
01:10:59,025 --> 01:11:03,397
On May 30th of 1921,
a young Black man was arrested
1248
01:11:03,533 --> 01:11:05,333
and accused
of trying to assault
1249
01:11:05,469 --> 01:11:07,863
a white female
elevator operator.
1250
01:11:07,999 --> 01:11:10,272
All of the historical records
say
1251
01:11:10,408 --> 01:11:12,340
that the kid tripped
in the elevator
1252
01:11:12,475 --> 01:11:13,905
and bumped into
this white woman.
1253
01:11:14,040 --> 01:11:16,912
But he was arrested,
and the rumor mill started,
1254
01:11:17,048 --> 01:11:18,381
and a lynch mob formed.
1255
01:11:21,050 --> 01:11:24,520
Well, the men in Greenwood
were World War I veterans,
1256
01:11:24,655 --> 01:11:26,282
and when they heard
about the lynch mob,
1257
01:11:26,418 --> 01:11:28,954
they got their guns and
went down to the courthouse.
1258
01:11:29,090 --> 01:11:34,430
Not to break anybody out,
but to keep the lynch mob out.
1259
01:11:38,329 --> 01:11:42,999
On June 1st, 1921,
white people rented airplanes.
1260
01:11:43,135 --> 01:11:45,508
They got
burning balls of turpentine,
1261
01:11:45,643 --> 01:11:47,570
and they dropped them
on the businesses
1262
01:11:47,706 --> 01:11:50,344
and homes in Greenwood.
1263
01:11:50,479 --> 01:11:51,876
And when Black people ran out
1264
01:11:52,011 --> 01:11:54,045
of the burning buildings
and homes,
1265
01:11:54,180 --> 01:11:58,751
they were shot dead by
white people standing outside.
1266
01:11:59,919 --> 01:12:04,324
I get angry
when I read about this
1267
01:12:04,459 --> 01:12:06,858
referred to as "the Tulsa Riot."
1268
01:12:06,993 --> 01:12:11,230
This was not a riot.
This was a massacre.
1269
01:12:11,365 --> 01:12:14,267
[♪♪♪]
1270
01:12:14,402 --> 01:12:16,604
[TRAIN BELL RINGS]
1271
01:12:22,109 --> 01:12:26,812
This was the cost
of preventing a lynching.
1272
01:12:32,957 --> 01:12:35,418
RANDLE:
I thought the world
was coming to an end.
1273
01:12:35,554 --> 01:12:36,855
[CHUCKLES]
1274
01:12:36,990 --> 01:12:39,924
I felt, "Well, what in the world
is going on?"
1275
01:12:40,059 --> 01:12:44,428
Being as young as I was,
I didn't understand.
1276
01:12:44,564 --> 01:12:46,563
But it was quite a mess.
1277
01:12:46,699 --> 01:12:48,570
It was quite something.
1278
01:12:52,009 --> 01:12:54,703
ROBINSON:
Would you introduce yourself,
please?
1279
01:12:54,839 --> 01:12:56,607
Tell folks your name?
1280
01:12:56,742 --> 01:13:01,276
My name is Lessie Evelyn Randle.
1281
01:13:01,411 --> 01:13:05,180
It was Benningfield
before I married, and, uh...
1282
01:13:06,422 --> 01:13:09,287
I am 100 and...years old.
1283
01:13:09,422 --> 01:13:11,186
[BOTH LAUGHING]
1284
01:13:19,830 --> 01:13:23,569
RANDLE:
I remember, I don't know
what you call them, rebels,
1285
01:13:23,704 --> 01:13:25,202
or what they were, came in,
1286
01:13:25,338 --> 01:13:28,177
and, um, they just spared
Grandmother's home,
1287
01:13:28,313 --> 01:13:29,744
they didn't burn her home.
1288
01:13:29,879 --> 01:13:33,313
But the homes all around us
were burned,
1289
01:13:33,449 --> 01:13:37,918
and stores were just...
1290
01:13:38,054 --> 01:13:42,658
cleaned out and everything,
but it was quite something.
1291
01:13:42,793 --> 01:13:45,660
I never wanted to see
anything like that again.
1292
01:13:47,459 --> 01:13:54,801
I saw two or three being
shot down as we were escaping.
1293
01:13:56,575 --> 01:14:00,474
At one time,
we went in an area
1294
01:14:00,609 --> 01:14:02,105
where they had killed so many,
1295
01:14:02,240 --> 01:14:08,811
just had them piled up
in the street in a pile.
1296
01:14:08,946 --> 01:14:12,781
And I thought that was terrible.
1297
01:14:12,917 --> 01:14:15,352
I remember thinking that.
1298
01:14:15,488 --> 01:14:18,556
I said, "What are these people
doing lying around like this?"
1299
01:14:18,692 --> 01:14:20,594
One of the people told me,
1300
01:14:20,730 --> 01:14:23,259
"They're dead.
They were killed."
1301
01:14:23,395 --> 01:14:25,861
I said, "Oh, my God."
That, of course, scared me,
1302
01:14:25,996 --> 01:14:28,403
being a kid and everything,
1303
01:14:28,538 --> 01:14:30,936
but it was quite something.
1304
01:14:32,242 --> 01:14:34,170
[BIRDS CAWING]
1305
01:14:38,713 --> 01:14:42,250
So this is
a city-owned cemetery?
1306
01:14:42,386 --> 01:14:43,613
Yes.
The name of it is...?
1307
01:14:43,748 --> 01:14:45,882
Oaklawn Cemetery.
1308
01:14:46,018 --> 01:14:49,884
And it was a place
where we have
1309
01:14:50,020 --> 01:14:52,155
very credible evidence,
1310
01:14:52,290 --> 01:14:55,328
eyewitness testimony
that's been passed down,
1311
01:14:55,464 --> 01:14:57,366
that bodies were dumped.
1312
01:14:57,501 --> 01:14:58,995
And we've gotten
documented stories
1313
01:14:59,130 --> 01:15:01,429
from white citizens
that live in Tulsa
1314
01:15:01,565 --> 01:15:05,037
who had families here
during the massacre and before.
1315
01:15:05,172 --> 01:15:07,606
'Cause one of the guys
that I interviewed told me,
1316
01:15:07,741 --> 01:15:09,646
he said, "My father took me..."
1317
01:15:09,781 --> 01:15:13,014
You used to be able to walk up
to the rail system.
1318
01:15:13,149 --> 01:15:17,814
He said they brought rail cars
through here, flatbed rail cars,
1319
01:15:17,949 --> 01:15:20,821
and they just rolled bodies off.
1320
01:15:20,957 --> 01:15:24,824
But our contention was
the bodies were dumped
1321
01:15:24,959 --> 01:15:27,189
all the way
where the underpass is,
1322
01:15:27,324 --> 01:15:30,793
and they intentionally put
the interstate
1323
01:15:30,929 --> 01:15:32,501
on top of their bodies,
1324
01:15:32,637 --> 01:15:35,199
knowing that nobody
would ever think...
1325
01:15:35,334 --> 01:15:37,739
To look under the road.
...to look under the road.
1326
01:15:39,803 --> 01:15:43,510
ROBINSON:
What is the most
reasonable estimate
1327
01:15:43,645 --> 01:15:45,611
of how many people died?
1328
01:15:45,746 --> 01:15:50,553
You're looking at 4000 people...
1329
01:15:50,689 --> 01:15:52,719
Easy.
...that you cannot account for.
1330
01:15:52,854 --> 01:15:55,688
Yeah, I agree.
So it's a genocide.
1331
01:15:55,824 --> 01:15:57,626
It's an ethnic cleansing,
you know?
1332
01:15:57,762 --> 01:16:00,594
Even to call it a massacre
marginalizes it,
1333
01:16:00,730 --> 01:16:03,458
you know,
because it's just too big.
1334
01:16:03,593 --> 01:16:06,064
ROBINSON: Mm-hm.
It's too big of a story.
1335
01:16:07,597 --> 01:16:09,736
AMUSAN:
You see the steps
over to the left?
1336
01:16:09,872 --> 01:16:11,602
ROBINSON: Yes.
AMUSAN: We call those
1337
01:16:11,738 --> 01:16:13,940
the Steps of No Return.
1338
01:16:15,142 --> 01:16:17,638
And why are they called
the Steps of No Return?
1339
01:16:17,774 --> 01:16:20,245
WILLIAMS:
'Cause the houses
were never rebuilt.
1340
01:16:20,381 --> 01:16:21,783
Mm-hm.
1341
01:16:24,987 --> 01:16:28,323
AMUSAN: Yeah, it's a powerful...
WILLIAMS: Mm-hm.
1342
01:16:28,458 --> 01:16:30,759
Powerful place to be.
1343
01:16:30,895 --> 01:16:32,653
And you look forward,
you look at the city,
1344
01:16:32,789 --> 01:16:35,424
and you just imagine what was.
And what could have been.
1345
01:16:35,559 --> 01:16:38,327
Yeah. Oh, my gosh.
If this hadn't been destroyed.
1346
01:16:39,704 --> 01:16:41,032
ROBINSON:
This city could've had
1347
01:16:41,167 --> 01:16:42,969
an incredibly
different destiny.
1348
01:16:43,105 --> 01:16:45,642
AMUSAN: Yeah.
WILLIAMS: Definitely.
1349
01:16:55,517 --> 01:16:59,020
RANDLE:
I never wanted to see
anything like that again.
1350
01:16:59,155 --> 01:17:01,520
Of course, you never know
what may happen again.
1351
01:17:01,655 --> 01:17:02,985
You never know.
1352
01:17:03,120 --> 01:17:04,755
Because the way it's going now,
1353
01:17:04,890 --> 01:17:06,828
from what I've seen...
1354
01:17:08,062 --> 01:17:11,294
I feel like
anything could happen.
1355
01:17:14,164 --> 01:17:17,772
ROBINSON:
How is it possible that
this could happen in America
1356
01:17:17,908 --> 01:17:20,101
and not be taught
in history books
1357
01:17:20,236 --> 01:17:23,174
up one side and down the other?
1358
01:17:26,280 --> 01:17:28,482
Do you know how many people
were prosecuted
1359
01:17:28,618 --> 01:17:30,118
for the Tulsa Massacre?
1360
01:17:30,253 --> 01:17:31,688
Zero.
1361
01:17:31,823 --> 01:17:34,117
Do you think law enforcement
didn't know
1362
01:17:34,253 --> 01:17:37,355
who rented an airplane
on June 1st?
1363
01:17:37,491 --> 01:17:41,023
Do you think law enforcement
couldn't tell from the pictures
1364
01:17:41,158 --> 01:17:42,895
who were walking around town
1365
01:17:43,031 --> 01:17:44,527
with shotguns
over their shoulders
1366
01:17:44,663 --> 01:17:47,764
to figure out who may have shot
some of the Black people?
1367
01:17:47,900 --> 01:17:49,133
Do you really think
1368
01:17:49,269 --> 01:17:52,606
law enforcement
didn't know what happened?
1369
01:17:52,741 --> 01:17:54,105
The reason I have shown this
1370
01:17:54,240 --> 01:17:56,207
and shown
the pictures of lynchings,
1371
01:17:56,342 --> 01:18:00,143
is that these kind of things
could not happen
1372
01:18:00,279 --> 01:18:03,319
without law enforcement
acquiescence
1373
01:18:03,454 --> 01:18:04,987
or direct involvement.
1374
01:18:05,123 --> 01:18:08,449
You can't hang somebody from
a tree in the middle of the city
1375
01:18:08,585 --> 01:18:11,453
and have the police
not know about it.
1376
01:18:12,759 --> 01:18:14,863
[♪♪♪]
1377
01:18:14,998 --> 01:18:16,799
The hand you see
in that picture
1378
01:18:16,935 --> 01:18:19,363
is the hand
of Emmett Till's mother.
1379
01:18:19,498 --> 01:18:21,837
That woman is one
of the bravest women
1380
01:18:21,973 --> 01:18:24,466
in American history,
because she took
1381
01:18:24,601 --> 01:18:28,005
her personal tragedy...
[AUDIENCE APPLAUDING]
1382
01:18:28,141 --> 01:18:30,675
...her incredibly
personal tragedy,
1383
01:18:30,811 --> 01:18:32,442
and she made a decision.
1384
01:18:32,577 --> 01:18:36,883
"I am going to make America
look at who we are."
1385
01:18:37,019 --> 01:18:40,985
And in 1955,
this next picture appeared
1386
01:18:41,120 --> 01:18:44,493
in newspapers across America.
1387
01:18:44,629 --> 01:18:46,389
And I believe, personally,
1388
01:18:46,525 --> 01:18:49,458
that many white people
across America woke up
1389
01:18:49,593 --> 01:18:51,492
and looked at this picture
in the paper,
1390
01:18:51,628 --> 01:18:54,935
and said something
to themselves like this:
1391
01:18:55,071 --> 01:18:56,899
"I know those colored people
down there
1392
01:18:57,035 --> 01:18:58,969
are causing a problem...
1393
01:18:59,104 --> 01:19:01,404
but I didn't sign up for this."
1394
01:19:05,911 --> 01:19:08,048
[♪♪♪]
1395
01:19:11,682 --> 01:19:14,221
Everyone thinks that America
is still
1396
01:19:14,356 --> 01:19:17,225
one of the most segregated
countries in the world
1397
01:19:17,361 --> 01:19:22,162
because of social individual
prejudice and finances.
1398
01:19:22,297 --> 01:19:24,127
And I'm not saying
that those two things
1399
01:19:24,262 --> 01:19:25,897
don't have some relationship
1400
01:19:26,033 --> 01:19:28,697
to our segregated country.
1401
01:19:28,833 --> 01:19:32,303
What I am saying is federal,
state and local governments
1402
01:19:32,438 --> 01:19:35,543
deliberately sabotaged
Black homeownership.
1403
01:19:35,678 --> 01:19:37,376
This wasn't a mistake.
1404
01:19:37,512 --> 01:19:42,952
This was the deliberate policy
of the federal government.
1405
01:19:43,087 --> 01:19:46,049
The Federal Housing Authority
drew redline maps
1406
01:19:46,184 --> 01:19:50,255
of every major city in America.
1407
01:19:50,391 --> 01:19:54,193
That's the redline map
of Brooklyn, New York.
1408
01:19:55,897 --> 01:19:58,095
"A," or green ranking, meant
1409
01:19:58,230 --> 01:20:00,431
the neighborhood
was homogeneous.
1410
01:20:00,566 --> 01:20:03,704
A "B," or blue ranking,
meant it was still desirable
1411
01:20:03,840 --> 01:20:05,467
and expected to remain stable.
1412
01:20:05,603 --> 01:20:08,511
A "C" ranking meant
it was declining,
1413
01:20:08,646 --> 01:20:10,009
beginning to be integrated,
1414
01:20:10,144 --> 01:20:12,177
bordering
on Black neighborhoods.
1415
01:20:12,312 --> 01:20:15,242
And a "D" ranking was red,
for redlining,
1416
01:20:15,378 --> 01:20:19,383
any Black presence at all.
1417
01:20:19,518 --> 01:20:25,160
And this was the truth
from sea to shining sea.
1418
01:20:25,295 --> 01:20:28,493
And then we reach 1954,
with Brown v. The Board.
1419
01:20:28,628 --> 01:20:31,832
I will tell you, this had
a major impact on my life
1420
01:20:31,967 --> 01:20:33,969
in terms
of school desegregation.
1421
01:20:35,636 --> 01:20:38,737
This is what Thurgood Marshall
argued in the Supreme Court.
1422
01:20:38,873 --> 01:20:41,603
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1423
01:20:50,248 --> 01:20:51,613
And doesn't that make sense?
1424
01:20:51,748 --> 01:20:54,985
What the heck is
"separate but equal" except:
1425
01:20:55,121 --> 01:20:56,718
"You are not human enough.
1426
01:20:56,853 --> 01:21:00,225
Don't drink my water
out of my water fountain,
1427
01:21:00,360 --> 01:21:02,832
don't use the bathroom
and my toilet,
1428
01:21:02,967 --> 01:21:06,696
don't go to school
with my children."
1429
01:21:06,831 --> 01:21:09,739
ROBINSON:
Let's stroll
and see if we can find
1430
01:21:09,874 --> 01:21:12,775
our eighth grade
graduation picture
1431
01:21:12,911 --> 01:21:16,471
and second grade
First Communion picture.
1432
01:21:16,607 --> 01:21:19,376
RICHARD:
Uh, it used to be down here.
1433
01:21:19,512 --> 01:21:23,077
I think the lights may
come on as we walk.
1434
01:21:23,213 --> 01:21:24,514
Mmm...
No.
1435
01:21:25,757 --> 01:21:27,885
Yeah, there we go.
There it is.
1436
01:21:28,020 --> 01:21:29,352
Ah, here we go.
1437
01:21:29,488 --> 01:21:32,555
RICHARD: Yeah, but this--
1963.
1438
01:21:32,691 --> 01:21:35,793
There's First Communion.
That's First Communion.
1439
01:21:35,928 --> 01:21:37,362
That's me.
1440
01:21:38,696 --> 01:21:41,003
That's Opie right there.
ROBERT: That's right.
1441
01:21:41,138 --> 01:21:42,834
ROBINSON:
That's my older brother,
Herbert.
1442
01:21:42,969 --> 01:21:44,171
RICHARD:
Yep.
1443
01:21:47,411 --> 01:21:51,042
My older brother, Herbert, and I
were the first two Black kids
1444
01:21:51,177 --> 01:21:53,010
to come to school at St. Louis.
1445
01:21:53,146 --> 01:21:54,981
Opie, you and I met each other
1446
01:21:55,117 --> 01:21:57,350
the summer before
the second grade,
1447
01:21:57,485 --> 01:22:01,018
and that was the start of
one of the best friendships
1448
01:22:01,153 --> 01:22:04,188
I've ever had in my life.
1449
01:22:04,324 --> 01:22:08,558
Well, as we were going
to school here
1450
01:22:08,693 --> 01:22:11,133
and different things
were happening in the world,
1451
01:22:11,268 --> 01:22:14,364
I remember when King
was assassinated, for example.
1452
01:22:14,500 --> 01:22:16,835
Uh, Op, what do you remember
about that?
1453
01:22:16,970 --> 01:22:18,667
I remembered that, uh,
1454
01:22:18,802 --> 01:22:22,075
I think it was the first time
I saw my father
1455
01:22:22,211 --> 01:22:24,674
be armed with a shotgun
in our house
1456
01:22:24,810 --> 01:22:29,748
just because of the fear
of-- Just of civil unrest.
1457
01:22:29,883 --> 01:22:31,549
Mm-hm.
Uh...
1458
01:22:31,684 --> 01:22:36,291
But, you know, we were
still so young at that time
1459
01:22:36,427 --> 01:22:41,490
that we didn't have a true sense
of what was really going on.
1460
01:22:41,625 --> 01:22:43,931
Yeah.
Uh, we were just having fun.
1461
01:22:44,066 --> 01:22:46,496
Yeah.
And we would go places,
1462
01:22:46,631 --> 01:22:50,206
um, and the only thing
that really...
1463
01:22:50,341 --> 01:22:54,808
I think the first time
that I felt any discomfort is,
1464
01:22:54,944 --> 01:22:56,310
and you might recall this,
1465
01:22:56,445 --> 01:22:59,980
uh, we took the bus
to the Crosstown Theater.
1466
01:23:00,115 --> 01:23:02,314
Mm-hm.
And the movie Patton
1467
01:23:02,449 --> 01:23:05,015
had just come out,
with George C. Scott.
1468
01:23:05,151 --> 01:23:07,221
And at the Crosstown...
1469
01:23:08,356 --> 01:23:10,819
we went and we had to sit
in the balcony
1470
01:23:10,955 --> 01:23:16,996
because Jeffery wasn't allowed
to sit in the main area.
1471
01:23:17,132 --> 01:23:18,629
Uh, I didn't think much of it
1472
01:23:18,765 --> 01:23:20,694
because I wanted to sit
in the balcony to start with.
1473
01:23:20,830 --> 01:23:23,203
[ALL LAUGH]
It's pretty neat up there.
1474
01:23:23,339 --> 01:23:25,872
But it was the first time
that I realized
1475
01:23:26,008 --> 01:23:28,536
that there were differences
1476
01:23:28,672 --> 01:23:31,346
on how we were treated
by others.
1477
01:23:31,481 --> 01:23:35,547
And I remember it was something
that we kind of brushed off
1478
01:23:35,682 --> 01:23:39,015
in our childhood, but looking
back on it, it's, uh...
1479
01:23:39,150 --> 01:23:41,585
It's just sad.
1480
01:23:41,721 --> 01:23:43,720
One thing I remember
more than anything else
1481
01:23:43,855 --> 01:23:46,591
about those days,
where y'all were concerned,
1482
01:23:46,726 --> 01:23:49,459
and hopefully you don't even
hardly remember this,
1483
01:23:49,595 --> 01:23:51,998
because I tried
to take care of it
1484
01:23:52,134 --> 01:23:54,798
in a very professional manner.
1485
01:23:54,934 --> 01:23:59,834
Um, we went to Sacred Heart
in Walls, to a basketball game,
1486
01:23:59,969 --> 01:24:02,505
and we were all
getting out of the car,
1487
01:24:02,640 --> 01:24:04,942
and we were walking
into the gym.
1488
01:24:05,077 --> 01:24:09,347
And a man grabbed me by the arm
and said, "What are you doing?"
1489
01:24:09,483 --> 01:24:11,683
And I said, "Pardon me?"
And he said,
1490
01:24:11,819 --> 01:24:15,016
"We don't allow Blacks in
the gym, or to play in the gym."
1491
01:24:15,152 --> 01:24:18,454
So this is Mississippi,
which is right over the line.
1492
01:24:18,589 --> 01:24:20,261
And I said,
"Well, that's fine."
1493
01:24:20,397 --> 01:24:23,527
Uh, and I remember turning
to y'all, and I said,
1494
01:24:23,663 --> 01:24:25,801
"They've got a problem
with the clock,
1495
01:24:25,937 --> 01:24:27,398
and with what's going on here,
1496
01:24:27,534 --> 01:24:29,502
we all are out here.
We're leaving."
1497
01:24:29,637 --> 01:24:34,569
And the parents of the team,
they were fine with it.
1498
01:24:34,704 --> 01:24:36,341
I explained
to a couple of them.
1499
01:24:36,476 --> 01:24:38,445
We were walking out
the gym door,
1500
01:24:38,581 --> 01:24:43,115
and the pastor there
at Sacred Heart was coming in.
1501
01:24:43,250 --> 01:24:44,612
He stopped me, and he said,
1502
01:24:44,747 --> 01:24:46,417
"Mr. Orians,
what are you doing?"
1503
01:24:46,553 --> 01:24:48,386
And I said,
"Well, this is what happened
1504
01:24:48,522 --> 01:24:50,254
when I went in the gym."
And he goes,
1505
01:24:50,389 --> 01:24:52,161
"No, that ain't happening."
1506
01:24:53,624 --> 01:24:55,461
And he went back in that gym,
1507
01:24:55,597 --> 01:24:58,596
and he got the coaches
and the parents together,
1508
01:24:58,732 --> 01:25:01,733
and we went back into the gym
and we played.
1509
01:25:01,869 --> 01:25:03,639
Uh...
1510
01:25:03,774 --> 01:25:05,134
I didn't know that.
1511
01:25:05,270 --> 01:25:07,376
I figured not.
1512
01:25:07,512 --> 01:25:08,738
Uh...
1513
01:25:09,911 --> 01:25:11,545
[INHALES DEEPLY]
1514
01:25:11,681 --> 01:25:12,775
[SIGHS]
1515
01:25:17,418 --> 01:25:20,785
What I remember
about that tournament,
1516
01:25:20,920 --> 01:25:25,158
a kid on the other team, at
one point, calling me a nigger.
1517
01:25:25,294 --> 01:25:26,989
And I remember
there was a time-out,
1518
01:25:27,124 --> 01:25:30,593
and my dad must have been near
the bench, and I said to him,
1519
01:25:30,729 --> 01:25:33,232
"You know, this kid
called me a nigger."
1520
01:25:33,368 --> 01:25:34,864
He looked me in the eye
and he said,
1521
01:25:34,999 --> 01:25:37,602
"So, what do you wanna do
about it? Do you wanna quit?
1522
01:25:37,737 --> 01:25:40,471
Do you wanna cry?
Or do you wanna keep playing?"
1523
01:25:40,607 --> 01:25:42,443
And I was like,
"I wanna keep playing."
1524
01:25:42,578 --> 01:25:45,340
And he's like, "Then forget
about it and keep playing,"
1525
01:25:45,475 --> 01:25:47,644
which is what I did.
1526
01:25:47,780 --> 01:25:51,313
But I-- My memory of that
was always just that
1527
01:25:51,448 --> 01:25:54,487
it was this kid, uh...
1528
01:25:55,520 --> 01:25:57,820
who had interacted with me.
1529
01:25:57,956 --> 01:26:00,556
I definitely remember the trip
to Walls, Mississippi,
1530
01:26:00,691 --> 01:26:02,857
because I remember
that you could
1531
01:26:02,993 --> 01:26:05,562
get a Coca-Cola for a nickel
in those machines,
1532
01:26:05,698 --> 01:26:07,629
and up here,
it was like 10 or 15 cents,
1533
01:26:07,765 --> 01:26:09,568
and I'm like,
"Damn, this is great.
1534
01:26:09,703 --> 01:26:12,071
Maybe we wanna live here,"
and my father's like,
1535
01:26:12,206 --> 01:26:13,534
"No, I don't think we do."
1536
01:26:13,670 --> 01:26:17,079
Uh, but it's one of the things
1537
01:26:17,215 --> 01:26:22,080
that, uh, you protected
all of us from,
1538
01:26:22,216 --> 01:26:23,614
um, and I just wondered
1539
01:26:23,749 --> 01:26:27,052
whether those things
were still in your head.
1540
01:26:27,187 --> 01:26:28,851
[♪♪♪]
1541
01:26:28,986 --> 01:26:31,456
I was thinking about this work
that we're doing,
1542
01:26:31,592 --> 01:26:33,524
and thinking about
coming back to Memphis,
1543
01:26:33,660 --> 01:26:37,794
that the relationships
that I built here,
1544
01:26:37,929 --> 01:26:40,600
uh, even though I haven't
seen people in so long,
1545
01:26:40,735 --> 01:26:44,071
are some of the warmest things
that I can ever remember.
1546
01:26:44,206 --> 01:26:46,702
And these kind of relationships
1547
01:26:46,838 --> 01:26:49,738
are the things
that are important in life.
1548
01:26:49,873 --> 01:26:52,474
And it is so good
to see both of you.
1549
01:26:52,610 --> 01:26:54,710
And, uh, I just love the fact
1550
01:26:54,845 --> 01:26:57,451
that we were able
to grow up together.
1551
01:26:58,850 --> 01:27:01,785
Dick, I'm gonna
give you back this ball.
1552
01:27:01,920 --> 01:27:04,489
The first integrated
high school game in Memphis,
1553
01:27:04,624 --> 01:27:08,490
Catholic, 14,
Father Bertrand, 7.
1554
01:27:08,626 --> 01:27:09,791
There you go.
Yeah.
1555
01:27:09,927 --> 01:27:11,531
Thank you both so much.
All right.
1556
01:27:11,666 --> 01:27:13,929
Jeffery, man, good seeing you.
Absolutely.
1557
01:27:14,064 --> 01:27:16,503
Dick, thank you, brother.
All right, buddy.
1558
01:27:20,438 --> 01:27:25,908
The promise of Brown, what
a lie that's turned out to be.
1559
01:27:27,847 --> 01:27:32,349
American schools today
are almost as segregated
1560
01:27:32,485 --> 01:27:35,016
as they were in the '50s.
1561
01:27:37,255 --> 01:27:42,827
This is the "victory" document
from the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
1562
01:27:42,963 --> 01:27:46,128
The document that was circulated
in the Black community
1563
01:27:46,263 --> 01:27:49,031
the night before the buses
were gonna be integrated,
1564
01:27:49,166 --> 01:27:52,540
a bus boycott that lasted
for more than a year,
1565
01:27:52,675 --> 01:27:56,143
where Black women
were going into white homes,
1566
01:27:56,278 --> 01:27:57,974
being maids in those homes,
1567
01:27:58,109 --> 01:28:01,180
and they were getting up
at 4 and 5:00 in the morning
1568
01:28:01,315 --> 01:28:02,745
to walk to those homes
1569
01:28:02,881 --> 01:28:04,579
and then walk back
to their homes
1570
01:28:04,715 --> 01:28:06,047
in the Black neighborhoods
1571
01:28:06,183 --> 01:28:09,023
and get there
maybe at 8:30, 9:00 at night,
1572
01:28:09,159 --> 01:28:10,358
try and feed their families,
1573
01:28:10,493 --> 01:28:12,059
try and take care
of their families,
1574
01:28:12,195 --> 01:28:13,461
and then get up the next day
1575
01:28:13,596 --> 01:28:15,960
and do it all over again
for over a year.
1576
01:28:16,096 --> 01:28:19,868
And I get 15 minutes late
to work, and I get pissed off.
1577
01:28:20,004 --> 01:28:21,502
[AUDIENCE CHUCKLES]
1578
01:28:23,174 --> 01:28:26,274
This is the victory document.
1579
01:28:26,410 --> 01:28:28,035
"The bus driver
is in charge of the bus,
1580
01:28:28,170 --> 01:28:30,538
and has been instructed
to obey the law.
1581
01:28:30,674 --> 01:28:32,876
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1582
01:28:39,651 --> 01:28:41,286
Where did this come from?
1583
01:28:41,421 --> 01:28:42,654
This is the difference
1584
01:28:42,790 --> 01:28:44,755
that every Black person
in America knows.
1585
01:28:44,891 --> 01:28:47,626
It's the slip
between the law and living.
1586
01:28:47,761 --> 01:28:50,460
Yeah, the law says
you can ride that bus
1587
01:28:50,596 --> 01:28:51,895
and sit wherever you want,
1588
01:28:52,030 --> 01:28:55,633
but don't go getting yourself
killed over it.
1589
01:28:55,768 --> 01:28:58,605
[CONTINUES READING
ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1590
01:29:03,847 --> 01:29:07,041
"Talk as little as possible,
and always in a quiet tone."
1591
01:29:07,177 --> 01:29:09,946
Don't make
white people uncomfortable,
1592
01:29:10,081 --> 01:29:14,223
because the cost of that
could be your life.
1593
01:29:14,358 --> 01:29:17,019
[CONTINUES READING
ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1594
01:29:26,131 --> 01:29:28,702
And I... I don't know
what to say about that one,
1595
01:29:28,837 --> 01:29:33,640
and I definitely don't know
what to say about this one.
1596
01:29:34,640 --> 01:29:36,441
"If you feel you cannot take it,
1597
01:29:36,577 --> 01:29:39,911
walk for another week or two."
1598
01:29:40,046 --> 01:29:43,647
This is the difference
between the law and living
1599
01:29:43,782 --> 01:29:46,284
when you're Black in America.
1600
01:29:46,419 --> 01:29:48,556
[♪♪♪]
1601
01:29:58,000 --> 01:30:01,267
When was the last time
you were here in this temple?
1602
01:30:01,402 --> 01:30:04,572
Hmm. Fifty years ago.
1603
01:30:06,141 --> 01:30:07,806
Larry's funeral.
1604
01:30:12,012 --> 01:30:16,310
I remember
it was around 700 people here.
1605
01:30:16,445 --> 01:30:20,917
I mean, they was all outside,
it was packed.
1606
01:30:21,052 --> 01:30:24,592
And Larry was
in a white casket.
1607
01:30:28,658 --> 01:30:33,194
And my mother and father
were standing at his casket.
1608
01:30:34,634 --> 01:30:37,033
And they was crying.
1609
01:30:46,346 --> 01:30:49,943
This is where the march
started, at Clayborn Temple,
1610
01:30:50,079 --> 01:30:52,587
and they marched downtown.
1611
01:30:54,817 --> 01:30:57,625
Larry and, uh,
1612
01:30:57,761 --> 01:31:01,193
some more of his classmates
had left school,
1613
01:31:01,329 --> 01:31:05,934
because the school was urging
everybody to go down there.
1614
01:31:06,069 --> 01:31:11,100
And so him and some of his
friends had went down there.
1615
01:31:14,139 --> 01:31:16,073
ROBINSON:
What did your family hear
1616
01:31:16,208 --> 01:31:19,608
about what actually happened
to Larry?
1617
01:31:19,744 --> 01:31:21,208
It was-- Witnesses.
1618
01:31:21,343 --> 01:31:23,179
I mean, a lot of witnesses
at that time,
1619
01:31:23,314 --> 01:31:27,982
and they said that the officer,
Leslie Dean Jones,
1620
01:31:28,117 --> 01:31:30,055
he was running with a shotgun,
1621
01:31:30,190 --> 01:31:33,255
and Larry saw him
running with the shotgun.
1622
01:31:33,390 --> 01:31:37,731
So he ran in what they call
a boiler room,
1623
01:31:37,866 --> 01:31:40,767
and he ordered Larry
to come out.
1624
01:31:40,903 --> 01:31:44,866
And Larry, he came out
with his hands in the air
1625
01:31:45,001 --> 01:31:47,004
and said, "Don't shoot."
1626
01:31:49,007 --> 01:31:51,542
He put the shotgun
in his stomach
1627
01:31:51,678 --> 01:31:54,345
and pulled the trigger...
1628
01:31:54,480 --> 01:31:56,310
at close range.
1629
01:31:58,188 --> 01:31:59,885
At close range.
1630
01:32:02,225 --> 01:32:04,955
[♪♪♪]
1631
01:32:05,090 --> 01:32:07,461
My mother,
she ran out the house,
1632
01:32:07,596 --> 01:32:08,923
she didn't have no shoes on,
1633
01:32:09,058 --> 01:32:12,126
and she reached to touch Larry,
1634
01:32:12,262 --> 01:32:13,865
and he put the barrel
in her chest
1635
01:32:14,000 --> 01:32:16,066
and told her to
"Get back, nigger."
1636
01:32:17,573 --> 01:32:20,103
And she said, "That's my son."
1637
01:32:23,306 --> 01:32:26,681
When I got home,
my father, Mason Payne,
1638
01:32:26,816 --> 01:32:29,880
he was in the driveway,
and he was crying.
1639
01:32:30,016 --> 01:32:32,016
And I said,
"Dad, what's wrong?"
1640
01:32:32,151 --> 01:32:36,086
He said, "Larry gone.
He won't be back.
1641
01:32:37,887 --> 01:32:39,760
He won't be back."
1642
01:32:43,492 --> 01:32:47,499
He was a young Black man,
mm-mm...
1643
01:32:47,634 --> 01:32:49,803
in school and working.
1644
01:32:52,876 --> 01:32:54,505
He didn't have a chance
to live his life.
1645
01:32:54,640 --> 01:32:56,138
[SIREN BLARING]
1646
01:32:56,273 --> 01:32:58,246
Larry was murdered
in cold blood
1647
01:32:58,382 --> 01:33:00,143
for no reason at all.
1648
01:33:02,848 --> 01:33:05,386
Devastated. We were devastated.
1649
01:33:05,521 --> 01:33:08,652
I mean, still going through it.
1650
01:33:08,788 --> 01:33:10,626
Still going through it.
1651
01:33:11,927 --> 01:33:14,921
Larry's gone,
but he will never be forgotten,
1652
01:33:15,057 --> 01:33:17,028
not by the Payne family.
1653
01:33:35,518 --> 01:33:39,853
KING:
But I must confess that, uh,
that dream that I had that day
1654
01:33:39,988 --> 01:33:43,787
has, in many points,
turned into a nightmare.
1655
01:33:43,923 --> 01:33:45,853
Now, I'm not one to lose hope.
1656
01:33:45,988 --> 01:33:48,563
I keep on hoping.
1657
01:33:48,699 --> 01:33:50,895
I still have faith
in the future,
1658
01:33:51,031 --> 01:33:53,432
but I've had to analyze
many things
1659
01:33:53,568 --> 01:33:54,868
over the last few years,
1660
01:33:55,003 --> 01:33:57,166
and I would say,
over the last few months,
1661
01:33:57,302 --> 01:33:59,505
I've gone through
a lot of soul-searching
1662
01:33:59,640 --> 01:34:01,642
and agonizing moments,
1663
01:34:01,778 --> 01:34:03,906
and I've come to see
that we have
1664
01:34:04,041 --> 01:34:06,640
many more difficult days ahead,
1665
01:34:06,776 --> 01:34:11,083
and some of the old optimism
was a little superficial,
1666
01:34:11,219 --> 01:34:14,149
and now it must be tempered
with a solid realism.
1667
01:34:14,285 --> 01:34:16,757
And I think
the realistic fact is
1668
01:34:16,893 --> 01:34:19,653
that we still have
a long, long way to go.
1669
01:34:19,788 --> 01:34:24,163
I think the biggest problem now
is that we got our gains
1670
01:34:24,298 --> 01:34:27,735
over the last 12 years
at bargain rates, so to speak.
1671
01:34:27,870 --> 01:34:29,398
It didn't
cost the nation anything.
1672
01:34:29,533 --> 01:34:32,204
In fact, it helped
the economic side of the nation
1673
01:34:32,340 --> 01:34:35,402
to integrate lunch counters
and public accommodations.
1674
01:34:35,537 --> 01:34:37,977
It didn't
cost the nation anything,
1675
01:34:38,112 --> 01:34:41,682
uh, to get the right to vote
established.
1676
01:34:41,818 --> 01:34:44,583
And now we are
confronting issues
1677
01:34:44,718 --> 01:34:46,151
that cannot be solved
1678
01:34:46,286 --> 01:34:49,021
without costing the nation
billions of dollars.
1679
01:34:49,156 --> 01:34:50,984
Now, I think
this is where we're getting
1680
01:34:51,120 --> 01:34:52,352
our greatest resistance.
1681
01:34:52,488 --> 01:34:54,225
They may put it
on many other things,
1682
01:34:54,360 --> 01:34:56,997
but we can't get rid
of slums and poverty
1683
01:34:57,132 --> 01:34:59,962
without it costing the nation
something.
1684
01:35:00,097 --> 01:35:02,068
A lot of people who want change,
1685
01:35:02,204 --> 01:35:05,234
they just don't want the change
to cost them anything
1686
01:35:05,369 --> 01:35:07,235
or to require them
to change anything
1687
01:35:07,371 --> 01:35:10,141
about the way
that they're living.
1688
01:35:13,048 --> 01:35:16,280
Fifty years ago,
this report came out.
1689
01:35:16,415 --> 01:35:19,013
It came out about three weeks
before King was killed
1690
01:35:19,149 --> 01:35:21,920
in my hometown of Memphis.
1691
01:35:22,056 --> 01:35:23,891
And these are the things
that it said,
1692
01:35:24,026 --> 01:35:26,558
the basic conclusion
of the Kerner Report:
1693
01:35:26,694 --> 01:35:29,061
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1694
01:35:32,464 --> 01:35:36,266
Folks, this is what
they're saying 50 years ago.
1695
01:35:36,401 --> 01:35:39,102
"The deepening racial divide
is not inevitable.
1696
01:35:39,238 --> 01:35:42,069
The movement apart
can be reversed.
1697
01:35:42,205 --> 01:35:44,042
Choice is still possible.
1698
01:35:44,178 --> 01:35:46,781
Our principal task
is to define that choice
1699
01:35:46,916 --> 01:35:50,115
and press
for a national resolution.
1700
01:35:50,250 --> 01:35:52,416
To pursue our present course
will involve
1701
01:35:52,552 --> 01:35:56,454
the continuing polarization
of the American community
1702
01:35:56,589 --> 01:36:02,892
and ultimately the destruction
of basic democratic values."
1703
01:36:03,028 --> 01:36:04,965
Does that sound familiar?
1704
01:36:07,166 --> 01:36:09,464
[CONTINUES READING
ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1705
01:36:16,272 --> 01:36:18,409
"White institutions created it,
1706
01:36:18,545 --> 01:36:23,847
white institutions maintain,
and white society condones it."
1707
01:36:23,982 --> 01:36:25,846
This is 50 years ago,
1708
01:36:25,982 --> 01:36:30,419
and three weeks later, that's
what happened in my hometown.
1709
01:36:33,061 --> 01:36:38,967
King was killed
on April 4th, 1968.
1710
01:36:39,102 --> 01:36:43,131
He was scheduled to give
a speech in a Memphis church
1711
01:36:43,266 --> 01:36:47,207
that Sunday, April 7, 1968.
1712
01:36:47,343 --> 01:36:51,879
This is the title of the speech
that was found among his papers
1713
01:36:52,015 --> 01:36:55,445
in the Lorraine Motel
after he was killed.
1714
01:36:55,580 --> 01:36:58,447
I wonder what that speech
would have been like.
1715
01:37:10,098 --> 01:37:13,064
So in 1968,
the Fair Housing Act
1716
01:37:13,199 --> 01:37:16,666
ended 34 years
of legal redlining,
1717
01:37:16,801 --> 01:37:22,140
and what I wanna tell you for
a few minutes now is about luck.
1718
01:37:22,275 --> 01:37:24,441
Because if you look
at this picture,
1719
01:37:24,577 --> 01:37:29,177
the guy on your left
with the little gangster lean
1720
01:37:29,313 --> 01:37:31,177
and the tilted hat, that's me.
1721
01:37:31,313 --> 01:37:33,315
[AUDIENCE CHUCKLES]
1722
01:37:33,451 --> 01:37:35,317
The guy in the front
with the hat
1723
01:37:35,453 --> 01:37:37,225
looking down
at my younger sister
1724
01:37:37,360 --> 01:37:40,591
is my younger brother, who's
seated in the front audience.
1725
01:37:40,727 --> 01:37:43,527
And that's my father, my older
brother and my younger sister.
1726
01:37:43,663 --> 01:37:48,266
That's the house we lived in
in Memphis, Tennessee, in 1962.
1727
01:37:48,401 --> 01:37:50,631
In an all-Black neighborhood
in Memphis.
1728
01:37:50,767 --> 01:37:53,537
And what happened in '68,
after King was killed,
1729
01:37:53,673 --> 01:37:57,009
is that there was a developer
who was essentially buying
1730
01:37:57,145 --> 01:37:59,342
all the houses
in our neighborhood.
1731
01:37:59,478 --> 01:38:02,380
Well, my dad wouldn't
sell our house.
1732
01:38:02,515 --> 01:38:05,185
My dad and my mother
were converted Catholics,
1733
01:38:05,320 --> 01:38:07,448
and they wanted their kids
in Catholic school,
1734
01:38:07,584 --> 01:38:09,550
and that meant
schools in East Memphis,
1735
01:38:09,686 --> 01:38:12,158
and that meant
living in a white neighborhood.
1736
01:38:12,293 --> 01:38:14,392
So my dad made a deal
with the developer.
1737
01:38:14,527 --> 01:38:17,224
"You buy me a house,
and I'll give you my house."
1738
01:38:17,360 --> 01:38:18,559
We went looking at houses.
1739
01:38:18,694 --> 01:38:20,294
Every time
we would look at a house,
1740
01:38:20,429 --> 01:38:22,036
we would offer the asking price,
1741
01:38:22,171 --> 01:38:24,232
and the house would get sold
by somebody else,
1742
01:38:24,367 --> 01:38:25,633
or "Another agent sold it,"
1743
01:38:25,768 --> 01:38:27,801
or "We lost the contract
when we went fishing
1744
01:38:27,936 --> 01:38:31,706
and it fell out of the boat,"
and all these excuses.
1745
01:38:31,841 --> 01:38:34,949
This is the house
that we ended up living in.
1746
01:38:35,084 --> 01:38:37,780
Four bedrooms,
two and a half bathrooms,
1747
01:38:37,915 --> 01:38:41,721
a quiet place for me and my
brothers and sisters to study,
1748
01:38:41,857 --> 01:38:43,188
a good school district,
1749
01:38:43,324 --> 01:38:46,627
all the things
that Americans say you need
1750
01:38:46,762 --> 01:38:49,561
in order to be successful.
1751
01:38:49,697 --> 01:38:52,960
We went to look at this house
and offered the asking price,
1752
01:38:53,095 --> 01:38:56,270
and we had white friends of ours
go about a half an hour later,
1753
01:38:56,406 --> 01:38:58,833
and they offered less money,
and they sold it to them,
1754
01:38:58,969 --> 01:39:02,670
but they were buying it for us.
[AUDIENCE LAUGHS, APPLAUDS]
1755
01:39:08,381 --> 01:39:10,216
This does bring back
a lot of memories.
1756
01:39:10,352 --> 01:39:12,686
Yeah. And it looks
about the same as it was.
1757
01:39:12,822 --> 01:39:14,050
It really does.
Mm-hm.
1758
01:39:14,185 --> 01:39:15,957
Uh, maybe a little paint,
1759
01:39:16,093 --> 01:39:19,327
but this is pretty much
how I remember it.
1760
01:39:19,462 --> 01:39:24,662
We moved into this house after
Dr. King was killed in 1969.
1761
01:39:24,798 --> 01:39:30,235
And your family played a role
that I never quite understood
1762
01:39:30,371 --> 01:39:33,106
until you and I have
just recently talked.
1763
01:39:33,241 --> 01:39:35,677
Could you tell us about that?
Well, um,
1764
01:39:35,812 --> 01:39:37,945
my mother-in-law was a Realtor.
1765
01:39:38,081 --> 01:39:40,178
Now, she was
a 64-year-old Jewish woman
1766
01:39:40,314 --> 01:39:42,448
who had been born and raised
in Memphis.
1767
01:39:42,584 --> 01:39:46,413
And so she agreed
to be your parents' Realtor,
1768
01:39:46,548 --> 01:39:48,717
and she would show them houses,
1769
01:39:48,852 --> 01:39:51,154
and when they came
and saw this house,
1770
01:39:51,290 --> 01:39:52,521
it was a brand-new house.
1771
01:39:52,656 --> 01:39:55,028
The real estate agent
came to the door,
1772
01:39:55,163 --> 01:39:56,524
and at first,
I think she thought
1773
01:39:56,659 --> 01:39:58,393
my mother-in-law was
the customer.
1774
01:39:58,529 --> 01:40:00,068
My mother-in-law gave her
her card,
1775
01:40:00,203 --> 01:40:02,332
and when she realized it,
she said something
1776
01:40:02,467 --> 01:40:04,798
and slammed the door
in their face.
1777
01:40:04,934 --> 01:40:07,438
Uh, so by that time,
they'd seen so many houses,
1778
01:40:07,573 --> 01:40:10,209
they just said,
"We've got to find another way."
1779
01:40:10,344 --> 01:40:13,980
So then their friends,
Web and Pat Smith,
1780
01:40:14,116 --> 01:40:16,677
were the ones
who bought the house,
1781
01:40:16,812 --> 01:40:19,787
and when they came
and the Realtor saw them,
1782
01:40:19,922 --> 01:40:21,923
she was very excited and happy.
1783
01:40:22,058 --> 01:40:23,452
And so then
they bought the house
1784
01:40:23,587 --> 01:40:26,259
and transferred it
to your parents.
1785
01:40:27,423 --> 01:40:29,293
And what I remember
1786
01:40:29,429 --> 01:40:33,401
is you and Andy,
and my parents...
1787
01:40:33,536 --> 01:40:36,865
I have this memory of you guys
laughing in our living room,
1788
01:40:37,001 --> 01:40:39,405
and I knew it had something
to do with a house,
1789
01:40:39,541 --> 01:40:41,870
and I knew you and Andy
had somehow helped us
1790
01:40:42,006 --> 01:40:45,647
to get this house,
and we couldn't talk about it
1791
01:40:45,782 --> 01:40:47,145
until we moved in
1792
01:40:47,281 --> 01:40:49,183
because my parents
were concerned
1793
01:40:49,319 --> 01:40:51,383
that somebody would do
something to the house
1794
01:40:51,518 --> 01:40:53,886
if they knew we were moving in.
Yeah, well...
1795
01:40:54,022 --> 01:40:55,288
But then after you moved in,
1796
01:40:55,423 --> 01:40:58,456
did you have much difficulty
in the neighborhood?
1797
01:40:58,592 --> 01:41:02,162
I remember the first week
that we moved in,
1798
01:41:02,298 --> 01:41:05,032
my daddy sat
on the carport right here,
1799
01:41:05,168 --> 01:41:07,802
under the carport,
in a lawn chair
1800
01:41:07,938 --> 01:41:09,698
with a shotgun across his lap.
1801
01:41:09,834 --> 01:41:12,671
And he would sit there
until early in the morning
1802
01:41:12,807 --> 01:41:15,639
because he was gonna be ready
if somebody came to the house.
1803
01:41:15,775 --> 01:41:18,210
Wow, I didn't realize that.
I remember it took a while
1804
01:41:18,346 --> 01:41:20,113
for people to get used to us
living here.
1805
01:41:20,249 --> 01:41:24,018
The woman that lived
right here came over
1806
01:41:24,154 --> 01:41:26,419
the day we moved in,
to the front door,
1807
01:41:26,554 --> 01:41:30,257
and she had a plate
of chocolate chip cookies.
1808
01:41:30,393 --> 01:41:32,391
And I am addicted
to chocolate chip cookies,
1809
01:41:32,526 --> 01:41:34,394
and I have been
ever since I was a kid.
1810
01:41:34,529 --> 01:41:37,661
And she knocked on the door,
and my mom opened the door,
1811
01:41:37,796 --> 01:41:40,929
and I had run behind my mom,
just to see who it was.
1812
01:41:41,064 --> 01:41:44,271
And she said, "May I speak
to the lady of the house?"
1813
01:41:44,406 --> 01:41:46,505
And my mother said,
"You're looking at her."
1814
01:41:46,640 --> 01:41:50,074
And she just spun
and walked back to the house.
1815
01:41:50,210 --> 01:41:51,542
Taking the cookies with her.
1816
01:41:51,677 --> 01:41:54,143
I was like,
"Could I have just one cookie?"
1817
01:41:54,278 --> 01:41:56,910
[♪♪♪]
1818
01:42:09,529 --> 01:42:12,165
And so that was
me and Herbert's room.
1819
01:42:12,301 --> 01:42:13,826
Right.
That was Teresa and Michelle.
1820
01:42:13,962 --> 01:42:15,762
And was that your room
or the bathroom?
1821
01:42:15,898 --> 01:42:17,772
That's the bathroom,
then my window...
1822
01:42:17,908 --> 01:42:19,702
Your window faces that way.
1823
01:42:21,576 --> 01:42:24,846
The yard looks even
a little bigger than I remember.
1824
01:42:24,981 --> 01:42:27,943
I just remember it being huge...
1825
01:42:28,078 --> 01:42:31,746
and having to use those clippers
along the edges of the fence
1826
01:42:31,881 --> 01:42:36,720
to cut that grass
that he never could stand.
1827
01:42:36,856 --> 01:42:39,657
With all the shit we were taking
about moving in here,
1828
01:42:39,792 --> 01:42:43,258
he's like, you know,
"My yard will be the best yard."
1829
01:42:43,394 --> 01:42:45,332
The showplace.
Yeah.
1830
01:42:52,136 --> 01:42:58,973
There's a cemetery right across
the street, and I remember, uh,
1831
01:42:59,108 --> 01:43:02,446
soon after we moved in,
I was over there one night.
1832
01:43:02,581 --> 01:43:04,144
Uh, I'd just
come out of the house,
1833
01:43:04,279 --> 01:43:07,954
I don't know what I was doing,
but I was sitting on the wall,
1834
01:43:08,090 --> 01:43:10,423
and a police car pulled up.
1835
01:43:10,558 --> 01:43:13,758
And the officers got out
and asked me who I was,
1836
01:43:13,893 --> 01:43:16,724
and they patted me down, and
they said, "Where do you live?"
1837
01:43:16,860 --> 01:43:18,697
I said, "I live
right across the street.
1838
01:43:18,833 --> 01:43:21,697
I'm just hanging out." They
said, "You don't live there."
1839
01:43:21,832 --> 01:43:23,864
And they brought me over here,
and of course,
1840
01:43:24,000 --> 01:43:25,869
Mommy answered the door,
and they're like,
1841
01:43:26,004 --> 01:43:28,772
"Just wanted to bring your son
home, make sure he was safe."
1842
01:43:28,907 --> 01:43:31,009
I'm like, "No. They were
saying I didn't live here.
1843
01:43:31,145 --> 01:43:33,106
They didn't believe me."
1844
01:43:33,241 --> 01:43:35,677
And then I remember Mommy
and Daddy always saying,
1845
01:43:35,813 --> 01:43:37,418
"Well, we don't
have to move far,
1846
01:43:37,553 --> 01:43:39,747
'cause we're just going
right across the street."
1847
01:43:39,883 --> 01:43:41,548
So the cemetery
across the street
1848
01:43:41,684 --> 01:43:43,720
is where they're both buried.
1849
01:43:45,224 --> 01:43:47,922
[♪♪♪]
1850
01:43:52,828 --> 01:43:54,900
Shortly before my dad died,
1851
01:43:55,035 --> 01:44:01,375
he was asking whether he and
my mom made the right decision,
1852
01:44:01,510 --> 01:44:04,573
saying, "I know
it was hard on you
1853
01:44:04,708 --> 01:44:06,239
and your brothers and sisters,
1854
01:44:06,375 --> 01:44:08,680
and living in that neighborhood
had its challenges,
1855
01:44:08,815 --> 01:44:10,880
and maybe it wasn't
the right decision."
1856
01:44:11,016 --> 01:44:14,821
And, uh, I don't know
what would have happened
1857
01:44:14,957 --> 01:44:16,655
to my brothers
1858
01:44:16,790 --> 01:44:22,462
or my sisters or me
if we hadn't come here.
1859
01:44:24,500 --> 01:44:28,798
This is part of
what made me who I am.
1860
01:44:34,870 --> 01:44:37,906
This is what luck looks like.
1861
01:44:39,147 --> 01:44:40,508
I have worked as hard
1862
01:44:40,644 --> 01:44:42,713
as anybody in this theater
1863
01:44:42,848 --> 01:44:47,249
to get where I am today,
and I am proud of that.
1864
01:44:47,384 --> 01:44:49,754
But I am lucky.
1865
01:44:49,889 --> 01:44:53,920
I was not the smartest kid
in my neighborhood,
1866
01:44:54,056 --> 01:44:56,424
and that ball
that we saw rolling back
1867
01:44:56,560 --> 01:44:58,366
when King got shot,
1868
01:44:58,501 --> 01:45:00,961
the only reason I didn't
get crushed by that ball
1869
01:45:01,096 --> 01:45:04,135
is that I had
unicorns for parents,
1870
01:45:04,271 --> 01:45:05,701
who figured out some way
1871
01:45:05,836 --> 01:45:08,034
to get their kids
into a situation
1872
01:45:08,170 --> 01:45:10,308
where they had
a better chance to succeed.
1873
01:45:10,443 --> 01:45:12,644
And if that's what it takes
1874
01:45:12,779 --> 01:45:15,242
to have a legitimate chance
at success,
1875
01:45:15,378 --> 01:45:20,686
having unicorns for parents,
or just having dumb luck...
1876
01:45:20,821 --> 01:45:24,586
Is that really a country
that you want to live in?
1877
01:45:24,721 --> 01:45:26,660
And so when you hear words,
1878
01:45:26,796 --> 01:45:30,697
when you hear the concept
expressed of "white privilege,"
1879
01:45:30,833 --> 01:45:35,230
I am begging you to think
about that in a different way.
1880
01:45:35,365 --> 01:45:38,671
White privilege doesn't mean
that you haven't worked hard.
1881
01:45:38,806 --> 01:45:41,741
It doesn't mean that you haven't
overcome obstacles.
1882
01:45:41,876 --> 01:45:44,676
It means that you walk
through the world differently
1883
01:45:44,812 --> 01:45:46,975
than the Black and brown people
in this country.
1884
01:45:47,110 --> 01:45:49,110
[AUDIENCE APPLAUDS]
It does not take away
1885
01:45:49,245 --> 01:45:52,717
from your hard work
or your accomplishments at all.
1886
01:45:52,852 --> 01:45:57,458
It simply says
this playing field is not level.
1887
01:45:58,894 --> 01:46:02,626
And that's because racism
is more than just prejudice.
1888
01:46:02,761 --> 01:46:05,725
It is prejudice
plus social power,
1889
01:46:05,860 --> 01:46:07,567
plus legal authority.
1890
01:46:07,702 --> 01:46:10,099
And Black and brown people
have never had
1891
01:46:10,234 --> 01:46:12,705
the last two in America.
[MAN WHOOPS, AUDIENCE APPLAUDS]
1892
01:46:12,841 --> 01:46:15,607
Not when we were brought here
as enslaved people,
1893
01:46:15,742 --> 01:46:17,842
not during
the Civil Rights Movement,
1894
01:46:17,977 --> 01:46:21,113
and not while Barack Obama
was in the White House.
1895
01:46:21,249 --> 01:46:22,813
[AUDIENCE APPLAUDS]
1896
01:46:24,653 --> 01:46:26,648
So, what did
our prison population look like
1897
01:46:26,784 --> 01:46:28,952
as we entered the Nixon years?
1898
01:46:29,087 --> 01:46:33,087
Looked like about that,
just under 400,000 people.
1899
01:46:34,289 --> 01:46:36,392
Here's what John Ehrlichman
had to say
1900
01:46:36,528 --> 01:46:39,494
about Nixon's strategy.
1901
01:46:39,630 --> 01:46:41,799
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1902
01:47:04,626 --> 01:47:07,728
And when we hear, today,
America say,
1903
01:47:07,864 --> 01:47:12,159
"My God, the opioid epidemic,
it's taking our children.
1904
01:47:12,294 --> 01:47:14,800
This is horrible.
It's a medical issue.
1905
01:47:14,935 --> 01:47:17,930
We can't treat our children
as enemies in a war.
1906
01:47:18,066 --> 01:47:19,840
We have to help our children."
1907
01:47:19,975 --> 01:47:23,506
I'm not trying to be facetious
or to say that's not right.
1908
01:47:23,641 --> 01:47:24,772
Of course it's right.
1909
01:47:24,907 --> 01:47:26,339
But where was that sentiment
1910
01:47:26,474 --> 01:47:29,216
when crack cocaine was
destroying Black communities?
1911
01:47:29,351 --> 01:47:31,486
[AUDIENCE CHEERS, APPLAUDS]
1912
01:47:33,448 --> 01:47:37,790
This is Bill Clinton
signing the 1994 Crime Bill,
1913
01:47:37,925 --> 01:47:41,327
a bill that did more damage
to racial justice
1914
01:47:41,462 --> 01:47:42,861
in the criminal legal system
1915
01:47:42,996 --> 01:47:45,796
than any bill that
I can remember in a long time.
1916
01:47:45,932 --> 01:47:49,103
This is not about
Democrat or Republican.
1917
01:47:49,238 --> 01:47:51,369
This is about America.
1918
01:47:51,505 --> 01:47:52,732
Bill Clinton is saying...
1919
01:47:52,868 --> 01:47:54,839
[READING ON-SCREEN TEXT]
1920
01:48:01,945 --> 01:48:03,947
And he was speaking the truth,
1921
01:48:04,083 --> 01:48:06,918
because the values
that America has expressed
1922
01:48:07,053 --> 01:48:10,316
up to that point,
and with what that law did,
1923
01:48:10,451 --> 01:48:12,653
they were the values
of mass incarceration
1924
01:48:12,789 --> 01:48:14,655
and white supremacy.
1925
01:48:14,790 --> 01:48:17,657
[♪♪♪]
1926
01:48:17,793 --> 01:48:19,094
So, what happened?
1927
01:48:20,269 --> 01:48:21,965
That's what happened.
1928
01:48:23,768 --> 01:48:25,304
And it wasn't an accident.
1929
01:48:25,440 --> 01:48:27,575
[INDISTINCT CHATTERING]
1930
01:48:31,073 --> 01:48:33,044
ROBINSON:
And so here...
1931
01:48:33,180 --> 01:48:38,182
are pictures of what
I refer to as "snuff films,"
1932
01:48:38,318 --> 01:48:41,986
things that we have now gotten
used to seeing in America.
1933
01:48:42,122 --> 01:48:44,652
The killings of Black
and brown men and women.
1934
01:48:44,787 --> 01:48:47,628
[♪♪♪]
1935
01:48:53,464 --> 01:48:55,933
The ten cities with the largest
police departments
1936
01:48:56,069 --> 01:49:02,006
collectively paid out
$1.02 billion
1937
01:49:02,142 --> 01:49:06,379
between 2010 and 2015
in police misconduct cases,
1938
01:49:06,514 --> 01:49:08,307
which include alleged beatings,
1939
01:49:08,443 --> 01:49:10,817
shootings
and wrongful imprisonments.
1940
01:49:10,953 --> 01:49:16,752
You can't pay a billion dollars
for police misconduct
1941
01:49:16,887 --> 01:49:19,220
and not have criminal activity.
1942
01:49:22,323 --> 01:49:24,960
So we now know
that to some Americans,
1943
01:49:25,095 --> 01:49:27,327
Black Lives Matter
is a hate group.
1944
01:49:29,300 --> 01:49:32,134
And what I would encourage you
to think about...
1945
01:49:33,974 --> 01:49:35,872
is that the things
that they're saying
1946
01:49:36,008 --> 01:49:39,372
about Black Lives Matter
activists today
1947
01:49:39,507 --> 01:49:41,647
are the exact same things
they were saying
1948
01:49:41,783 --> 01:49:44,784
about Martin Luther King
in the '60s.
1949
01:49:48,585 --> 01:49:55,456
Martin Luther King was arrested
30 times in 12 years.
1950
01:49:55,591 --> 01:49:59,526
We have a word for that.
It's called "thug."
1951
01:49:59,662 --> 01:50:03,502
That's what we refer to
activists today as, in America,
1952
01:50:03,637 --> 01:50:05,532
because they're in our face.
1953
01:50:05,668 --> 01:50:08,676
They're making us look at things
we don't want to look at.
1954
01:50:08,811 --> 01:50:11,673
They're interrupting
our football games.
1955
01:50:11,808 --> 01:50:13,676
[AUDIENCE MURMURS]
1956
01:50:13,812 --> 01:50:18,412
KING:
We've gotta give ourselves
to this struggle until the end.
1957
01:50:18,547 --> 01:50:22,554
Nothing would be more tragic
than to stop,
1958
01:50:22,690 --> 01:50:25,459
at this point in Memphis.
1959
01:50:25,594 --> 01:50:28,222
We've gotta see it through.
1960
01:50:28,358 --> 01:50:30,029
ROBINSON:
America was at the point
1961
01:50:30,164 --> 01:50:32,493
where we were going to move
from who we were
1962
01:50:32,629 --> 01:50:36,537
to who we could be,
and who we always wanted to be.
1963
01:50:36,672 --> 01:50:38,638
And I remember thinking
as a kid,
1964
01:50:38,773 --> 01:50:40,666
"Well, who's going
to lead us now?"
1965
01:50:40,802 --> 01:50:44,409
The leader that was going to
make this movement go somewhere
1966
01:50:44,545 --> 01:50:45,907
had been taken away,
1967
01:50:46,042 --> 01:50:48,041
and I think that's a lesson
1968
01:50:48,177 --> 01:50:50,281
to be learned about this work,
1969
01:50:50,416 --> 01:50:54,519
and a lesson that the women who
established Black Lives Matter
1970
01:50:54,654 --> 01:50:55,982
have learned clearly:
1971
01:50:56,118 --> 01:50:57,921
You can't kill one person
1972
01:50:58,057 --> 01:50:59,719
and stop
the Black Lives Matter movement.
1973
01:50:59,854 --> 01:51:03,094
And the three women that set it
up that way did it on purpose,
1974
01:51:03,230 --> 01:51:05,728
so that there would be leaders
in small communities
1975
01:51:05,864 --> 01:51:07,694
all around America.
1976
01:51:07,829 --> 01:51:11,869
WOMAN: Say his name!
ALL [CHANTING]: George Floyd.
1977
01:51:12,005 --> 01:51:14,639
MAN: No justice.
ALL: No peace.
1978
01:51:14,775 --> 01:51:18,911
ROBINSON:
You are seeing Black people,
brown people, white people,
1979
01:51:19,046 --> 01:51:22,745
people from every race
in this country,
1980
01:51:22,881 --> 01:51:25,244
demonstrating together.
1981
01:51:25,379 --> 01:51:28,482
That has never happened before
1982
01:51:28,617 --> 01:51:31,155
on the scale
that it's happening right now.
1983
01:51:31,290 --> 01:51:33,191
WOMAN: Say her name!
ALL: Breonna Taylor!
1984
01:51:33,327 --> 01:51:38,994
The possibility of
radical change is in the air.
1985
01:51:39,129 --> 01:51:42,365
ALL [CHANTING]:
Whose streets? Our streets!
Whose streets? Our streets!
1986
01:51:42,500 --> 01:51:47,233
I want to tell you why
you were invited here tonight,
1987
01:51:47,368 --> 01:51:49,872
and it really comes down
to this:
1988
01:51:50,007 --> 01:51:52,744
50 years from now, somebody,
1989
01:51:52,880 --> 01:51:55,046
maybe in an auditorium
like this,
1990
01:51:55,181 --> 01:51:57,279
is going to be talking
to a group of people
1991
01:51:57,414 --> 01:52:00,547
about what happened
in this generation.
1992
01:52:00,682 --> 01:52:05,493
Did we turn up the volume
on our videos and our TV
1993
01:52:05,628 --> 01:52:07,692
and just let
that ball roll back,
1994
01:52:07,828 --> 01:52:09,892
like we have every single time
1995
01:52:10,028 --> 01:52:12,131
we've come to a tipping point?
1996
01:52:12,267 --> 01:52:16,231
Or did this generation decide
to do something different?
1997
01:52:16,367 --> 01:52:19,769
And I hope and expect
that each one of you
1998
01:52:19,905 --> 01:52:21,236
will be out there with me
1999
01:52:21,372 --> 01:52:23,941
pushing that ball
to a new direction.
2000
01:52:24,077 --> 01:52:25,809
Thank you very much
and good night.
2001
01:52:25,944 --> 01:52:28,475
[AUDIENCE CHEERING, APPLAUDING]
2002
01:52:43,929 --> 01:52:47,230
[SINGER VOCALIZING]
2003
01:53:34,843 --> 01:53:41,886
♪ Well, I woke up this morning
With my mind ♪
2004
01:53:42,021 --> 01:53:48,423
♪ Stayed on freedom ♪
2005
01:53:48,559 --> 01:53:54,294
♪ Woke up this morning
With my mind ♪
2006
01:53:54,429 --> 01:54:00,534
♪ Stayed on freedom ♪
2007
01:54:00,670 --> 01:54:06,614
♪ Woke up this morning
With my mind ♪
2008
01:54:06,749 --> 01:54:11,512
♪ Stayed on freedom ♪
2009
01:54:11,648 --> 01:54:14,350
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2010
01:54:14,486 --> 01:54:17,490
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2011
01:54:17,626 --> 01:54:24,295
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2012
01:54:24,430 --> 01:54:26,626
♪ Well, I'm walkin'
And talkin' ♪
2013
01:54:26,762 --> 01:54:32,239
♪ With my mind
Stayed on freedom ♪
2014
01:54:32,375 --> 01:54:35,273
♪ Oh, yes, I'm walkin'
And talkin' with my mind ♪
2015
01:54:35,408 --> 01:54:39,773
♪ You know
That it's stayed on freedom ♪
2016
01:54:39,909 --> 01:54:43,017
♪ I said, I'm walkin'
And talkin' with my mind ♪
2017
01:54:43,152 --> 01:54:47,317
♪ You know
That it's stayed on freedom ♪
2018
01:54:47,453 --> 01:54:49,385
♪ Hallelu ♪
CHOIR: ♪ Hallelu ♪
2019
01:54:49,520 --> 01:54:51,524
♪ Hallelu ♪
CHOIR: ♪ Hallelu ♪
2020
01:54:51,660 --> 01:54:55,194
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2021
01:54:55,329 --> 01:54:58,932
♪ Oh, well, ain't no harm
With your mind ♪
2022
01:54:59,067 --> 01:55:02,763
♪ Come on, now!
Stayed on freedom ♪
2023
01:55:02,898 --> 01:55:05,598
♪ Oh, no, there ain't no harm
With your mind ♪
2024
01:55:05,733 --> 01:55:09,039
♪ You know it!
Stayed on freedom ♪
2025
01:55:09,174 --> 01:55:11,008
♪ You can sing along, now ♪
2026
01:55:11,143 --> 01:55:13,309
♪ Ain't no harm with your mind ♪
2027
01:55:13,444 --> 01:55:17,677
♪ You know it!
Stayed on freedom ♪
2028
01:55:17,812 --> 01:55:19,547
♪ Hallelu ♪
CHOIR: ♪ Hallelu ♪
2029
01:55:19,683 --> 01:55:21,719
♪ Hallelu ♪
CHOIR: ♪ Hallelu ♪
2030
01:55:21,855 --> 01:55:24,284
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2031
01:55:24,419 --> 01:55:26,058
♪ Come on and walk, now ♪
2032
01:55:26,194 --> 01:55:28,822
♪ Walk, walk
You better walk, walk ♪
2033
01:55:28,958 --> 01:55:33,533
♪ Come on and walk, walk
With your mind on freedom! ♪
2034
01:55:33,669 --> 01:55:34,768
♪ Walk, walk ♪
2035
01:55:34,903 --> 01:55:36,401
♪ Come on and walk, walk ♪
2036
01:55:36,537 --> 01:55:40,870
♪ You better walk, walk
With your mind on freedom! ♪
2037
01:55:41,006 --> 01:55:43,769
♪ Oh, oh, oh ♪
2038
01:55:43,905 --> 01:55:45,942
♪ You better walk ♪
CHOIR: ♪ Walk ♪
2039
01:55:46,078 --> 01:55:47,676
♪ Come on and walk ♪
2040
01:55:47,812 --> 01:55:51,845
♪ While I'm singing and shoutin'
With my mind, yeah ♪
2041
01:55:51,981 --> 01:55:55,749
♪ Stayed on freedom!
Are you stayed on freedom? ♪
2042
01:55:55,885 --> 01:55:59,418
♪ Singing and shoutin'
With my mind, yeah ♪
2043
01:55:59,553 --> 01:56:02,329
♪ Stayed on freedom ♪
2044
01:56:02,465 --> 01:56:05,494
♪ You know, you're singing
And shoutin' with my mind ♪
2045
01:56:05,629 --> 01:56:10,003
♪ You know that!
Stayed on freedom ♪
2046
01:56:10,138 --> 01:56:11,564
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2047
01:56:11,700 --> 01:56:13,639
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2048
01:56:13,775 --> 01:56:16,039
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2049
01:56:16,174 --> 01:56:17,471
♪ Come on and sing! ♪
2050
01:56:17,607 --> 01:56:19,045
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2051
01:56:19,180 --> 01:56:20,943
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2052
01:56:21,079 --> 01:56:23,381
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2053
01:56:23,517 --> 01:56:26,316
♪ One more time! Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2054
01:56:26,451 --> 01:56:28,313
♪ Hallelu ♪
♪ Hallelu ♪
2055
01:56:28,449 --> 01:56:34,827
♪ Hallelujah ♪
2056
01:56:34,962 --> 01:56:37,625
[AUDIENCE CHEERING, APPLAUDING]