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(sombre music)

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Downloaded from
YTS.MX

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.MX

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(sombre music continues)

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(sombre music continues)

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(sombre music continues)

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(sombre music continues)

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(sombre music continues)

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- What does freedom mean for each of us?

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Are we convinced that
freedom is guaranteed

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in every aspect of our lives,

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or are we forgetting the sacrifices made

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by those who came before us
in order for us to have it?

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(sombre music continues)

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(sombre music continues)

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From the times of antiquity until now,

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the role that freedom
played in people's lives

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changed many times.

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But in the 18th century, it
took on a whole new dimension.

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In ancient times, man considered freedom

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to be the possibility to know
the truth with his own mind.

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But with the advent of Christianity,

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freedom referred to the free will to act

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or not to act according to God's morals.

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Throughout this period,

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individual freedoms were
the privilege of the few,

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until the awareness of collective freedom

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emerged in the 18th century.

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This was after the French Revolution

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that awoke national
consciousness across Europe.

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This powerful movement

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permanently changed the
borders of feudal Europe

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as well as the consciousness
of its inhabitants

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over the next two centuries.

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The Italian city of Turin,
the capital of Piedmont,

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it's certainly a breathtaking
tourist destination,

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but many people aren't aware
that the Italy we know today

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was formed thanks to a movement

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that started from right here,
the Kingdom of Piedmont.

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The king of Piedmont and
Sardinia, Victor Emmanuel II

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launched a series of political initiatives

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to unite the small states
on the Apennine Peninsula.

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He succeeded in 1865 by
proclaiming the Kingdom of Italy.

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An identical example in the same period

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was the unification of Germany,

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which was led by the Kingdom of Prussia.

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These movements formed the
world in which we live,

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and they owe their success

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not only to the political
capabilities of rulers,

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but also to the consciousness

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that individuals share
cultural, linguistic,

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and often religious
identities with others.

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And they know that collective freedom

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in a society is best guaranteed

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through the institution of a nation state.

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(music intensifies)

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Aided by the romantic movement,

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The vision of the State
as the only guarantor

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of preserving the authenticity of a nation

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spread through Europe.

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It saw collective liberation

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as the only means of national existence.

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And how is freedom manifested
in the 21st century?

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(resolute music)

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According to the 2013 census,

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12 Klingons and as many as 76 Jedi

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live in today's Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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Certain media outlets are
increasingly promoting

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the flat-Earth theory

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or discussing the possibility
of an alien invasion

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under the pretext that
everyone has the right

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to freedom of expression.

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This creates the danger of freedom

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being perceived as limitless
or becoming a triviality.

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Freedom without limits means

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that justice becomes the
advantage of the stronger.

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Monuments such as this
speak of the rebellion

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against such an advantage.

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And those who rebelled

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certainly had a spiritual
understanding of freedom.

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The Kozara Memorial was erected

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in memory of more than
30,000 civilian victims

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of this part of Republika Srpska

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in the fight against fascist
occupiers during World War II.

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There are several monuments
across Republika Srpska

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for those who died in
the struggle for freedom.

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Nothing's infinite, not even freedom.

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But freedom's value doesn't
lie in its infinity,

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but rather in its ability
to preserve unique

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and authentic characteristics.

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To that extent, the Republika
Srpska is an example

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that a nation can preserve its identity

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only if it's free to organise its life.

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To me, Republika Srpska is a territory

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where a culture is being
defended from being marginalized.

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In every way, that culture
deserves to survive

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as it has its language, script,

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literature, and cultural code.

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Republika Srpska, an entity

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of the state of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in Southeast Europe,

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was created after the disintegration

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of the Socialist Yugoslavia

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and is largely inhabited by Serbs.

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Following the war in
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

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between 1992 and 1995,

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the Dayton Peace Agreement
shaped the country

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as a unique federation.

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Republika Srpska

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isn't an internationally
recognised country,

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but it has administrative powers
to preserve the tradition,

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identity, and culture of its nation.

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For Serbs, a turbulent history,
rough geographical position,

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and strong awareness of belonging

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made the creation of a state

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not a precondition as it
was for Italy and Germany,

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but rather a consequence
of a firm national identity

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in which freedom is its ultimate value.

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"O boundless, O endless infinite freedom,

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come already and visit my country

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because everything is nothing without you,

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nothing is everything with you."

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These words written by Petar Kocic,

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a Serbian poet from the 19th century,

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speak of the value of freedom
in the consciousness of Serbs.

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And the best example of how
this nation sees freedom today

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is Republika Srpska, which
emerged as a consequence

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of the belief that freedom
really is everything.

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(resolute music)

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(resolute music continues)

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(resolute music continues)

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(resolute music ends)

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In 1984, Sarajevo was the host city

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of the Winter Olympic Games.

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It sparked the development of
winter tourism in the region,

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embodied in the now popular
ski resort on Jahorina,

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just a snowball throw
from Sarajevo itself.

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(resolute music)

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(resolute music continues)

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(resolute music continues)

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The games also provided
a unique opportunity

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for Socialist Yugoslavia to
present itself to the world

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as well as its federal republic
with an intriguing past,

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Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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(resolute music continues)

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(resolute music continues)

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The archaeological sites
in the Republika Srpska

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are a testimony of the
continuity of life here

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since the Stone Age

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Near the town of Sokolac,

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we can find one of the more significant

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archaeological sites, that
of the Glasinac culture

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which can be traced back
from the early Bronze Age

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to the early Iron Age,

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with its peak around
the fourth century BC.

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In the time of antiquity,

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tribes that were in earth called Illyrians

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left their mark here, until the
arrival of the Roman Empire,

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which conquered the Illyrian tribes.

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During the Middle Ages,
Christianity spread in these parts

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and gained full momentum,

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as evidenced by the Stecak
tombstones as medieval monuments,

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which speak of class affiliation

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and mostly testify to the Christian rite

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originating from Byzantium.

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(thrilling music)

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More than a thousand athletes
from as many as 49 countries

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competed at Sarajevo Olympics,

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while more than 4,000 journalists
reported on the games.

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However, twists and turns
of the competing athletes

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certainly weren't the only
thing spectators could see.

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(church bell clangs)

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The Church of the Holy Archangel Michael

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is popularly known as the Old
Orthodox Church in Bascarsija,

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and it was built around the 14th century.

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The turbulent history has taken
its toll on this building,

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which is one of the
oldest religious buildings

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in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

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It was burned several
times throughout history,

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until it was finally restored

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at the end of the 18th century.

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Not far from the old church,

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we see one of the most
magnificent buildings

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in all of Sarajevo, the
Orthodox Cathedral Church

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of the Nativity of the Theotokos.

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The construction, which
lasted more than a decade,

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was completed in 1874
with the consecration

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of the Bishop of Dabro-Bosnia, Paisius.

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The church was built exclusively

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through donations from the faithful,

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and represents the symbolic contribution

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of the Serbian people to the
architecture of Sarajevo,

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which has its foundation
in medieval Bosnia

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that started developing

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around the source of the river Bosna.

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After the 10th century, Bosnia,
like other Serbian states,

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started developing independently,

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with the state of Raska,
under the Nemanjic Dynasty,

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soon becoming dominant among them.

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Bosnia was originally ruled by bans,

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with the most prominent

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and notable historic
ruler being Ban Kulin,

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who embodied the so-called Bosnian age

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of peace and prosperity.

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The 13th century ushered in the rule

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of the Kotromanic Dynasty.

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The most important ruler of this dynasty,

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Stefan Tvrtko Kotromanic I

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was the king of the
Kingdom of Serbs and Bosnia

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and tried to unite the two medieval states

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of Bosnia and Raska.

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The 15th century witnessed
the foundation of Herzegovina,

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a territory named after the
title of Herceg of Saint Sava,

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the first Serbian archbishop
from the Nemanjic dynasty

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which gave the Nemanjic seal

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to the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

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something that remains to this day.

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The Kotromanic Dynasty ruled Bosnia

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for almost two centuries.

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Now, the rise of the state of Bosnia

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was slowed down by the death
of Tvrtko Kotromanic I,

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which led to dynastic power struggles.

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At the end of the 15th century,

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Bosnia fell under the rule
of the Ottoman Empire,

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which was dominated by Islam
and remained in this area

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until the Congress of Berlin
in the late 19th century.

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(bright music)

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More than 200,000 tickets
were sold for the Olympics,

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and around two billion people
watched the live broadcast.

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It must have been interesting for them

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to see scenes of a
typically oriental city,

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only to then cut to scenes

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of typical Central European architecture.

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At the beginning of the 19th century,

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an uprising against the Ottomans in Serbia

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led to the creation of the
Principality of Serbia.

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This was an incentive for
the Serbs in Herzegovina

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to rebel against the
Ottoman occupier in 1875.

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Their success was without reward,

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because Bosnia and Herzegovina

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was quickly occupied by Austria-Hungary,

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which ruled this area until
the end of World War I.

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It was from here, Schonbrunn Palace,

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that the Habsburg Dynasty
ruled the Austrian Empire.

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Now, the dynasty ruled
for more than 600 years,

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and the internal stability of the empire

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often depended on encouraging hostilities

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between the many nations
that were part of it.

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Bosnia and Herzegovina
can certainly be used

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as an example of Austria-Hungarian policy

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towards the occupied nations.

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As Serbs constituted the majority

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in Bosnia and Herzegovina
during the occupation

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and had a strong desire
to unite all South Slavs,

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they were considered
hostile by the Austrians.

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The second largest group, Muslims,

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didn't have a clear national identity,

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but the Austria-Hungarian authorities

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encouraged a new national consciousness

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in an attempt to exploit them
as a counterbalance to Serbs.

260
00:12:59,280 --> 00:13:01,200
Croats, who were Catholic,

261
00:13:01,200 --> 00:13:04,050
were the smallest in number
of the three major nations

262
00:13:04,050 --> 00:13:06,150
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

263
00:13:06,150 --> 00:13:08,250
But because of their
religious affiliation,

264
00:13:08,250 --> 00:13:10,380
they were favoured by Austria-Hungary

265
00:13:10,380 --> 00:13:13,140
at the expense of the other two nations.

266
00:13:13,140 --> 00:13:14,880
Sounds complicated, doesn't it?

267
00:13:14,880 --> 00:13:16,290
And this game of playing favourites

268
00:13:16,290 --> 00:13:18,600
can be seen in the architecture as well.

269
00:13:18,600 --> 00:13:21,570
During the Austria-Hungarian
occupation, the magnificent

270
00:13:21,570 --> 00:13:23,880
Catholic Cathedral of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus

271
00:13:23,880 --> 00:13:25,320
was built in Sarajevo,

272
00:13:25,320 --> 00:13:27,780
a Catholic school in
Travnik and other cities,

273
00:13:27,780 --> 00:13:30,540
as well as in specific
infrastructural, cultural,

274
00:13:30,540 --> 00:13:32,730
and economic projects.

275
00:13:32,730 --> 00:13:35,010
Every war needs a pretext.

276
00:13:35,010 --> 00:13:37,080
The political elites, who start wars

277
00:13:37,080 --> 00:13:39,840
motivated by their own self-interests,

278
00:13:39,840 --> 00:13:43,620
always seek out an event
to justify the reason given

279
00:13:43,620 --> 00:13:45,810
for such a disastrous phenomenon.

280
00:13:45,810 --> 00:13:47,160
One such event happened

281
00:13:47,160 --> 00:13:49,770
because of a boyish faith in humane ideals

282
00:13:49,770 --> 00:13:51,693
right at this spot in Sarajevo.

283
00:13:52,710 --> 00:13:55,440
On June 28th, 1914,

284
00:13:55,440 --> 00:13:59,010
a member of the Young Bosnia
Organisation, Gavrilo Princip,

285
00:13:59,010 --> 00:14:02,550
shot the heir to the throne of
the Austria-Hungarian Empire,

286
00:14:02,550 --> 00:14:06,390
Franz Ferdinand, killing him and his wife.

287
00:14:06,390 --> 00:14:08,550
In Vienna, this act inflamed

288
00:14:08,550 --> 00:14:11,520
the already hostile
attitude towards Serbia,

289
00:14:11,520 --> 00:14:14,643
with Austria-Hungary soon
declaring a full-blown war.

290
00:14:15,690 --> 00:14:18,600
It is interesting that an
almost identical assassination

291
00:14:18,600 --> 00:14:20,520
on an Austria-Hungarian princess,

292
00:14:20,520 --> 00:14:23,700
which was carried out
by an Italian in 1898,

293
00:14:23,700 --> 00:14:25,890
wasn't used as a pretext for war.

294
00:14:25,890 --> 00:14:29,130
Austria-Hungary wanted to
expand its empire to the East.

295
00:14:29,130 --> 00:14:30,660
And I know this sounds gruesome,

296
00:14:30,660 --> 00:14:32,280
but the assassination in Sarajevo

297
00:14:32,280 --> 00:14:34,980
served as an excellent excuse for that.

298
00:14:34,980 --> 00:14:36,420
However, the result was not

299
00:14:36,420 --> 00:14:38,310
what Austria-Hungary had hoped for.

300
00:14:38,310 --> 00:14:40,740
The conflict between
Austria-Hungary and Serbia

301
00:14:40,740 --> 00:14:44,040
turned into World War I,
which ended with the collapse

302
00:14:44,040 --> 00:14:46,650
of the Austria-Hungarian
Empire that started it

303
00:14:46,650 --> 00:14:49,170
and the formation of the Kingdom of Serbs,

304
00:14:49,170 --> 00:14:52,140
Croats and Slovenes, which
later changed its name

305
00:14:52,140 --> 00:14:54,000
to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

306
00:14:54,000 --> 00:14:55,863
that existed up until World War II.

307
00:14:57,180 --> 00:15:01,140
It was here that Mesa Selimovic's
words were most evident.

308
00:15:01,140 --> 00:15:03,090
Selimovic, who was born a Bosnian Muslim,

309
00:15:03,090 --> 00:15:05,010
but traced back his Serbian roots,

310
00:15:05,010 --> 00:15:07,500
said, "Man becomes free by choice,

311
00:15:07,500 --> 00:15:10,230
resistance, and disobedience."

312
00:15:10,230 --> 00:15:12,780
In 1941, demonstrators gathered here,

313
00:15:12,780 --> 00:15:14,520
in Serbia's capital Belgrade,

314
00:15:14,520 --> 00:15:17,550
to protest any form of
alliance with Nazi Germany,

315
00:15:17,550 --> 00:15:20,580
the largest military
force of the 20th century,

316
00:15:20,580 --> 00:15:23,910
significantly more powerful
than the Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

317
00:15:23,910 --> 00:15:25,560
Despite the Kingdom of Yugoslavia

318
00:15:25,560 --> 00:15:27,690
securing a non-aggression pact,

319
00:15:27,690 --> 00:15:32,070
the Serbian people cried out
"Better a grave than a slave".

320
00:15:32,070 --> 00:15:33,930
Following the people's uprising,

321
00:15:33,930 --> 00:15:36,750
Hitler invaded Yugoslavia in April 1941.

322
00:15:37,800 --> 00:15:40,830
The disastrous bombing
of major cities in Serbia

323
00:15:40,830 --> 00:15:43,260
marked the beginning of the occupation.

324
00:15:43,260 --> 00:15:46,680
The first thing Hitler demanded
from occupied Yugoslavia

325
00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:49,140
was to bring in the plaque
that marked the spot

326
00:15:49,140 --> 00:15:52,623
where Gavrilo Princip shot
and killed Archduke Ferdinand.

327
00:15:53,610 --> 00:15:57,390
The Kingdom of Yugoslavia was
divided into occupation zones

328
00:15:57,390 --> 00:16:00,330
by fascist and Nazi forces.

329
00:16:00,330 --> 00:16:02,700
The liberation of Belgrade in 1944

330
00:16:02,700 --> 00:16:05,370
marked the victory of the
communist-led partisans

331
00:16:05,370 --> 00:16:08,310
and led to a change in the
political system of Yugoslavia.

332
00:16:08,310 --> 00:16:12,120
In 1945, the Socialist
Yugoslavia was formed,

333
00:16:12,120 --> 00:16:16,170
whose first and lifelong
president was Josip Broz Tito.

334
00:16:16,170 --> 00:16:19,440
Tito became known worldwide in 1948

335
00:16:19,440 --> 00:16:20,850
for rejecting the Soviets

336
00:16:20,850 --> 00:16:23,370
in their attempts to control Yugoslavia,

337
00:16:23,370 --> 00:16:25,290
and later initiating the creation

338
00:16:25,290 --> 00:16:27,090
of the Non-Aligned Movement.

339
00:16:27,090 --> 00:16:29,190
The countries that made up this movement

340
00:16:29,190 --> 00:16:30,210
didn't want to take part

341
00:16:30,210 --> 00:16:32,640
in the Cold War era division of the world

342
00:16:32,640 --> 00:16:35,670
and sought a third way in
international relations.

343
00:16:35,670 --> 00:16:38,850
Despite being held four
years after Tito's death,

344
00:16:38,850 --> 00:16:40,200
the Sarajevo Olympics remained

345
00:16:40,200 --> 00:16:42,510
the only Olympic games held in a country

346
00:16:42,510 --> 00:16:44,910
that was a member of the
Non-Aligned Movement.

347
00:16:44,910 --> 00:16:47,610
Yugoslavia was organised
on a federal principle

348
00:16:47,610 --> 00:16:52,080
with six republics:
Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia,

349
00:16:52,080 --> 00:16:55,593
Macedonia, Montenegro, and
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

350
00:16:57,300 --> 00:16:59,640
You're listening to something
called a Sevdalinka,

351
00:16:59,640 --> 00:17:02,730
a song authentic to the area
of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

352
00:17:02,730 --> 00:17:04,500
However, it could always be heard

353
00:17:04,500 --> 00:17:06,930
throughout Serbia and other republics,

354
00:17:06,930 --> 00:17:09,420
which speaks of the influence
of culture from this area

355
00:17:09,420 --> 00:17:10,520
throughout Yugoslavia.

356
00:17:14,766 --> 00:17:15,966
(singer singing in Serbian)

357
00:17:15,966 --> 00:17:19,188
(crowd cheers)

358
00:17:19,188 --> 00:17:20,910
The people in Yugoslavia also listen

359
00:17:20,910 --> 00:17:23,280
to another type of music from Sarajevo,

360
00:17:23,280 --> 00:17:25,650
like songs of Bijelo Dugme.

361
00:17:25,650 --> 00:17:29,430
In the 1970s, a rock band from
Sarajevo named Bijelo Dugme

362
00:17:29,430 --> 00:17:32,250
held the biggest rock concert
in Yugoslavia's history,

363
00:17:32,250 --> 00:17:35,077
right here in the
country's capital Belgrade.

364
00:17:35,077 --> 00:17:39,494
(Bijelo dugme band playing their song)

365
00:17:42,240 --> 00:17:43,800
The youth of many Yugoslavs

366
00:17:43,800 --> 00:17:46,440
was marked by other rock
bands from Sarajevo,

367
00:17:46,440 --> 00:17:51,240
such as Indexi, Zabranjeno
pusenje, or Crvena jabuka.

368
00:17:51,240 --> 00:17:53,580
Rock bands aside, many ordinary citizens

369
00:17:53,580 --> 00:17:55,650
who contributed to the state
through their hard work

370
00:17:55,650 --> 00:17:56,940
were also popular.

371
00:17:56,940 --> 00:17:58,830
They were placed on bank notes

372
00:17:58,830 --> 00:18:01,110
of Yugoslavia's national
currency, the dinar.

373
00:18:01,110 --> 00:18:06,110
And the most famous were Alija
Sirotanovic and Arif Heralic,

374
00:18:06,510 --> 00:18:08,340
who were from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

375
00:18:08,340 --> 00:18:12,270
The two were known as
Udarniks or shock workers.

376
00:18:12,270 --> 00:18:14,010
Udarniks were highly productive workers

377
00:18:14,010 --> 00:18:17,190
known for their superproductive,
enthusiastic labour,

378
00:18:17,190 --> 00:18:19,050
and incredible results.

379
00:18:19,050 --> 00:18:21,300
This award promoted economic development

380
00:18:21,300 --> 00:18:24,120
that was evident in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

381
00:18:24,120 --> 00:18:27,960
After Tito's death in 1980,
Yugoslavia somewhat opened up

382
00:18:27,960 --> 00:18:30,540
to criticism of social problems.

383
00:18:30,540 --> 00:18:32,010
The Top List of the Surrealists

384
00:18:32,010 --> 00:18:35,550
started airing a radio comedy
segment in the early 1980s,

385
00:18:35,550 --> 00:18:39,000
later becoming a sketch comedy
and variety television show

386
00:18:39,000 --> 00:18:41,670
which aired on Sarajevo
TV and, to an extent,

387
00:18:41,670 --> 00:18:43,590
on Yugoslav radio television.

388
00:18:43,590 --> 00:18:45,900
The show sketches discussed social issues

389
00:18:45,900 --> 00:18:50,340
in a satirical manner, often
predicting events to come.

390
00:18:50,340 --> 00:18:53,610
In criticising the extensive
bureaucratic apparatus,

391
00:18:53,610 --> 00:18:55,140
the surrealists filmed a sketch

392
00:18:55,140 --> 00:18:56,520
in which government officials

393
00:18:56,520 --> 00:18:58,740
and politicians staged a strike

394
00:18:58,740 --> 00:19:01,740
because industrial workers
were demanding their paychecks

395
00:19:01,740 --> 00:19:04,632
and the citizens constantly
had their own requests.

396
00:19:04,632 --> 00:19:07,382
They're wasteful and keep
asking for paychecks...

397
00:19:07,382 --> 00:19:08,776
No more!

398
00:19:08,776 --> 00:19:10,800
(crowd cheers)

399
00:19:10,800 --> 00:19:12,840
The already seriously deteriorated

400
00:19:12,840 --> 00:19:14,850
financial status of the citizens

401
00:19:14,850 --> 00:19:18,060
was presented satirically
in the show "Prize Robbery"

402
00:19:18,060 --> 00:19:20,250
in which citizens participated in a game

403
00:19:20,250 --> 00:19:22,387
in which they were
deprived of their property.

404
00:19:22,387 --> 00:19:24,840
As you know, we're taking their TV now.

405
00:19:24,840 --> 00:19:27,223
Let's hope the lucky losers are at home.

406
00:19:27,223 --> 00:19:29,789
I see the TV is a
"Hyundai" from South Korea.

407
00:19:29,789 --> 00:19:30,630
A "Hyundai"?!

408
00:19:30,630 --> 00:19:32,310
At the beginning of the 1990s,

409
00:19:32,310 --> 00:19:34,290
as ethnic tensions were rising,

410
00:19:34,290 --> 00:19:37,140
the surrealists staged
a fake news programme

411
00:19:37,140 --> 00:19:39,180
declaring that Bosnia and Herzegovina

412
00:19:39,180 --> 00:19:42,480
is threatened by an outbreak of peace.

413
00:19:42,480 --> 00:19:45,270
Humour through satire, as a
way of dealing with problems

414
00:19:45,270 --> 00:19:48,150
and shortcomings, remains
present to this day

415
00:19:48,150 --> 00:19:49,800
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

416
00:19:49,800 --> 00:19:51,570
But in addition to this phenomenon,

417
00:19:51,570 --> 00:19:54,210
there are hidden dangers
for the uninformed visitor.

418
00:19:54,210 --> 00:19:55,770
Here you have to be very careful.

419
00:19:55,770 --> 00:19:57,840
For example, when it comes to food,

420
00:19:57,840 --> 00:20:00,510
especially when it comes
to a specialty, burek,

421
00:20:00,510 --> 00:20:01,927
if you accidentally order...

422
00:20:01,927 --> 00:20:02,912
Burek with cheese.

423
00:20:02,912 --> 00:20:04,674
(comical music)

424
00:20:06,198 --> 00:20:08,181
I mean... with potatoes?

425
00:20:08,181 --> 00:20:10,244
(comical music continues)

426
00:20:11,411 --> 00:20:12,600
Some cream?

427
00:20:12,600 --> 00:20:15,758
(comical music continues)

428
00:20:15,758 --> 00:20:17,465
Burek is only with meat.

429
00:20:18,465 --> 00:20:21,798
(tense music continues)

430
00:20:24,660 --> 00:20:26,010
The cuisine of this area

431
00:20:26,010 --> 00:20:29,430
is characterised by the
dynamics of mixing cultures

432
00:20:29,430 --> 00:20:32,520
so the dishes are very
colourful and delicious,

433
00:20:32,520 --> 00:20:35,100
thanks to the spices that
come from the orient.

434
00:20:35,100 --> 00:20:38,340
Every visitor has to try the Bosnian pot,

435
00:20:38,340 --> 00:20:42,600
tufahije, baklava, sogan dolma, cevapi,

436
00:20:42,600 --> 00:20:44,490
and many other dishes.

437
00:20:44,490 --> 00:20:47,520
However, I definitely first
recommend you try burek.

438
00:20:47,520 --> 00:20:49,530
The dough, made using old techniques,

439
00:20:49,530 --> 00:20:50,730
with a delicious filling

440
00:20:50,730 --> 00:20:53,520
is something most people
here consume every day,

441
00:20:53,520 --> 00:20:55,190
and it's something that
holds a special place

442
00:20:55,190 --> 00:20:58,886
in the hearts of all who live
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

443
00:20:58,886 --> 00:21:01,469
(lively music)

444
00:21:05,250 --> 00:21:08,100
After Jure Franko won the first ever

445
00:21:08,100 --> 00:21:10,170
Winter Olympics medal for Yugoslavia

446
00:21:10,170 --> 00:21:11,610
at the Games in Sarajevo,

447
00:21:11,610 --> 00:21:13,747
Franko was celebrated with the slogan

448
00:21:13,747 --> 00:21:16,747
"I love Jurek more than burek."

449
00:21:16,747 --> 00:21:18,266
- [Crowd] Jure! Jure!

450
00:21:18,266 --> 00:21:19,099
Jure! Jure!

451
00:21:19,099 --> 00:21:21,000
- However, the mix of
cultures wasn't evident

452
00:21:21,000 --> 00:21:23,670
in just the food, but also
in the political system

453
00:21:23,670 --> 00:21:25,830
of the socialist Bosnia and Herzegovina

454
00:21:25,830 --> 00:21:27,840
inhabited by its constituent nations,

455
00:21:27,840 --> 00:21:30,990
Serbs, Croats, and Muslims.

456
00:21:30,990 --> 00:21:31,860
Maybe you're confused

457
00:21:31,860 --> 00:21:33,900
why we're talking about
Muslims as a nation

458
00:21:33,900 --> 00:21:36,000
when you know that Muslims
are a religious group,

459
00:21:36,000 --> 00:21:38,250
which is different from an ethnic group.

460
00:21:38,250 --> 00:21:41,040
Well, in 1971, the Yugoslav census

461
00:21:41,040 --> 00:21:43,170
allowed members of
Bosnia and Herzegovina's

462
00:21:43,170 --> 00:21:45,630
Muslim religious community
to declare themselves

463
00:21:45,630 --> 00:21:48,243
as Muslim by ethnicity for the first time.

464
00:21:49,654 --> 00:21:52,354
The moment when someone
is declared a nation

465
00:21:52,354 --> 00:21:54,595
as is the case in linguistics,

466
00:21:54,595 --> 00:21:56,441
he becomes a political nation,

467
00:21:56,441 --> 00:21:58,549
which, given the time,

468
00:21:58,549 --> 00:22:02,170
stops caring about the past.

469
00:22:02,170 --> 00:22:03,960
Their historical genesis
can be traced back

470
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:06,390
to the Balkan conquest
of the Ottoman Empire,

471
00:22:06,390 --> 00:22:08,370
which was predominantly Muslim.

472
00:22:08,370 --> 00:22:12,420
In 1971, many identified
their ethnicity as Muslim.

473
00:22:12,420 --> 00:22:16,740
While as of 1993, they
identify as Bosniak.

474
00:22:16,740 --> 00:22:19,170
Serbs, Bosniaks, and Croats

475
00:22:19,170 --> 00:22:21,030
all participated in the creation

476
00:22:21,030 --> 00:22:24,060
of Bosnia and Herzegovina's
cultural uniqueness.

477
00:22:24,060 --> 00:22:25,770
And in the Socialist Yugoslavia,

478
00:22:25,770 --> 00:22:28,080
the system was devised in such a way

479
00:22:28,080 --> 00:22:30,450
that no matter which group
was greater in number,

480
00:22:30,450 --> 00:22:32,490
they all had an equal opportunity

481
00:22:32,490 --> 00:22:34,473
to participate in policymaking.

482
00:22:37,920 --> 00:22:39,780
Mostar is a Herzegovinian city

483
00:22:39,780 --> 00:22:41,790
named after the guardians of the bridges

484
00:22:41,790 --> 00:22:43,890
and bridge builders on the river Neretva

485
00:22:43,890 --> 00:22:45,390
where it's located.

486
00:22:45,390 --> 00:22:46,560
And the Old Bridge

487
00:22:46,560 --> 00:22:48,813
is the most recognisable part of the city.

488
00:22:51,150 --> 00:22:53,430
The bridge was built during
the Ottoman occupation

489
00:22:53,430 --> 00:22:55,020
in the 16th century,

490
00:22:55,020 --> 00:22:57,180
but it was demolished by Croatian forces

491
00:22:57,180 --> 00:22:59,550
during the war in 1993.

492
00:22:59,550 --> 00:23:01,260
The spirit of the people who live here

493
00:23:01,260 --> 00:23:03,397
is reflected in the
black humour joke that,

494
00:23:03,397 --> 00:23:07,350
"After the demolition, they'll
build an even older bridge."

495
00:23:07,350 --> 00:23:09,930
- After a war that's destroyed
much of the historic city,

496
00:23:09,930 --> 00:23:12,450
the task of rebuilding
is finally underway.

497
00:23:12,450 --> 00:23:15,150
- The rebuild bridge is
called the New Old Bridge,

498
00:23:15,150 --> 00:23:17,760
and a specific tradition
is connected to it,

499
00:23:17,760 --> 00:23:21,180
which speaks of the courage
of Herzegovinian young men.

500
00:23:21,180 --> 00:23:23,823
And that tradition looks like this.

501
00:23:25,123 --> 00:23:27,623
(tense music)

502
00:23:33,942 --> 00:23:37,275
(tense music continues)

503
00:23:43,799 --> 00:23:45,265
(suspenseful music)

504
00:23:45,265 --> 00:23:48,306
(water splashes)

505
00:23:48,306 --> 00:23:50,776
(crowd applauding)
(crowd cheering)

506
00:23:50,776 --> 00:23:53,609
(melodious music)

507
00:23:59,447 --> 00:24:02,280
(water splashing)

508
00:24:03,472 --> 00:24:06,000
Herzegovinian young men,
known for their courage,

509
00:24:06,000 --> 00:24:08,220
certainly took the lead in such jumps.

510
00:24:08,220 --> 00:24:10,950
But the period after the 1984 Olympics

511
00:24:10,950 --> 00:24:14,073
brought new types of confirmation
of this characteristic.

512
00:24:17,940 --> 00:24:20,700
If you were a young guy
during the Sarajevo Olympics,

513
00:24:20,700 --> 00:24:22,920
you knew that a Volkswagen Golf

514
00:24:22,920 --> 00:24:25,353
worked wonders for your
reputation in the city.

515
00:24:31,264 --> 00:24:34,272
Not many had a Volkswagen Golf back then,

516
00:24:34,272 --> 00:24:36,138
it just started getting made in Vogosca,

517
00:24:36,138 --> 00:24:40,596
but whoever had it
could easily get a girl.

518
00:24:40,596 --> 00:24:42,013
I didn't have a Golf

519
00:24:42,013 --> 00:24:45,496
but I had other skills that
helped with the ladies.

520
00:24:45,496 --> 00:24:47,071
I don't want to brag,

521
00:24:47,071 --> 00:24:50,871
but you can imagine what
that was like at age 20.

522
00:24:50,871 --> 00:24:55,871
What was life in Sarajevo
like for a 20-year-old

523
00:24:56,011 --> 00:24:59,361
during the Winter Olympics?

524
00:24:59,361 --> 00:25:01,494
It was more than good.

525
00:25:01,494 --> 00:25:05,236
An incredible euphoria swept the region.

526
00:25:05,236 --> 00:25:08,402
A great atmosphere, awesome vibes,

527
00:25:08,402 --> 00:25:11,985
the Olympic spirit that
flared up and spread then

528
00:25:11,985 --> 00:25:15,327
still lives in the
generation of that time.

529
00:25:15,327 --> 00:25:17,817
It was truly unique.

530
00:25:17,817 --> 00:25:20,466
We all gave it our best to be good hosts,

531
00:25:20,466 --> 00:25:22,575
to tidy up our balconies,

532
00:25:22,575 --> 00:25:26,116
yards, buildings, facades, etc.

533
00:25:26,116 --> 00:25:28,957
We were all like one

534
00:25:28,957 --> 00:25:33,489
and succeeded in being good hosts.

535
00:25:33,489 --> 00:25:38,423
(melodious music continues)

536
00:25:39,300 --> 00:25:41,130
The expansion of cooperation

537
00:25:41,130 --> 00:25:43,800
with the German auto-making
giant Volkswagen

538
00:25:43,800 --> 00:25:45,360
was supposed to be the pinnacle

539
00:25:45,360 --> 00:25:48,450
of Bosnia and Herzegovina's
economic development.

540
00:25:48,450 --> 00:25:51,270
But in 1989, the Berlin Wall fell.

541
00:25:51,270 --> 00:25:52,410
And the very next year,

542
00:25:52,410 --> 00:25:55,410
the 14th Congress of the
Communist Party in Belgrade

543
00:25:55,410 --> 00:25:57,210
saw the delegations of the republics

544
00:25:57,210 --> 00:25:59,970
of Slovenia and Croatia leave the party.

545
00:25:59,970 --> 00:26:02,550
With Slovenia and Croatia's
declarations of independence,

546
00:26:02,550 --> 00:26:05,160
the stable rule of the
Communist Party of Yugoslavia

547
00:26:05,160 --> 00:26:08,280
turned into a civil war in 1991.

548
00:26:08,280 --> 00:26:10,650
Thus, at the end of the 20th century,

549
00:26:10,650 --> 00:26:13,380
we saw that history
didn't leave scars here,

550
00:26:13,380 --> 00:26:15,753
but rather open wounds.

551
00:26:21,008 --> 00:26:24,425
(melodious music fades)

552
00:26:26,706 --> 00:26:29,067
(birds chirping)

553
00:26:29,067 --> 00:26:31,817
(bird squawking)

554
00:26:35,340 --> 00:26:37,830
The dissolution of the
Christian church in 1054

555
00:26:37,830 --> 00:26:41,100
into a western Catholic
church with its centre in Rome

556
00:26:41,100 --> 00:26:42,840
and an Eastern Orthodox church

557
00:26:42,840 --> 00:26:44,640
with its centre in Constantinople

558
00:26:44,640 --> 00:26:46,950
brought a millennium of
bloody religious wars

559
00:26:46,950 --> 00:26:49,080
to the area of Southeast Europe.

560
00:26:49,080 --> 00:26:52,290
The understanding of religion
as being a reason to go to war

561
00:26:52,290 --> 00:26:54,810
appeared as a relic at the
end of the 20th century

562
00:26:54,810 --> 00:26:57,180
right here around the river Bosna,

563
00:26:57,180 --> 00:26:59,010
which was, and remains,

564
00:26:59,010 --> 00:27:00,810
one of the borders of this division.

565
00:27:01,950 --> 00:27:03,060
As the central government

566
00:27:03,060 --> 00:27:05,010
of the Communist Party was weakening,

567
00:27:05,010 --> 00:27:07,650
the major ethnic groups
in Bosnia and Herzegovina

568
00:27:07,650 --> 00:27:10,500
all founded their national
political parties.

569
00:27:10,500 --> 00:27:14,310
Although the so-called Croatian
Democratic Union or HDZ

570
00:27:14,310 --> 00:27:18,390
was founded by Franjo Tudman
in early 1990 in Croatia.

571
00:27:18,390 --> 00:27:21,870
The HDZ operated in Bosnia
and Herzegovina itself

572
00:27:21,870 --> 00:27:24,660
representing the
interests of Croats there.

573
00:27:24,660 --> 00:27:26,280
In May of 1990,

574
00:27:26,280 --> 00:27:29,940
the Islamist Party of
Democratic Action or SDA

575
00:27:29,940 --> 00:27:33,420
was founded by Alija Izetbegovic
in Bosnia and Herzegovina

576
00:27:33,420 --> 00:27:35,910
representing the interests of Muslims.

577
00:27:35,910 --> 00:27:37,023
The Serbs in that republic

578
00:27:37,023 --> 00:27:39,690
were the last to form
their national party.

579
00:27:39,690 --> 00:27:42,930
The Serbian Democratic Party or SDS

580
00:27:42,930 --> 00:27:46,080
led by Sarajevo psychiatrist,
Radovan Karadzic,

581
00:27:46,080 --> 00:27:48,180
representing the political will of Serbs

582
00:27:48,180 --> 00:27:50,670
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

583
00:27:50,670 --> 00:27:53,940
After the first multi-party
elections in the republic,

584
00:27:53,940 --> 00:27:58,940
the Muslim SDA took 86
seats, the Serb SDS 72 seats,

585
00:27:59,040 --> 00:28:02,730
and the Croat HDZ 45 seats.

586
00:28:02,730 --> 00:28:04,440
According to the constitution,

587
00:28:04,440 --> 00:28:06,450
major decisions could not have been made

588
00:28:06,450 --> 00:28:10,110
without a consensus reached
by all three nations,

589
00:28:10,110 --> 00:28:12,780
but the political leaders
of the Muslims and Croats

590
00:28:12,780 --> 00:28:14,823
decided to ignore this golden rule.

591
00:28:15,870 --> 00:28:18,000
It's considered that the
creation of modern nations

592
00:28:18,000 --> 00:28:21,360
took place at the end of
the 18th and 19th century

593
00:28:21,360 --> 00:28:23,760
with the French, German,
and Italian nations

594
00:28:23,760 --> 00:28:25,890
serving as the best examples.

595
00:28:25,890 --> 00:28:26,940
But the Serbian people

596
00:28:26,940 --> 00:28:28,590
don't owe their awareness of belonging

597
00:28:28,590 --> 00:28:31,080
to the constitution of the state itself,

598
00:28:31,080 --> 00:28:32,823
but to their ancient identity.

599
00:28:34,320 --> 00:28:36,780
In one of the most important
historical writings

600
00:28:36,780 --> 00:28:39,690
from the 10th century,
De Administrando Imperio,

601
00:28:39,690 --> 00:28:42,900
written by Byzantine
emperor Constantine VII,

602
00:28:42,900 --> 00:28:45,540
he mentions the small land of Bosnia

603
00:28:45,540 --> 00:28:49,470
and these towns there, he
says, are inhabited by Serbs.

604
00:28:49,470 --> 00:28:52,920
The bans or rulers in Bosnia
in the early Middle Ages

605
00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:55,200
were more or less in a vassal position

606
00:28:55,200 --> 00:28:57,480
in relation to the powerful Hungary,

607
00:28:57,480 --> 00:28:59,580
but the ethnic composition of their land

608
00:28:59,580 --> 00:29:01,410
posed no dilemma for them.

609
00:29:01,410 --> 00:29:03,579
In his charter from 1249,

610
00:29:03,579 --> 00:29:07,440
Ban Matej Ninoslav signed
himself as Matej Stefan,

611
00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:08,940
reflective of his connection

612
00:29:08,940 --> 00:29:10,890
with the Serbian Nemanjic dynasty

613
00:29:10,890 --> 00:29:14,130
as all its members also
took the name Stefan.

614
00:29:14,130 --> 00:29:16,770
The ban sees his subjects as Serbs,

615
00:29:16,770 --> 00:29:19,980
while Pope Urban III, in
the Dubrovnik charter,

616
00:29:19,980 --> 00:29:23,280
even sees Bosnia itself ruled by Kulin Ban

617
00:29:23,280 --> 00:29:25,560
as a part of Serbia.

618
00:29:25,560 --> 00:29:26,910
Seven centuries ago,

619
00:29:26,910 --> 00:29:30,180
right here at the Mileseva
Monastery in present day Serbia,

620
00:29:30,180 --> 00:29:32,400
the most important Bosnian ruler,

621
00:29:32,400 --> 00:29:34,890
Tvrtko Kotromanic I was crowned.

622
00:29:34,890 --> 00:29:37,740
And with this act, he put
a stamp on the identity

623
00:29:37,740 --> 00:29:39,447
of the people of Bosnia.

624
00:29:39,447 --> 00:29:42,600
Tvrtko Kotromanic I was
crowned in front of the relics

625
00:29:42,600 --> 00:29:45,920
of the most important
Nemanjic, Saint Sava.

626
00:29:45,920 --> 00:29:47,880
Tvrtko took the name Stefan,

627
00:29:47,880 --> 00:29:49,860
put lilies on his coat of arms

628
00:29:49,860 --> 00:29:54,060
and in his signature called
himself the King of the Serbs.

629
00:29:54,060 --> 00:29:57,660
These gestures are all typical
of the Nemanjic Dynasty,

630
00:29:57,660 --> 00:30:01,290
which show how the most significant
ruler of medieval Bosnia

631
00:30:01,290 --> 00:30:03,633
saw himself and his people.

632
00:30:06,000 --> 00:30:07,920
This is the flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina

633
00:30:07,920 --> 00:30:10,080
that the Bosniaks designed
during the war years,

634
00:30:10,080 --> 00:30:12,960
and it was official up until 1998.

635
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:15,060
They used the same emblem on the uniform

636
00:30:15,060 --> 00:30:17,670
of the Bosniak-dominated army
of Bosnia and Herzegovina

637
00:30:17,670 --> 00:30:18,900
during the war.

638
00:30:18,900 --> 00:30:21,870
This is the flag of Serbia.

639
00:30:21,870 --> 00:30:25,950
Look closer. Remarkable resemblance.

640
00:30:25,950 --> 00:30:27,960
However, Bosniaks didn't see the lilies

641
00:30:27,960 --> 00:30:29,940
as the Nemanjic heritage of Bosnia,

642
00:30:29,940 --> 00:30:33,870
which they factually represent
but as its exact antithesis,

643
00:30:33,870 --> 00:30:36,660
a negation of Bosnia's own history.

644
00:30:36,660 --> 00:30:40,590
The Nemanjic legacy was also
denied in the name Herzegovina

645
00:30:40,590 --> 00:30:44,010
despite it originating from
the medieval area of Hum,

646
00:30:44,010 --> 00:30:47,040
which the founder of the
Nemanjic Dynasty, Stefan Nemanja,

647
00:30:47,040 --> 00:30:48,300
called his homeland

648
00:30:48,300 --> 00:30:50,730
and was ruled by the
most prominent members

649
00:30:50,730 --> 00:30:51,903
of the Serbian court.

650
00:30:54,090 --> 00:30:56,340
To understand this historical ignorance,

651
00:30:56,340 --> 00:30:59,310
we have to discuss the Stecak tombstones.

652
00:30:59,310 --> 00:31:00,143
Now, we mentioned

653
00:31:00,143 --> 00:31:01,800
that they were erected
here in the Middle Ages

654
00:31:01,800 --> 00:31:04,470
and that Herzegovina has
the largest number of them.

655
00:31:04,470 --> 00:31:07,080
Just in one town, here in Nevesinje,

656
00:31:07,080 --> 00:31:09,210
there are more of these tombstones

657
00:31:09,210 --> 00:31:11,490
than in all of Central Bosnia.

658
00:31:11,490 --> 00:31:13,860
And this site is
considered to be the place

659
00:31:13,860 --> 00:31:15,993
where the medieval state originated.

660
00:31:17,010 --> 00:31:20,010
These medieval tombstones
are on UNESCO's list

661
00:31:20,010 --> 00:31:21,570
of intangible heritage.

662
00:31:21,570 --> 00:31:23,220
In the form of an epitaph,

663
00:31:23,220 --> 00:31:25,620
they expressed a certain social status

664
00:31:25,620 --> 00:31:29,310
or some peculiarity for the
one who was buried there.

665
00:31:29,310 --> 00:31:31,080
At the time that the Stecak tombstones

666
00:31:31,080 --> 00:31:34,350
were already being built in
Bosnia, Bogomilism appeared,

667
00:31:34,350 --> 00:31:36,150
an autochthonous response to the people

668
00:31:36,150 --> 00:31:39,870
who weren't close to either
Orthodox or Catholic Christians.

669
00:31:39,870 --> 00:31:42,240
Both churches considered them heretics.

670
00:31:42,240 --> 00:31:45,480
Now, some historians claim
that the Stecak tombstones

671
00:31:45,480 --> 00:31:46,860
were linked to the Bogomils

672
00:31:46,860 --> 00:31:49,410
through inscriptions and
paintings found on them,

673
00:31:49,410 --> 00:31:52,110
and this claim is used
by many Bosniaks today

674
00:31:52,110 --> 00:31:55,590
to try to present themselves
as descendants of the Bogomils

675
00:31:55,590 --> 00:31:57,540
and to argue that their genesis

676
00:31:57,540 --> 00:32:01,890
can in no way be traced
to Serbs or Croats.

677
00:32:01,890 --> 00:32:04,470
However, the inscription
on a Stecak tombstone

678
00:32:04,470 --> 00:32:06,840
doesn't deal with religious affiliation,

679
00:32:06,840 --> 00:32:09,870
but rather tries to
emphasise social status,

680
00:32:09,870 --> 00:32:13,230
while the Bogomils were against
anything that is material,

681
00:32:13,230 --> 00:32:15,753
including the construction of tombstones.

682
00:32:16,860 --> 00:32:19,140
The Cajnice Gospel, a liturgical book

683
00:32:19,140 --> 00:32:20,580
written in the 15th century,

684
00:32:20,580 --> 00:32:22,740
is one of the most
important Cyrillic writings

685
00:32:22,740 --> 00:32:25,290
from the territory of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

686
00:32:25,290 --> 00:32:28,200
The strong presence of
Byzantine rituals and emergence

687
00:32:28,200 --> 00:32:30,720
of some of the most
important Cyrillic writings

688
00:32:30,720 --> 00:32:34,200
demonstrates a formed
identity of Serbs in this area

689
00:32:34,200 --> 00:32:37,072
in the first centuries
of the second millennium.

690
00:32:37,072 --> 00:32:39,563
A nation can be defined

691
00:32:39,563 --> 00:32:42,179
as a community tied by a common language.

692
00:32:42,179 --> 00:32:45,962
This is the strength of a nation

693
00:32:45,962 --> 00:32:49,578
and not, as some philosophers consider it,

694
00:32:49,578 --> 00:32:51,935
a "tribal construct".

695
00:32:51,935 --> 00:32:53,943
It is the last line of defense

696
00:32:53,943 --> 00:32:57,115
of a kind of culture that is threatened.

697
00:32:57,115 --> 00:32:59,520
The worldview of a person
living in the Middle Ages

698
00:32:59,520 --> 00:33:01,680
was largely defined by religion.

699
00:33:01,680 --> 00:33:03,990
Depending on which religion you belong to,

700
00:33:03,990 --> 00:33:06,600
you'd be a part of a
certain cultural pattern.

701
00:33:06,600 --> 00:33:09,300
Catholics used the Latin
language and script

702
00:33:09,300 --> 00:33:10,620
while Orthodox Christians

703
00:33:10,620 --> 00:33:13,080
used the Greek language and alphabet.

704
00:33:13,080 --> 00:33:15,810
As Serbs accepted
Christianity from Byzantium

705
00:33:15,810 --> 00:33:17,190
in the ninth century

706
00:33:17,190 --> 00:33:20,040
but didn't originate from
a Greek-speaking area,

707
00:33:20,040 --> 00:33:22,860
an authentic script for
understanding liturgical books

708
00:33:22,860 --> 00:33:25,080
was developed, Cyrillic.

709
00:33:25,080 --> 00:33:27,960
The Serbian Cyrillic
alphabet remains a feature

710
00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:30,390
of Serbian culture to this day,

711
00:33:30,390 --> 00:33:33,480
but it was also very
present in medieval Bosnia.

712
00:33:33,480 --> 00:33:35,970
For example, in the Charter of Kulin Ban

713
00:33:35,970 --> 00:33:38,970
and in Miroslav's Gospel,
which is still preserved

714
00:33:38,970 --> 00:33:41,100
as one of the most important monuments

715
00:33:41,100 --> 00:33:43,120
of Serbian cultural heritage.

716
00:33:43,120 --> 00:33:45,870
(dramatic music)

717
00:33:47,550 --> 00:33:48,840
Criticising democracy,

718
00:33:48,840 --> 00:33:51,217
English philosopher
Thomas Hobbes argued that,

719
00:33:51,217 --> 00:33:54,540
"In absolutism power can
be abused by one man,

720
00:33:54,540 --> 00:33:57,387
while in democracy it can
be abused by many more."

721
00:33:58,950 --> 00:34:01,860
Alija Izetbegovic, the ideologue, founder,

722
00:34:01,860 --> 00:34:05,550
and leader of the Party of
Democratic Action in the 1990s,

723
00:34:05,550 --> 00:34:09,390
was sentenced to 14
years of prison in 1983

724
00:34:09,390 --> 00:34:11,430
in the then Socialist Yugoslavia,

725
00:34:11,430 --> 00:34:13,530
along with nine other accomplices,

726
00:34:13,530 --> 00:34:16,560
for Muslim nationalism
and hostile propaganda.

727
00:34:16,560 --> 00:34:18,720
Seven years later, the same year

728
00:34:18,720 --> 00:34:21,510
when Izetbegovic founded
his political party,

729
00:34:21,510 --> 00:34:22,890
the first edition of his book

730
00:34:22,890 --> 00:34:26,100
called "The Islamic
Declaration" was published.

731
00:34:26,100 --> 00:34:29,520
In it he explicitly said
that the Islamic movement

732
00:34:29,520 --> 00:34:33,030
must take power when it becomes
strong enough in numbers.

733
00:34:33,030 --> 00:34:36,480
And when it takes over, it
should create a new government

734
00:34:36,480 --> 00:34:40,980
which corresponds exclusively
to the Islamic worldview.

735
00:34:40,980 --> 00:34:42,840
Following what he himself wrote,

736
00:34:42,840 --> 00:34:44,820
"there is no peace or coexistence

737
00:34:44,820 --> 00:34:47,670
between the Islamic faith
and non-Islamic social

738
00:34:47,670 --> 00:34:50,122
and political institutions",

739
00:34:50,122 --> 00:34:53,130
Izetbegovic wanted an independent
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

740
00:34:53,130 --> 00:34:54,120
And the Croats,

741
00:34:54,120 --> 00:34:56,130
following the example
of neighbouring Croatia

742
00:34:56,130 --> 00:34:58,080
which had already declared independence,

743
00:34:58,080 --> 00:34:59,760
also wanted to secede.

744
00:34:59,760 --> 00:35:01,320
Taught by their own history,

745
00:35:01,320 --> 00:35:04,680
the Serbs saw their survival
in a union with Serbia,

746
00:35:04,680 --> 00:35:06,660
that is in Yugoslavia.

747
00:35:06,660 --> 00:35:08,070
And they were ready to resolve

748
00:35:08,070 --> 00:35:10,296
any disagreements by consensus.

749
00:35:10,296 --> 00:35:13,345
We've all decided there
would be no outvoting.

750
00:35:13,345 --> 00:35:15,204
No decision of this Assembly

751
00:35:15,204 --> 00:35:17,187
is worth any potential divisions

752
00:35:17,187 --> 00:35:18,720
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

753
00:35:18,720 --> 00:35:20,130
- But they were duped.

754
00:35:20,130 --> 00:35:22,260
After several unsuccessful attempts

755
00:35:22,260 --> 00:35:26,070
for a unilateral decision
by Muslim and Croat MPs,

756
00:35:26,070 --> 00:35:28,890
on October 14th, 1991,

757
00:35:28,890 --> 00:35:30,750
as the session of Bosnia and Herzegovina's

758
00:35:30,750 --> 00:35:32,305
parliament was ending...

759
00:35:32,305 --> 00:35:33,488
- I'm ending the session,

760
00:35:33,488 --> 00:35:35,100
thank you for your presence.

761
00:35:35,100 --> 00:35:39,030
- Muslim and Croat MPs waited
for the Serb MPs to leave

762
00:35:39,030 --> 00:35:41,340
and then, well after midnight,

763
00:35:41,340 --> 00:35:43,170
without the presence of Serbs,

764
00:35:43,170 --> 00:35:45,840
they adopted the memorandum of sovereignty

765
00:35:45,840 --> 00:35:47,493
of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

766
00:35:49,534 --> 00:35:52,110
(muffled cultural music)

767
00:35:52,110 --> 00:35:53,460
Making crucial decisions

768
00:35:53,460 --> 00:35:56,580
that affect the destinies of
millions of people in secret

769
00:35:56,580 --> 00:35:58,050
in the wee hours of the night

770
00:35:58,050 --> 00:36:00,843
is reminiscent of a Sevdalinka song.

771
00:36:02,520 --> 00:36:07,387
Mujo is horse shoeing in the moonlight.

772
00:36:11,641 --> 00:36:14,558
(glasses clinking)

773
00:36:16,308 --> 00:36:21,308
Mujo's horse shoeing, his
mother is cursing him.

774
00:36:23,796 --> 00:36:26,463
(glasses clink)

775
00:36:29,322 --> 00:36:34,322
(singer continues singing)

776
00:36:38,145 --> 00:36:42,820
My son,

777
00:36:45,152 --> 00:36:46,641
(host whistles)

778
00:36:46,641 --> 00:36:50,244
listen to your mother,

779
00:36:50,244 --> 00:36:52,911
(glasses clink)

780
00:36:54,633 --> 00:36:59,566
horse shoeing isn't done in the moonlight,

781
00:37:00,983 --> 00:37:05,966
but at daytime in the sunlight.

782
00:37:08,334 --> 00:37:11,698
(audience applauding)

783
00:37:11,698 --> 00:37:15,031
(lively cultural music)

784
00:37:16,170 --> 00:37:19,110
He talks about a young man
criticised by his wise mother,

785
00:37:19,110 --> 00:37:21,960
who says that important
work isn't done at night.

786
00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:24,210
He justifies it by being in love.

787
00:37:24,210 --> 00:37:27,243
However, what excuse did
the much older MPs have?

788
00:37:28,451 --> 00:37:30,690
(singer continues singing)

789
00:37:30,690 --> 00:37:33,450
The October 15th decision
was a consequence

790
00:37:33,450 --> 00:37:36,780
of a clear desire expressed
by Alija Izetbegovic

791
00:37:36,780 --> 00:37:40,020
in his own words during
a parliamentary session

792
00:37:40,020 --> 00:37:41,510
of the same year.

793
00:37:41,510 --> 00:37:43,140
(audience applauding)
(audience whistles)

794
00:37:43,140 --> 00:37:45,510
"I would sacrifice peace

795
00:37:45,510 --> 00:37:48,210
for a sovereign Bosnia and Herzegovina.

796
00:37:48,210 --> 00:37:52,980
For peace, I would not
sacrifice sovereignty."

797
00:37:52,980 --> 00:37:54,450
The message was clear.

798
00:37:54,450 --> 00:37:57,750
Decisions would no longer
be made by consensus,

799
00:37:57,750 --> 00:38:02,750
but rather by outvoting the
Serbs, even at the cost of war.

800
00:38:02,765 --> 00:38:04,398
War is not our goal,

801
00:38:04,398 --> 00:38:06,598
but fighting would be the
means to achieve our goal

802
00:38:06,598 --> 00:38:08,910
if no other way is possible.

803
00:38:08,910 --> 00:38:11,100
The Serbs are a nation
whose collective memory

804
00:38:11,100 --> 00:38:13,080
dates back more than a millennium.

805
00:38:13,080 --> 00:38:15,870
And in that memory, the era
of the Ottoman occupation

806
00:38:15,870 --> 00:38:17,550
is certainly engraved,

807
00:38:17,550 --> 00:38:21,141
a time when their rights
were extremely endangered.

808
00:38:21,141 --> 00:38:25,150
In Ottoman-ruled Bosnia and Herzegovina,

809
00:38:25,150 --> 00:38:27,074
in its spahiluks,

810
00:38:27,074 --> 00:38:32,007
as they called the territories
governed by local vassals,

811
00:38:32,007 --> 00:38:36,753
there were 35 kanuns - Ottoman laws,

812
00:38:36,753 --> 00:38:40,653
And in those 35 kanuns,
they wrote down in detail

813
00:38:40,653 --> 00:38:44,211
that if you wanted to
restore a destroyed church

814
00:38:44,211 --> 00:38:48,227
or, better yet, build a new one -

815
00:38:48,227 --> 00:38:49,148
you couldn't.

816
00:38:49,148 --> 00:38:54,148
The complex system of corruption
that existed in the laws

817
00:38:54,473 --> 00:38:59,473
and which actually had
their Kafkaesque order,

818
00:38:59,480 --> 00:39:03,358
made it impossible to exercise
one's religious rights.

819
00:39:03,358 --> 00:39:04,830
(birds chirping)

820
00:39:04,830 --> 00:39:07,140
The desecration and
destruction of churches,

821
00:39:07,140 --> 00:39:08,850
ruthless retributions,

822
00:39:08,850 --> 00:39:10,980
and harsh living conditions of Christians

823
00:39:10,980 --> 00:39:13,380
also caused the migration of this group

824
00:39:13,380 --> 00:39:16,440
into neighbouring empires
such as Austria-Hungary,

825
00:39:16,440 --> 00:39:18,270
which, by the end of the 19th century,

826
00:39:18,270 --> 00:39:21,563
significantly changed the
ethnic composition of this area.

827
00:39:21,563 --> 00:39:23,910
(ethereal music)

828
00:39:23,910 --> 00:39:25,500
One of the most acclaimed writers

829
00:39:25,500 --> 00:39:28,140
from Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Mesa Selimovic

830
00:39:28,140 --> 00:39:30,450
was very aware of this change.

831
00:39:30,450 --> 00:39:34,740
He was born into a Bosnian
Muslim family in Tuzla in 1910,

832
00:39:34,740 --> 00:39:37,410
but discovered that his
ancestors, who were Serb,

833
00:39:37,410 --> 00:39:40,740
converted to Islam to protect
their Christian brethren.

834
00:39:40,740 --> 00:39:43,800
According to a census at
the end of the 15th century,

835
00:39:43,800 --> 00:39:48,800
over 99% of Christian families
and less than 1% of Muslims

836
00:39:48,990 --> 00:39:52,110
lived in the administrative
unit of the Bosnian Sanjak.

837
00:39:52,110 --> 00:39:55,890
While in the 19th century, the
Muslim population represented

838
00:39:55,890 --> 00:39:58,380
38% of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

839
00:39:58,380 --> 00:40:01,770
Selimovic said, "To be a Serb is glorious,

840
00:40:01,770 --> 00:40:03,570
but also expensive."

841
00:40:03,570 --> 00:40:05,880
And the cost of this
violent change of identity

842
00:40:05,880 --> 00:40:07,260
was a collective trauma

843
00:40:07,260 --> 00:40:10,610
best described by Serbian
Nobel Prize winner Ivo Andric

844
00:40:10,610 --> 00:40:13,290
in his literary work "The
Bridge on the Drina".

845
00:40:13,290 --> 00:40:14,730
Despite being written centuries

846
00:40:14,730 --> 00:40:16,290
after the events it portrays,

847
00:40:16,290 --> 00:40:18,240
it vividly and, in great detail,

848
00:40:18,240 --> 00:40:21,420
describes the Ottoman
custom called the blood tax,

849
00:40:21,420 --> 00:40:24,780
the forceful abduction of male
children from their families

850
00:40:24,780 --> 00:40:26,460
for conversion to Islam.

851
00:40:26,460 --> 00:40:29,070
The children were taken
across this very bridge

852
00:40:29,070 --> 00:40:31,143
in the town of Visegrad to Istanbul.

853
00:40:32,430 --> 00:40:34,323
In his work, Andric writes,

854
00:40:36,157 --> 00:40:38,370
"It was already the sixth year

855
00:40:38,370 --> 00:40:41,670
since the last collection
of this tribute of blood,

856
00:40:41,670 --> 00:40:46,080
and so this time the choice
had been easy and rich.

857
00:40:46,080 --> 00:40:49,200
The necessary number of healthy, bright,

858
00:40:49,200 --> 00:40:53,250
and good-looking lads
between 10 and 15 years old

859
00:40:53,250 --> 00:40:55,410
had been found without difficulty,

860
00:40:55,410 --> 00:40:57,830
even though many parents
had hidden their children

861
00:40:57,830 --> 00:41:01,650
in the forests, taught them
how to appear half-witted,

862
00:41:01,650 --> 00:41:04,440
clothed them in rags
and let them get filthy

863
00:41:04,440 --> 00:41:07,110
to avoid the aga's choice.

864
00:41:07,110 --> 00:41:10,410
Some went so far as to
maim their own children,

865
00:41:10,410 --> 00:41:13,053
cutting off one of their
fingers with an axe.

866
00:41:13,920 --> 00:41:17,670
The chosen children were laden
onto little Bosnian horses

867
00:41:17,670 --> 00:41:18,927
in a long convoy."

868
00:41:20,340 --> 00:41:22,803
Those convoys passed through here.

869
00:41:24,450 --> 00:41:26,010
I can't even begin to imagine

870
00:41:26,010 --> 00:41:28,960
how frightened those
young kidnapped boys were

871
00:41:29,970 --> 00:41:32,270
and how the children's
mothers must have felt.

872
00:41:34,657 --> 00:41:38,610
"A little way behind the last
horses in that strange convoy,

873
00:41:38,610 --> 00:41:41,610
straggled, dishevelled and exhausted,

874
00:41:41,610 --> 00:41:44,190
many parents and relatives
of those children

875
00:41:44,190 --> 00:41:47,610
who were being carried away
forever to a foreign world

876
00:41:47,610 --> 00:41:50,700
where they would be
circumcised, become Turkish,

877
00:41:50,700 --> 00:41:54,120
and forgetting their faith, their country,

878
00:41:54,120 --> 00:41:56,910
and their origin would pass their lives

879
00:41:56,910 --> 00:41:59,070
in the ranks of the janissaries

880
00:41:59,070 --> 00:42:02,670
or in some other, higher,
service of the empire.

881
00:42:02,670 --> 00:42:07,530
They were, for the most part,
women, mothers, grandmothers

882
00:42:07,530 --> 00:42:10,260
and sisters of the stolen children.

883
00:42:10,260 --> 00:42:11,700
When they came too close,

884
00:42:11,700 --> 00:42:14,670
the aga's horseman would
drive them away with whips,

885
00:42:14,670 --> 00:42:17,577
urging their horses at them
with loud cries to Allah."

886
00:42:22,950 --> 00:42:25,920
After being outvoted
by Muslim and Croat MPs

887
00:42:25,920 --> 00:42:30,920
on October 15th, 1991, Serb
MPs gathered nine days later

888
00:42:31,200 --> 00:42:34,050
and constituted the assembly
of the Serbian people

889
00:42:34,050 --> 00:42:38,190
in Bosnia and Herzegovina
with its seat in Sarajevo.

890
00:42:38,190 --> 00:42:39,120
At its first session,

891
00:42:39,120 --> 00:42:41,220
a plebiscite was called for November 10,

892
00:42:41,220 --> 00:42:43,050
which had the aim of defining the will

893
00:42:43,050 --> 00:42:45,360
of the Serbs in Bosnia and Herzegovina

894
00:42:45,360 --> 00:42:47,790
and asking them if they
were in favour of remaining

895
00:42:47,790 --> 00:42:50,280
in the Yugoslav community or not.

896
00:42:50,280 --> 00:42:54,573
More than 1,350,000 Serbs took part in it,

897
00:42:55,500 --> 00:42:58,653
and 96% voted to stay in Yugoslavia.

898
00:42:59,610 --> 00:43:02,310
This was indeed a desperate attempt

899
00:43:02,310 --> 00:43:06,150
by the Serb political elite to
maintain political visibility

900
00:43:06,150 --> 00:43:09,270
and try to prevent a
new demographic decline

901
00:43:09,270 --> 00:43:12,150
due to a potential loss
of political rights.

902
00:43:12,150 --> 00:43:14,040
The Assembly of Bosnia and Herzegovina,

903
00:43:14,040 --> 00:43:16,230
which operated without
Serb representatives

904
00:43:16,230 --> 00:43:18,780
after October 15th, 1991,

905
00:43:18,780 --> 00:43:23,220
scheduled its own referendum
for February 29th, 1992,

906
00:43:23,220 --> 00:43:25,830
in which its citizens would be
asked if they were in favour

907
00:43:25,830 --> 00:43:28,440
of an independent Bosnia and Herzegovina.

908
00:43:28,440 --> 00:43:30,360
Serbs boycotted the referendum,

909
00:43:30,360 --> 00:43:33,000
aware that their participation
would give legitimacy

910
00:43:33,000 --> 00:43:36,990
to a system of outvoting rather
than reaching a consensus.

911
00:43:36,990 --> 00:43:39,720
The referendum was held on February 29th

912
00:43:39,720 --> 00:43:42,330
and March 1st, 1992.

913
00:43:42,330 --> 00:43:45,930
Sure enough, over 99% of those who voted,

914
00:43:45,930 --> 00:43:48,120
voted to leave Yugoslavia.

915
00:43:48,120 --> 00:43:50,520
Serbs meanwhile organised
themselves politically

916
00:43:50,520 --> 00:43:53,760
in municipalities where they
had a significant majority,

917
00:43:53,760 --> 00:43:56,040
wanting to articulate
their political interests

918
00:43:56,040 --> 00:43:58,710
expressed in the 1991 plebiscite.

919
00:43:58,710 --> 00:44:01,650
The Muslims and Croats thus
had a political platform,

920
00:44:01,650 --> 00:44:04,380
but the Serbs posed an
"obstacle" of sorts.

921
00:44:04,380 --> 00:44:07,170
The Serbs possessed significant
properties, influence,

922
00:44:07,170 --> 00:44:10,020
and positions throughout
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

923
00:44:10,020 --> 00:44:11,280
and they were interwoven

924
00:44:11,280 --> 00:44:13,260
with the Muslim and Croat communities

925
00:44:13,260 --> 00:44:16,020
to the extent that no de
facto unitary government

926
00:44:16,020 --> 00:44:17,670
could be established.

927
00:44:17,670 --> 00:44:21,240
That obstacle could only
be removed through war,

928
00:44:21,240 --> 00:44:24,840
and the pretext came faster
than anyone expected.

929
00:44:24,840 --> 00:44:28,200
One shot articulated all
the political violence

930
00:44:28,200 --> 00:44:30,240
that the Muslim and Croatian side

931
00:44:30,240 --> 00:44:32,280
had been committing for a year.

932
00:44:32,280 --> 00:44:34,770
On March 1st, 1992,

933
00:44:34,770 --> 00:44:37,650
as the voting on the
referendum was still ongoing,

934
00:44:37,650 --> 00:44:39,390
but Ramiz Delalic Celo,

935
00:44:39,390 --> 00:44:41,880
who was previously convicted for violence,

936
00:44:41,880 --> 00:44:44,760
fired shots at a Serb wedding in Sarajevo.

937
00:44:44,760 --> 00:44:47,550
He killed the father of
the groom, Nikola Gardovic

938
00:44:47,550 --> 00:44:49,110
as the wedding guests were departing

939
00:44:49,110 --> 00:44:52,320
to the old Orthodox Church
for the wedding ceremony.

940
00:44:52,320 --> 00:44:55,472
The reason was, as the
executor said himself...

941
00:44:55,472 --> 00:45:00,472
They took out their Serbian
flags and started waving them.

942
00:45:00,780 --> 00:45:03,180
- The same Serbian flag that was banned

943
00:45:03,180 --> 00:45:07,200
by the Austro-Hungarian government
less than a century ago.

944
00:45:07,200 --> 00:45:09,120
Nikola Gardovic was killed only

945
00:45:09,120 --> 00:45:11,730
because he was open about being a Serb.

946
00:45:11,730 --> 00:45:14,670
As no one was convicted or
even arrested for the crime,

947
00:45:14,670 --> 00:45:17,372
the killing of Serbs was
essentially legalised.

948
00:45:17,372 --> 00:45:18,570
(bomb explodes)

949
00:45:18,570 --> 00:45:21,050
This crime is considered
the beginning of the war

950
00:45:21,050 --> 00:45:22,860
in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

951
00:45:22,860 --> 00:45:24,960
The Muslim side denies this.

952
00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:28,380
But the fact remains that
the executor, Ramiz Delalic,

953
00:45:28,380 --> 00:45:31,140
as a member of the
Muslim's military forces,

954
00:45:31,140 --> 00:45:34,590
was decorated by Alija
Izetbegovic in person

955
00:45:34,590 --> 00:45:36,780
in the war that engulfed the country.

956
00:45:36,780 --> 00:45:38,640
The killing was a long-awaited excuse

957
00:45:38,640 --> 00:45:41,880
to implement the ideology
of "The Islamic Declaration"

958
00:45:41,880 --> 00:45:44,460
as demonstrated in the days, months,

959
00:45:44,460 --> 00:45:46,031
and years after the murder.

960
00:45:46,031 --> 00:45:49,114
(sombre music fades)

961
00:45:53,160 --> 00:45:55,650
The division into small and big nations

962
00:45:55,650 --> 00:45:56,820
cannot be merely determined

963
00:45:56,820 --> 00:45:59,670
by counting how many people
are a part of a nation,

964
00:45:59,670 --> 00:46:01,650
but rather according to the contribution

965
00:46:01,650 --> 00:46:04,140
a nation makes to civilization.

966
00:46:04,140 --> 00:46:06,120
And when it comes to the Serbian nation,

967
00:46:06,120 --> 00:46:10,530
they often gave the most
valuable thing they could, life.

968
00:46:10,530 --> 00:46:12,090
At the end of the 19th century,

969
00:46:12,090 --> 00:46:14,760
the Serbs of this area initiated uprisings

970
00:46:14,760 --> 00:46:18,450
and wars against the Ottoman
occupiers in the Balkans.

971
00:46:18,450 --> 00:46:21,540
From this spot, not far
from the town of Nevesinje,

972
00:46:21,540 --> 00:46:23,340
the Serbs rebelled in their desire

973
00:46:23,340 --> 00:46:26,520
to rid themselves of the now
renegade Ottoman authorities

974
00:46:26,520 --> 00:46:29,100
and they freed themselves
from the occupier.

975
00:46:29,100 --> 00:46:31,900
But this occupier was instantly
replaced by another one.

976
00:46:33,240 --> 00:46:35,550
At the moment, when the
Austro-Hungarian occupier

977
00:46:35,550 --> 00:46:38,490
was taking control over
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

978
00:46:38,490 --> 00:46:41,670
Serbs made up 43% of the population there

979
00:46:41,670 --> 00:46:44,640
and with a single largest ethnic group.

980
00:46:44,640 --> 00:46:47,490
This didn't suit the new
Austro-Hungarian occupier,

981
00:46:47,490 --> 00:46:49,560
so the ethnic composition
was to be adjusted

982
00:46:49,560 --> 00:46:51,120
in a two-step process:

983
00:46:51,120 --> 00:46:53,370
one, changing the national structure;

984
00:46:53,370 --> 00:46:56,223
and two, controlling
inter-ethnic relations.

985
00:46:57,210 --> 00:46:59,940
Already in the first years
of Austro-Hungarian rule,

986
00:46:59,940 --> 00:47:02,370
migrants were brought
in, mostly from Bavaria,

987
00:47:02,370 --> 00:47:04,680
but from other parts
of the empire as well.

988
00:47:04,680 --> 00:47:07,833
The first migrant colony near
Banja Luka was Windhorst.

989
00:47:07,833 --> 00:47:09,930
They were nicknamed Kuferasi,

990
00:47:09,930 --> 00:47:11,700
loosely translated to foreigners

991
00:47:11,700 --> 00:47:13,590
who only brought a suitcase with them.

992
00:47:13,590 --> 00:47:15,540
The exact number of the Kuferasi

993
00:47:15,540 --> 00:47:17,490
was never precisely determined,

994
00:47:17,490 --> 00:47:21,060
but estimates go as high
as 200,000 migrating

995
00:47:21,060 --> 00:47:22,500
in two decades.

996
00:47:22,500 --> 00:47:24,570
Their main role was to take over jobs

997
00:47:24,570 --> 00:47:26,070
in the developing industry.

998
00:47:26,070 --> 00:47:29,850
Up to 60% of civil
service jobs were reserved

999
00:47:29,850 --> 00:47:31,410
for the Kuferasi.

1000
00:47:31,410 --> 00:47:33,390
In addition to migrating
peoples to colonies

1001
00:47:33,390 --> 00:47:34,950
such as Franzjosefsfeld,

1002
00:47:34,950 --> 00:47:37,680
not far from the city of
Bijeljina, where I'm standing,

1003
00:47:37,680 --> 00:47:39,330
the Austro-Hungarians manipulated

1004
00:47:39,330 --> 00:47:42,330
the existing ethnic relations
in an attempt to control them.

1005
00:47:43,290 --> 00:47:45,810
Beni Kallay was an
Austro-Hungarian statesman,

1006
00:47:45,810 --> 00:47:48,000
who, as administrator of the condominium

1007
00:47:48,000 --> 00:47:50,670
of Bosnia and Herzegovina,
believed he could strengthen

1008
00:47:50,670 --> 00:47:52,530
Austria-Hungary's authority there

1009
00:47:52,530 --> 00:47:54,720
by weakening national movements.

1010
00:47:54,720 --> 00:47:57,660
He first tried to create
a unified Bosnian nation

1011
00:47:57,660 --> 00:48:00,505
using the word Bosnjak or Bosniak

1012
00:48:00,505 --> 00:48:02,946
to describe all the inhabitants of Bosnia.

1013
00:48:02,946 --> 00:48:05,580
Significant funds were
invested in this project,

1014
00:48:05,580 --> 00:48:08,580
even a newspaper called
Bosnjak was printed,

1015
00:48:08,580 --> 00:48:10,770
but this idea was rejected by Muslims

1016
00:48:10,770 --> 00:48:13,230
as well as Serbs and Croats.

1017
00:48:13,230 --> 00:48:15,810
As this project failed,
another one was launched

1018
00:48:15,810 --> 00:48:18,543
to turn Bosnian Muslims
into a separate nation.

1019
00:48:19,530 --> 00:48:21,450
The works of literature that were devised

1020
00:48:21,450 --> 00:48:22,950
as a part of that project

1021
00:48:22,950 --> 00:48:25,020
talked about Serbian Cyrillic writings

1022
00:48:25,020 --> 00:48:27,897
as a special alphabet called Bosancica.

1023
00:48:27,897 --> 00:48:30,030
The Bogomils suddenly became a part

1024
00:48:30,030 --> 00:48:32,490
of the so-called Bosnian Church,

1025
00:48:32,490 --> 00:48:34,530
while the medievals that took tombstones

1026
00:48:34,530 --> 00:48:37,863
were classified as supposed
remnants of that church.

1027
00:48:38,970 --> 00:48:41,730
Travnik is the birthplace of Ivo Andric.

1028
00:48:41,730 --> 00:48:45,120
In his novel "Chronicle of
Travnik" or "Bosnian Chronicle",

1029
00:48:45,120 --> 00:48:47,460
he describes the impact
on national relations

1030
00:48:47,460 --> 00:48:50,220
when the government, when it
comes to existential issues,

1031
00:48:50,220 --> 00:48:53,700
favours one national group
in relation to the others.

1032
00:48:53,700 --> 00:48:56,474
Andric presents the French
and Austrian consuls

1033
00:48:56,474 --> 00:48:58,560
who were sent Travnik as the embodiment

1034
00:48:58,560 --> 00:49:01,770
of the great European powers
influence on this area.

1035
00:49:01,770 --> 00:49:03,840
According to the origin of the consul,

1036
00:49:03,840 --> 00:49:05,790
a certain nation rejoices,

1037
00:49:05,790 --> 00:49:08,280
convinced that it's
political, ideological,

1038
00:49:08,280 --> 00:49:10,380
or religious resemblance to the consul

1039
00:49:10,380 --> 00:49:13,773
will give it an existential
advantage over other nations.

1040
00:49:14,610 --> 00:49:16,290
Andric's message that consuls

1041
00:49:16,290 --> 00:49:18,510
and everything they represent come and go,

1042
00:49:18,510 --> 00:49:20,910
but neighbours stay was never clear enough

1043
00:49:20,910 --> 00:49:22,360
to the people from this area.

1044
00:49:23,430 --> 00:49:26,400
The hatred that the
Austro-Hungarian government created,

1045
00:49:26,400 --> 00:49:28,590
using the same social mechanisms

1046
00:49:28,590 --> 00:49:31,260
that Andric skillfully
recognised in his novel,

1047
00:49:31,260 --> 00:49:33,540
left a disastrous legacy.

1048
00:49:33,540 --> 00:49:36,720
The modern European coloniser
emphasised in every way

1049
00:49:36,720 --> 00:49:41,220
the sublime culture brings
to a dark post-Ottoman realm.

1050
00:49:41,220 --> 00:49:43,710
However, the incitement
of hatred came equally

1051
00:49:43,710 --> 00:49:45,030
from the Ottoman canopies

1052
00:49:45,030 --> 00:49:46,833
as it did from the European courts.

1053
00:49:47,850 --> 00:49:49,920
The people of Bosnia and Herzegovina

1054
00:49:49,920 --> 00:49:52,980
couldn't fully grasp how the
Austro-Hungarian conquerors

1055
00:49:52,980 --> 00:49:57,690
saw them in 1878, but the
press testifies to that.

1056
00:49:57,690 --> 00:50:02,690
They were seen as savages,
animals, linking them to pigs.

1057
00:50:03,180 --> 00:50:08,180
A Muslim, Serb, and
Croat squashed like bugs.

1058
00:50:08,640 --> 00:50:11,700
Absurdity is best answered with absurdity,

1059
00:50:11,700 --> 00:50:13,560
and that answer was best articulated

1060
00:50:13,560 --> 00:50:14,910
by somebody who was educated

1061
00:50:14,910 --> 00:50:18,070
in the capital of Austria, Petar Kocic.

1062
00:50:18,070 --> 00:50:21,270
Petar Kocic was a Serbian poet, writer,

1063
00:50:21,270 --> 00:50:24,240
and politician at the
turn of the 20th century.

1064
00:50:24,240 --> 00:50:26,520
After returning home from
his studies in Vienna,

1065
00:50:26,520 --> 00:50:29,220
he began his political
struggle in Sarajevo

1066
00:50:29,220 --> 00:50:32,550
to improve the conditions of
serfs, as the lowest class,

1067
00:50:32,550 --> 00:50:35,340
and the general living condition of Serbs.

1068
00:50:35,340 --> 00:50:38,490
For this, he was sentenced
to prison and persecuted.

1069
00:50:38,490 --> 00:50:40,327
And in his most successful short story

1070
00:50:40,327 --> 00:50:41,580
"The Badger on Trial",

1071
00:50:41,580 --> 00:50:44,100
he described the
Austro-Hungarian judiciary,

1072
00:50:44,100 --> 00:50:47,670
which, according to him,
has a law for everyone,

1073
00:50:47,670 --> 00:50:49,357
even a badger.

1074
00:50:49,357 --> 00:50:51,960
"The Badger on Trial"
talks about the attitude

1075
00:50:51,960 --> 00:50:54,600
of the Austro-Hungarian
government towards Serbs.

1076
00:50:54,600 --> 00:50:56,070
Based on a true story,

1077
00:50:56,070 --> 00:50:58,560
the main character is
the unassuming David,

1078
00:50:58,560 --> 00:51:00,930
a Serb farmer who wants to sue a badger

1079
00:51:00,930 --> 00:51:02,283
for damaging his crops.

1080
00:51:03,420 --> 00:51:04,620
Standing before the judges,

1081
00:51:04,620 --> 00:51:06,210
David talks about his hardships

1082
00:51:06,210 --> 00:51:08,460
under the occupation through satire.

1083
00:51:08,460 --> 00:51:10,470
He says that now that he's
deprived of everything,

1084
00:51:10,470 --> 00:51:13,980
he's finally free and
happy, although hungry.

1085
00:51:13,980 --> 00:51:15,480
The judges accept everything,

1086
00:51:15,480 --> 00:51:18,633
satisfied that David isn't
blaming the state for his demise.

1087
00:51:19,830 --> 00:51:20,700
The literary work

1088
00:51:20,700 --> 00:51:23,430
subjects the Austrian
authorities to ridicule,

1089
00:51:23,430 --> 00:51:25,293
but defiantly attacks them as well.

1090
00:51:26,670 --> 00:51:28,440
For many, the assassination in Sarajevo

1091
00:51:28,440 --> 00:51:29,550
served to finally turn

1092
00:51:29,550 --> 00:51:32,130
their anti-Serbian thoughts into action.

1093
00:51:32,130 --> 00:51:33,930
Immediately following the assassination,

1094
00:51:33,930 --> 00:51:36,330
demonstrators demolished the Hotel Evropa

1095
00:51:36,330 --> 00:51:38,880
simply because it was owned by a Serb.

1096
00:51:38,880 --> 00:51:41,430
Numerous Serb houses were obliterated.

1097
00:51:41,430 --> 00:51:43,590
The offices of the
"Serbian Word" newspaper

1098
00:51:43,590 --> 00:51:46,740
and many other Serbian-owned
businesses were attacked.

1099
00:51:46,740 --> 00:51:49,170
The crowd chanted "Down with the Serbs"

1100
00:51:49,170 --> 00:51:52,560
and the abolition of Serbian
schools was demanded.

1101
00:51:52,560 --> 00:51:55,140
The true face of the
Austro-Hungarian occupier

1102
00:51:55,140 --> 00:51:58,320
was not only reflected in
the destruction of property,

1103
00:51:58,320 --> 00:52:01,420
but also in the prohibition
of everything Serbian,

1104
00:52:01,420 --> 00:52:04,590
their flag, Cyrillic script,

1105
00:52:04,590 --> 00:52:07,380
and the celebration of their patron saint.

1106
00:52:07,380 --> 00:52:09,510
The first Allied victory of World War I

1107
00:52:09,510 --> 00:52:12,150
was won by the Kingdom of Serbia's Army.

1108
00:52:12,150 --> 00:52:14,370
Sadly, however, this initial success

1109
00:52:14,370 --> 00:52:16,920
in no way foreshadowed
the immense sacrifice

1110
00:52:16,920 --> 00:52:19,129
the war would demand of the Serbs.

1111
00:52:19,129 --> 00:52:21,879
(ethereal music)

1112
00:52:29,430 --> 00:52:33,000
Austria-Hungary eventually
managed to occupy Serbia,

1113
00:52:33,000 --> 00:52:35,550
and Serbia's entire army and government

1114
00:52:35,550 --> 00:52:37,440
retreated to the Mediterranean.

1115
00:52:37,440 --> 00:52:40,410
With this, the Serbs in
Bosnia and Herzegovina

1116
00:52:40,410 --> 00:52:42,750
lost the support they had in Serbia,

1117
00:52:42,750 --> 00:52:45,060
and the occupier had no more obstacles

1118
00:52:45,060 --> 00:52:47,910
in dealing with them in a cruel way.

1119
00:52:47,910 --> 00:52:49,230
What the oriental conqueror

1120
00:52:49,230 --> 00:52:52,350
didn't even think about doing
to Serbs for four centuries

1121
00:52:52,350 --> 00:52:55,050
was done by the "enlightened
conqueror" from the west.

1122
00:52:55,050 --> 00:52:58,290
Concentration camps for
Serbs, like the one in Doboj,

1123
00:52:58,290 --> 00:53:00,047
were a hint of what awaited all of Europe

1124
00:53:00,047 --> 00:53:02,040
only a few decades later.

1125
00:53:02,040 --> 00:53:03,840
It has not been fully determined

1126
00:53:03,840 --> 00:53:07,230
how many Serbs died in the
Doboj concentration camp.

1127
00:53:07,230 --> 00:53:10,470
But it's estimated that in 1916 alone,

1128
00:53:10,470 --> 00:53:15,470
over 600 children under the
age of 10 died in that camp.

1129
00:53:15,510 --> 00:53:19,680
And in 1917, 1,000 children died.

1130
00:53:19,680 --> 00:53:20,910
In addition to the camp,

1131
00:53:20,910 --> 00:53:23,970
an auxiliary volunteer
militia group was established

1132
00:53:23,970 --> 00:53:27,750
known as the Schutzkorps,
composed of Croats and Muslims

1133
00:53:27,750 --> 00:53:30,690
who hunted down Serbs, mostly civilians,

1134
00:53:30,690 --> 00:53:33,480
and committed robberies
and crimes against them.

1135
00:53:33,480 --> 00:53:36,570
The Turkish sultan, as
a religious authority,

1136
00:53:36,570 --> 00:53:38,887
also encouraged hatred by calling Serbs

1137
00:53:38,887 --> 00:53:41,223
"enemies of Islam" in a fatwa.

1138
00:53:42,780 --> 00:53:44,250
The cemetery of Serbian soldiers

1139
00:53:44,250 --> 00:53:46,590
near Thessaloniki in
Greece is called Zeitenlik,

1140
00:53:46,590 --> 00:53:48,900
after the olive trees that once grew here.

1141
00:53:48,900 --> 00:53:51,510
Cemeteries such as this
all over the Mediterranean

1142
00:53:51,510 --> 00:53:55,470
testify to the profound
sacrifice made by a small kingdom

1143
00:53:55,470 --> 00:53:57,993
in a fight against a
10 times larger empire.

1144
00:53:59,280 --> 00:54:03,150
In 1917 and 1918, the Kingdom of Serbia

1145
00:54:03,150 --> 00:54:04,890
made an enormous contribution

1146
00:54:04,890 --> 00:54:07,350
to Allied victory in World War I.

1147
00:54:07,350 --> 00:54:09,390
However, in this conflict,

1148
00:54:09,390 --> 00:54:13,795
3 out of every 10 citizens
of Serbia lost their lives.

1149
00:54:13,795 --> 00:54:16,545
(dramatic music)

1150
00:54:24,599 --> 00:54:28,182
(dramatic music continues)

1151
00:54:35,276 --> 00:54:39,030
(dramatic music continues)

1152
00:54:39,030 --> 00:54:41,670
As the victorious power
that militarily controlled

1153
00:54:41,670 --> 00:54:44,040
all of what we know today as Yugoslavia,

1154
00:54:44,040 --> 00:54:46,950
Serbia had the chance to
create a Greater Serbia,

1155
00:54:46,950 --> 00:54:49,200
but its government decided not to do so,

1156
00:54:49,200 --> 00:54:51,933
opting instead to unite with
its neighbouring nations.

1157
00:54:53,190 --> 00:54:55,680
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes

1158
00:54:55,680 --> 00:54:57,930
was being created, which soon became

1159
00:54:57,930 --> 00:54:59,760
the Kingdom of Yugoslavia,

1160
00:54:59,760 --> 00:55:02,040
without any national characteristics,

1161
00:55:02,040 --> 00:55:04,953
both in terms of
organisation and politics.

1162
00:55:10,620 --> 00:55:12,810
World War I brought four years of death

1163
00:55:12,810 --> 00:55:14,370
and destruction to Europe.

1164
00:55:14,370 --> 00:55:16,680
However, according to
"The Good Soldier Svejk",

1165
00:55:16,680 --> 00:55:18,900
all that could easily have been avoided

1166
00:55:18,900 --> 00:55:21,120
if only Franz Ferdinand was fat

1167
00:55:21,120 --> 00:55:24,381
because then he would've died
earlier of a heart attack.

1168
00:55:24,381 --> 00:55:26,055
(graceful music)

1169
00:55:26,055 --> 00:55:29,040
Svejk, the good humoured,
simple-minded soldier

1170
00:55:29,040 --> 00:55:30,870
who pretends to be enthusiastic

1171
00:55:30,870 --> 00:55:33,450
to serve Austria-Hungary in World War I,

1172
00:55:33,450 --> 00:55:36,270
is a character from a
satirical dark comedy novel

1173
00:55:36,270 --> 00:55:39,990
by a Czech writer who, as a
contemporary of World War I,

1174
00:55:39,990 --> 00:55:41,703
conveyed a message of peace.

1175
00:55:42,600 --> 00:55:43,950
This message was recognised

1176
00:55:43,950 --> 00:55:46,290
by the famous Serbian director, writer,

1177
00:55:46,290 --> 00:55:49,620
and intellectual born in
Sarajevo, Emir Kusturica

1178
00:55:49,620 --> 00:55:51,870
during the construction
of the Andricgrad project

1179
00:55:51,870 --> 00:55:53,790
in the city of Visegrad.

1180
00:55:53,790 --> 00:55:56,820
The purpose of the complex
itself is to gather the memory

1181
00:55:56,820 --> 00:56:00,840
of all the Serbian cultural
greats in one place,

1182
00:56:00,840 --> 00:56:02,070
and it is named after

1183
00:56:02,070 --> 00:56:05,117
the only Serbian Nobel
laureate, Ivo Andric.

1184
00:56:07,460 --> 00:56:11,550
On January 9th, 1992, at
the Sarajevo Holiday Inn,

1185
00:56:11,550 --> 00:56:13,290
the Republic of the Serb people

1186
00:56:13,290 --> 00:56:16,020
of Bosnia and Herzegovina was proclaimed.

1187
00:56:16,020 --> 00:56:18,060
The Serbs had this historical memory

1188
00:56:18,060 --> 00:56:20,310
that whenever they lost
their political significance

1189
00:56:20,310 --> 00:56:23,853
and connection to Serbia, they
were exposed to persecution.

1190
00:56:24,750 --> 00:56:27,030
Radovan Karadzic became
the first president,

1191
00:56:27,030 --> 00:56:29,850
and Momcilo Krajisnik, the
president of the assembly.

1192
00:56:29,850 --> 00:56:32,790
Apart from the constitution
and political organisation,

1193
00:56:32,790 --> 00:56:35,010
Republika Srpska did not have an army

1194
00:56:35,010 --> 00:56:36,900
as the politicians were convinced

1195
00:56:36,900 --> 00:56:40,950
that the Yugoslav People's Army
or JNA would preserve peace

1196
00:56:40,950 --> 00:56:42,450
and that a solution to the crisis

1197
00:56:42,450 --> 00:56:44,070
would be found politically.

1198
00:56:44,070 --> 00:56:47,040
However, events in May of 1992,

1199
00:56:47,040 --> 00:56:50,400
such as the attack on a column
of retreating JNA soldiers

1200
00:56:50,400 --> 00:56:52,330
in Dobrovoljacka Street in Sarajevo

1201
00:56:53,400 --> 00:56:55,724
and in Tuzla just two weeks later

1202
00:56:55,724 --> 00:56:58,410
(vehicle explodes)

1203
00:56:58,410 --> 00:57:00,330
clearly showed why the Muslim side

1204
00:57:00,330 --> 00:57:05,160
organised their armed
forces as early as May 1991,

1205
00:57:05,160 --> 00:57:07,920
to wage war with the Serbs.

1206
00:57:07,920 --> 00:57:10,557
As the JNA withdrew from
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1207
00:57:10,557 --> 00:57:12,930
the Serbs were left without protection

1208
00:57:12,930 --> 00:57:16,170
and that is why they formed
the Army of Republika Srpska

1209
00:57:16,170 --> 00:57:18,600
in the spring of 1992.

1210
00:57:18,600 --> 00:57:21,090
The Serbs were fearful of a
repeat of their experiences

1211
00:57:21,090 --> 00:57:23,640
of bearing the brunt
of fascism and Nazism,

1212
00:57:23,640 --> 00:57:25,380
the prevailing political ideologies

1213
00:57:25,380 --> 00:57:27,870
of Germany and Italy in the 1930s.

1214
00:57:27,870 --> 00:57:28,860
Now these ideologies

1215
00:57:28,860 --> 00:57:31,560
supposedly promoted peace
to the outside world,

1216
00:57:31,560 --> 00:57:33,660
but carried out terror at home.

1217
00:57:33,660 --> 00:57:35,370
With the rise of Adolf Hitler

1218
00:57:35,370 --> 00:57:37,830
and his Nazi party to power in Germany,

1219
00:57:37,830 --> 00:57:41,310
the ideology that Germans
were a higher race of people

1220
00:57:41,310 --> 00:57:44,250
and their claim to the
territories of other nations

1221
00:57:44,250 --> 00:57:47,640
opened the door to a new war in Europe.

1222
00:57:47,640 --> 00:57:49,080
The revolt of the Serbian people

1223
00:57:49,080 --> 00:57:51,330
against these morally distorted ideas

1224
00:57:51,330 --> 00:57:54,510
was perhaps best described
by the words of Branko Copic,

1225
00:57:54,510 --> 00:57:56,557
a contemporary of World War II.

1226
00:57:56,557 --> 00:57:58,920
"I watched our singing
youths fight and die

1227
00:57:58,920 --> 00:58:00,750
for the freedom of their homeland,

1228
00:58:00,750 --> 00:58:04,557
to save humanity from fascist
darkness and slavery."

1229
00:58:06,004 --> 00:58:09,390
Branko Copic, born in what
is today Republika Srpska,

1230
00:58:09,390 --> 00:58:12,540
was a writer, satirist,
but also a participant

1231
00:58:12,540 --> 00:58:15,480
in the anti-fascist
struggle of the partisans.

1232
00:58:15,480 --> 00:58:16,920
His participation in the war

1233
00:58:16,920 --> 00:58:19,650
significantly marked his literary work,

1234
00:58:19,650 --> 00:58:21,720
but his cheerful spirit will be remembered

1235
00:58:21,720 --> 00:58:24,300
through the works he wrote for children.

1236
00:58:24,300 --> 00:58:26,280
The deadly darkness of World War II

1237
00:58:26,280 --> 00:58:28,050
soon engulfed the Balkans,

1238
00:58:28,050 --> 00:58:29,790
bringing with it a chapter of his history

1239
00:58:29,790 --> 00:58:32,010
that's not so difficult to understand

1240
00:58:32,010 --> 00:58:34,080
as it is difficult to comprehend

1241
00:58:34,080 --> 00:58:37,177
how it could possibly have
been written by human beings.

1242
00:58:37,177 --> 00:58:39,760
(sombre music)

1243
00:58:43,057 --> 00:58:44,610
"Never again."

1244
00:58:44,610 --> 00:58:46,170
This was the cry heard from Serbs

1245
00:58:46,170 --> 00:58:49,680
in Bosnia and Herzegovina in early 1992.

1246
00:58:49,680 --> 00:58:52,680
Those two words spoke of an entire century

1247
00:58:52,680 --> 00:58:54,995
of tragic experiences.

1248
00:58:54,995 --> 00:58:58,486
(melancholic string music)

1249
00:58:58,486 --> 00:58:59,319
Donja Gradina was part

1250
00:58:59,319 --> 00:59:02,610
of the Jasenovac
concentration camp complex,

1251
00:59:02,610 --> 00:59:04,980
which testifies to the genocide committed

1252
00:59:04,980 --> 00:59:07,530
against civilians during World War II

1253
00:59:07,530 --> 00:59:09,990
in the former Kingdom of Yugoslavia.

1254
00:59:09,990 --> 00:59:13,800
With the invasion of Nazi
Germany in April 1941,

1255
00:59:13,800 --> 00:59:18,090
Yugoslavia was conquered and
divided into occupation zones.

1256
00:59:18,090 --> 00:59:20,850
The so-called Independent
State of Croatia,

1257
00:59:20,850 --> 00:59:24,000
a Nazi puppet state was
formed on the territories

1258
00:59:24,000 --> 00:59:26,490
roughly corresponding to today's Croatia,

1259
00:59:26,490 --> 00:59:28,800
combined with Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1260
00:59:28,800 --> 00:59:31,470
and parts of Serbia and Slovenia.

1261
00:59:31,470 --> 00:59:35,340
Its leader and political
creator was Ante Pavelic,

1262
00:59:35,340 --> 00:59:38,430
whose ideology was in
line with Nazi Germany's

1263
00:59:38,430 --> 00:59:42,060
regarding Jews, Roma, and Communists,

1264
00:59:42,060 --> 00:59:46,203
but was, in addition, extremely
hostile towards Serbs.

1265
00:59:47,250 --> 00:59:49,710
The real face of the
"enlightened colonisers"

1266
00:59:49,710 --> 00:59:52,860
who came to this area has
never been easily visible,

1267
00:59:52,860 --> 00:59:55,080
but it has always been subtly implemented

1268
00:59:55,080 --> 00:59:57,780
in the most important aspects of life.

1269
00:59:57,780 --> 01:00:00,330
Austria-Hungary, in their
construction of schools,

1270
01:00:00,330 --> 01:00:04,080
in what they saw as a backwards
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1271
01:00:04,080 --> 01:00:06,840
can boast of the product
of their education system.

1272
01:00:06,840 --> 01:00:09,750
Ante Pavelic, the leader
of the later formed

1273
01:00:09,750 --> 01:00:12,150
fascist Croatian Ustase movement

1274
01:00:12,150 --> 01:00:14,610
and the Independent State of Croatia.

1275
01:00:14,610 --> 01:00:17,130
Historians have a well-founded suspicion

1276
01:00:17,130 --> 01:00:18,900
that it was at the Travnik gymnasium

1277
01:00:18,900 --> 01:00:22,020
that Pavelic accepted the
anti-Serbian teachings

1278
01:00:22,020 --> 01:00:25,890
of the Croatian nationalist
ideologue Ante Starcevic.

1279
01:00:25,890 --> 01:00:28,320
The goal of physically
reducing the number of Serbs,

1280
01:00:28,320 --> 01:00:30,600
thus extinguishing their
political significance,

1281
01:00:30,600 --> 01:00:32,400
remained the same during World War II

1282
01:00:32,400 --> 01:00:35,310
as it was during the
Austro-Hungarian occupation.

1283
01:00:35,310 --> 01:00:38,250
So the Ustase applied the same
recipe that was used in Doboj

1284
01:00:38,250 --> 01:00:42,600
27 years earlier, forming
concentration camps.

1285
01:00:42,600 --> 01:00:45,660
In addition to banning the
national symbols of Serbs

1286
01:00:45,660 --> 01:00:47,010
identical to measures

1287
01:00:47,010 --> 01:00:49,620
during the Austro-Hungarian occupation,

1288
01:00:49,620 --> 01:00:52,950
the Jasenovac concentration
camp complex was formed

1289
01:00:52,950 --> 01:00:56,670
in which the Ustase
rounded up Serbs, Jews,

1290
01:00:56,670 --> 01:00:59,580
Roma, communists, and others.

1291
01:00:59,580 --> 01:01:04,268
Known for their cruelty, these
camps even inturned children.

1292
01:01:04,268 --> 01:01:07,268
(melancholic music)

1293
01:01:11,490 --> 01:01:14,550
Although hundreds of
thousands were killed,

1294
01:01:14,550 --> 01:01:17,853
the final number of victims has
never been fully determined.

1295
01:01:22,470 --> 01:01:25,410
The question is, why did all
the conquerors of the past

1296
01:01:25,410 --> 01:01:27,150
see Serbs as the enemy?

1297
01:01:27,150 --> 01:01:28,920
Well, because whenever
Serbs were threatened

1298
01:01:28,920 --> 01:01:32,013
by an incomparably greater
force, they mostly resisted.

1299
01:01:33,140 --> 01:01:35,549
The struggle for freedom is key.

1300
01:01:35,549 --> 01:01:38,325
It is essentially a cultural nature.

1301
01:01:38,325 --> 01:01:41,133
Ignorant loudmouths don't
have a substitute for this.

1302
01:01:41,133 --> 01:01:43,924
They just say: "They are nationalists,

1303
01:01:43,924 --> 01:01:47,340
they are trying to defend
something that is indefensible."

1304
01:01:47,340 --> 01:01:50,170
And what is their counterweight?

1305
01:01:50,170 --> 01:01:52,495
They want to take away everything we have,

1306
01:01:52,495 --> 01:01:53,912
not only our culture,

1307
01:01:53,912 --> 01:01:58,225
but also our women and cars
and houses and apartments

1308
01:01:58,225 --> 01:02:01,350
so that they're the owners
and we're the users.

1309
01:02:01,350 --> 01:02:02,787
Well, no way.

1310
01:02:02,787 --> 01:02:03,840
No way.

1311
01:02:03,840 --> 01:02:05,730
The first in Europe who said this

1312
01:02:05,730 --> 01:02:08,880
to the largest military
power of the 20th century,

1313
01:02:08,880 --> 01:02:12,723
Nazi Germany, were the Serbs
right here in Nevesinje.

1314
01:02:13,710 --> 01:02:16,170
When the Serbs saw the genocidal system

1315
01:02:16,170 --> 01:02:19,440
of concentration camps and
the indiscriminate killings

1316
01:02:19,440 --> 01:02:20,940
that were taking place there,

1317
01:02:20,940 --> 01:02:23,970
they decided to rise up and take action.

1318
01:02:23,970 --> 01:02:27,030
An insurgency was quickly
organised in this area

1319
01:02:27,030 --> 01:02:29,400
that had a history of rebellion.

1320
01:02:29,400 --> 01:02:33,000
As early as June 23rd and 24th, 1941,

1321
01:02:33,000 --> 01:02:35,280
the entire municipality of Nevesinje,

1322
01:02:35,280 --> 01:02:38,493
except for two major military
strongholds, was liberated.

1323
01:02:39,720 --> 01:02:42,390
The first military victories
of the Soviet Union,

1324
01:02:42,390 --> 01:02:45,060
the United States, and
Great Britain over Germany

1325
01:02:45,060 --> 01:02:47,340
happened several years later.

1326
01:02:47,340 --> 01:02:49,290
For the Nazis and the Ustase, however,

1327
01:02:49,290 --> 01:02:51,810
one man was their biggest headache.

1328
01:02:51,810 --> 01:02:55,050
They described him as the
most dangerous rebel leader

1329
01:02:55,050 --> 01:02:56,970
because he's the most intelligent,

1330
01:02:56,970 --> 01:02:59,940
leads the largest and
strongest group of insurgents,

1331
01:02:59,940 --> 01:03:02,850
is very careful and
carries out his attacks

1332
01:03:02,850 --> 01:03:05,100
with systematic precision.

1333
01:03:05,100 --> 01:03:10,100
He was Mladen Stojanovic,
the legendary Dr. Mladen,

1334
01:03:10,470 --> 01:03:13,650
leader of the partisan
insurgents in Kozara.

1335
01:03:13,650 --> 01:03:16,260
The life story of the son of a priest,

1336
01:03:16,260 --> 01:03:18,360
a member of the Young Bosnia movement,

1337
01:03:18,360 --> 01:03:22,890
a poet, tennis player,
doctor, and national hero

1338
01:03:22,890 --> 01:03:24,990
is one of the most
exciting in the turbulent

1339
01:03:24,990 --> 01:03:26,940
and tragic history here.

1340
01:03:26,940 --> 01:03:29,550
In his youth, he met with Gavrilo Princip

1341
01:03:29,550 --> 01:03:32,010
and other freedom fighters in this area.

1342
01:03:32,010 --> 01:03:34,230
He conspired against the occupiers,

1343
01:03:34,230 --> 01:03:37,590
was arrested by the
Austro-Hungarian authorities,

1344
01:03:37,590 --> 01:03:40,290
treated hundreds of
Krajina peasants for free,

1345
01:03:40,290 --> 01:03:44,130
and gave money for medicine and
travel expenses to the poor.

1346
01:03:44,130 --> 01:03:45,840
At times, his life was reminiscent

1347
01:03:45,840 --> 01:03:48,630
of that of Cuban
revolutionary Che Guevara.

1348
01:03:48,630 --> 01:03:50,670
But people around the
world don't wear t-shirts

1349
01:03:50,670 --> 01:03:52,263
with the image of Dr. Mladen.

1350
01:03:53,220 --> 01:03:54,663
Although they really should.

1351
01:03:55,890 --> 01:03:58,260
After the German attack on Yugoslavia,

1352
01:03:58,260 --> 01:04:00,240
Dr. Mladen was arrested,

1353
01:04:00,240 --> 01:04:03,810
but he managed to escape from
prison and flee to Kozara,

1354
01:04:03,810 --> 01:04:05,130
where he became the commander

1355
01:04:05,130 --> 01:04:07,320
of the Kozara Partisan Detachment.

1356
01:04:07,320 --> 01:04:10,140
Dr. Mladen's group
engaged in heroic combat

1357
01:04:10,140 --> 01:04:12,840
against the occupiers and the Ustase.

1358
01:04:12,840 --> 01:04:15,180
Several offensives were
launched against him,

1359
01:04:15,180 --> 01:04:16,503
none were successful.

1360
01:04:17,700 --> 01:04:20,850
The legendary Dr. Mladen
managed to stay on Kozara

1361
01:04:20,850 --> 01:04:24,210
and continued carrying
out military operations.

1362
01:04:24,210 --> 01:04:27,480
Because of his wise and
uncompromising fight for freedom,

1363
01:04:27,480 --> 01:04:29,460
he became the most popular figure

1364
01:04:29,460 --> 01:04:31,323
amongst people living in this region.

1365
01:04:32,490 --> 01:04:35,280
While trying to unite as
many people as possible

1366
01:04:35,280 --> 01:04:39,480
for the struggle, he was ambushed
and shot in the forehead.

1367
01:04:39,480 --> 01:04:42,390
Incredibly, he survived the severe injury

1368
01:04:42,390 --> 01:04:45,060
and began to recover successfully.

1369
01:04:45,060 --> 01:04:47,850
But there was another betrayal
from within his ranks,

1370
01:04:47,850 --> 01:04:50,250
and Dr. Mladen was killed.

1371
01:04:50,250 --> 01:04:52,500
It was a tremendous blow to the Serbs

1372
01:04:52,500 --> 01:04:56,580
who made up 90% of the
partisan forces in this area.

1373
01:04:56,580 --> 01:04:57,780
Only a few months later,

1374
01:04:57,780 --> 01:05:00,810
Nazi Germany and the Ustase
launched an offensive

1375
01:05:00,810 --> 01:05:03,000
against the partisan movement.

1376
01:05:03,000 --> 01:05:07,140
The Battle of Kozara took
over 30,000 civilian lives,

1377
01:05:07,140 --> 01:05:10,080
largely Serbs, most of whom were killed

1378
01:05:10,080 --> 01:05:12,710
at the Jasenovac concentration camp.

1379
01:05:12,710 --> 01:05:15,710
(melancholic music)

1380
01:05:16,800 --> 01:05:18,990
The Kozara Memorial Park is one of many

1381
01:05:18,990 --> 01:05:20,520
throughout Republika Srpska

1382
01:05:20,520 --> 01:05:23,220
that attests to the heroic
struggle for freedom

1383
01:05:23,220 --> 01:05:25,770
of the largest resistance
movement in Europe

1384
01:05:25,770 --> 01:05:27,635
during World War II.

1385
01:05:27,635 --> 01:05:31,468
(melancholic music continues)

1386
01:05:40,424 --> 01:05:43,023
(melancholic music fades)

1387
01:05:43,023 --> 01:05:45,810
In the 1990s, the
interference of Western powers

1388
01:05:45,810 --> 01:05:49,350
in the Yugoslav conflict was
supposed to be a guarantee,

1389
01:05:49,350 --> 01:05:51,900
that the horrors of World
War II would not be repeated

1390
01:05:51,900 --> 01:05:54,720
and the disagreements would
be resolved peacefully.

1391
01:05:54,720 --> 01:05:56,460
Instead, Western powers

1392
01:05:56,460 --> 01:05:59,520
clearly began taking
sides in the conflict.

1393
01:05:59,520 --> 01:06:00,960
Germany heavily lobbied

1394
01:06:00,960 --> 01:06:03,540
the Council of Ministers
of the European community

1395
01:06:03,540 --> 01:06:07,500
to recognise the independence
of Croatia in 1991

1396
01:06:07,500 --> 01:06:10,710
despite the disenfranchisement
of Serbs living there,

1397
01:06:10,710 --> 01:06:13,470
and the same lobbying
continued for the recognition

1398
01:06:13,470 --> 01:06:17,520
of the independence of Bosnia
and Herzegovina in 1992.

1399
01:06:17,520 --> 01:06:20,700
The appeals of the politically
disenfranchised Serbs there

1400
01:06:20,700 --> 01:06:23,100
did not yield significant results.

1401
01:06:23,100 --> 01:06:26,010
Warnings of the return
of Nazism in these areas,

1402
01:06:26,010 --> 01:06:29,460
as seen in Vox Magazine, didn't
change the West's perception

1403
01:06:29,460 --> 01:06:32,580
of the tensions in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1404
01:06:32,580 --> 01:06:35,250
The Austro-Hungarian
occupation provided a template

1405
01:06:35,250 --> 01:06:37,860
for turning ethnic groups
against each other,

1406
01:06:37,860 --> 01:06:39,930
and this is how it was done.

1407
01:06:39,930 --> 01:06:42,120
Muslims, Serbs, and Croats

1408
01:06:42,120 --> 01:06:44,790
lived together in peace for centuries,

1409
01:06:44,790 --> 01:06:47,550
their culture, language, history,

1410
01:06:47,550 --> 01:06:50,310
and personal lives often intertwined.

1411
01:06:50,310 --> 01:06:52,980
So, certain individuals from those groups

1412
01:06:52,980 --> 01:06:54,930
were chosen by the occupier

1413
01:06:54,930 --> 01:06:58,650
to sow hatred and exploit
religious feelings.

1414
01:06:58,650 --> 01:07:02,070
In World War I, this was done
by creating the Schutzkorps,

1415
01:07:02,070 --> 01:07:04,350
composed of members of two nations

1416
01:07:04,350 --> 01:07:08,040
who persecuted and killed
members of the third nation.

1417
01:07:08,040 --> 01:07:10,860
In World War II, a Nazi SS unit

1418
01:07:10,860 --> 01:07:12,930
called the Handschar Division was formed,

1419
01:07:12,930 --> 01:07:15,480
made up of Muslims whose
religious sentiments

1420
01:07:15,480 --> 01:07:17,760
were exploited by Nazi Germany

1421
01:07:17,760 --> 01:07:20,430
which in turn supported
the Ustase movement

1422
01:07:20,430 --> 01:07:24,240
led by Ante Pavelic in
its genocide of Serbs.

1423
01:07:24,240 --> 01:07:26,220
Thus, in the 1990s,

1424
01:07:26,220 --> 01:07:29,430
certain Western powers
supported Alija Izetbegovic

1425
01:07:29,430 --> 01:07:33,240
despite him being convicted
of religious fanaticism.

1426
01:07:33,240 --> 01:07:36,000
A speech by the Serb
representative, Radovan Karadzic,

1427
01:07:36,000 --> 01:07:39,810
in Bosnia and Herzegovina's
parliament in October 1991,

1428
01:07:39,810 --> 01:07:42,240
was relentlessly replayed
on television channels

1429
01:07:42,240 --> 01:07:43,967
around the world.

1430
01:07:43,967 --> 01:07:47,559
The road you are choosing
for Bosnia and Hercegovina

1431
01:07:47,559 --> 01:07:50,525
is the same highway of hell and suffering

1432
01:07:50,525 --> 01:07:52,966
Slovenia and Croatia have already taken.

1433
01:07:52,966 --> 01:07:55,374
Don't think that you won't take

1434
01:07:55,374 --> 01:07:57,208
Bosnia and Hercegovina to hell

1435
01:07:57,208 --> 01:07:59,266
and the Muslim people
perhaps into extinction,

1436
01:07:59,266 --> 01:08:00,524
because if there is a war,

1437
01:08:00,524 --> 01:08:02,706
Muslims will not be able
to defend themselves.

1438
01:08:03,547 --> 01:08:06,510
This was presented as a
threat and out of context,

1439
01:08:06,510 --> 01:08:10,050
sure, it sounds like one,
but was it a warning?

1440
01:08:10,050 --> 01:08:11,430
If the Serb politician's aim

1441
01:08:11,430 --> 01:08:15,030
was really to erase all Muslims
from Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1442
01:08:15,030 --> 01:08:16,500
then it certainly made little sense

1443
01:08:16,500 --> 01:08:17,910
for him to invite Izetbegovic

1444
01:08:17,910 --> 01:08:20,880
to the founding of their
political party in 1990

1445
01:08:20,880 --> 01:08:23,966
and even let him speak
as an honoured guest.

1446
01:08:23,966 --> 01:08:25,982
We're not against our Muslims.

1447
01:08:25,982 --> 01:08:28,230
We're against them dominating us Serbs.

1448
01:08:28,230 --> 01:08:31,050
Why would Serbs push for violent change

1449
01:08:31,050 --> 01:08:34,380
when the status quo of
Yugoslavia suited them best

1450
01:08:34,380 --> 01:08:37,980
as all Serbs lived in one unified state?

1451
01:08:37,980 --> 01:08:39,990
Nevertheless, Karadzic's statements

1452
01:08:39,990 --> 01:08:41,880
were used by many politicians

1453
01:08:41,880 --> 01:08:44,340
and media outlets around the world

1454
01:08:44,340 --> 01:08:47,400
as evidence that Serbs wanted war.

1455
01:08:47,400 --> 01:08:50,520
They ignored the fact
that just months after

1456
01:08:50,520 --> 01:08:53,850
Karadzic signed the
Carrington-Cutileiro Peace Plan,

1457
01:08:53,850 --> 01:08:55,590
known as the Lisbon Agreement,

1458
01:08:55,590 --> 01:08:59,070
the last peace deal
before the war erupted.

1459
01:08:59,070 --> 01:09:02,130
The agreement was also signed
by the leader of Croats

1460
01:09:02,130 --> 01:09:04,740
in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mate Boban,

1461
01:09:04,740 --> 01:09:07,740
and the Muslim leader, Alija Izetbegovic.

1462
01:09:07,740 --> 01:09:11,220
But then the US Ambassador to
Yugoslavia, Warren Zimmermann

1463
01:09:11,220 --> 01:09:13,920
convinced Izetbegovic to
withdraw his signature

1464
01:09:13,920 --> 01:09:14,920
from the peace plan.

1465
01:09:15,810 --> 01:09:17,160
By withdrawing his signature,

1466
01:09:17,160 --> 01:09:19,890
Alija Izetbegovic, not through a speech,

1467
01:09:19,890 --> 01:09:21,750
but through his concrete actions,

1468
01:09:21,750 --> 01:09:23,850
opened the gates of conflict

1469
01:09:23,850 --> 01:09:27,600
with the blessing of the
strongest global superpower.

1470
01:09:27,600 --> 01:09:29,460
The involvement of the United States

1471
01:09:29,460 --> 01:09:33,000
and Germany in the events
that followed was undisputed.

1472
01:09:33,000 --> 01:09:35,010
- In fact, the three national groups

1473
01:09:35,010 --> 01:09:36,900
agreed on a petition.

1474
01:09:36,900 --> 01:09:39,600
And the United States, under
the previous administration,

1475
01:09:39,600 --> 01:09:42,480
opposed it because they were
worried about the precedent

1476
01:09:42,480 --> 01:09:44,970
that might set for the then Soviet Union.

1477
01:09:44,970 --> 01:09:47,910
An international community
fanning the flames of war

1478
01:09:47,910 --> 01:09:49,590
under the banner of peace

1479
01:09:49,590 --> 01:09:52,260
embodied in soldiers in white uniforms

1480
01:09:52,260 --> 01:09:56,074
was satirised by the Surrealists
on Yugoslav television.

1481
01:09:56,074 --> 01:09:59,057
Why don't you organize yourselves?

1482
01:09:59,057 --> 01:10:01,985
To secede and all that stuff?

1483
01:10:01,985 --> 01:10:03,360
Yeah, we will.

1484
01:10:03,360 --> 01:10:06,210
- The Western countries
openly taking sides

1485
01:10:06,210 --> 01:10:07,800
was accompanied by a narrative

1486
01:10:07,800 --> 01:10:10,740
that labelled Serbs as the aggressors.

1487
01:10:10,740 --> 01:10:12,300
- [Speaker] Shortly
after the United States

1488
01:10:12,300 --> 01:10:14,040
and Western Europe recognised

1489
01:10:14,040 --> 01:10:16,710
the independence of
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1490
01:10:16,710 --> 01:10:19,099
Serb forces had invaded Bosnia.

1491
01:10:19,099 --> 01:10:20,430
(gun fires)

1492
01:10:20,430 --> 01:10:22,200
- All this, despite the fact

1493
01:10:22,200 --> 01:10:24,037
that Serbs have inhabited this area

1494
01:10:24,037 --> 01:10:26,430
since the early Middle Ages

1495
01:10:26,430 --> 01:10:28,620
and that they have been
an inalienable factor

1496
01:10:28,620 --> 01:10:31,830
to all elements of life here ever since,

1497
01:10:31,830 --> 01:10:33,960
this narrative fit into the propaganda

1498
01:10:33,960 --> 01:10:37,860
that accompanied the start of
all the wars in the Balkans.

1499
01:10:37,860 --> 01:10:39,690
Muslims in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1500
01:10:39,690 --> 01:10:42,870
always had a reputation across
Yugoslavia as good hosts,

1501
01:10:42,870 --> 01:10:44,310
people who loved a good joke,

1502
01:10:44,310 --> 01:10:45,633
which they call sega.

1503
01:10:46,470 --> 01:10:48,420
To push them into a war mentality,

1504
01:10:48,420 --> 01:10:50,756
their religious feelings were exploited.

1505
01:10:50,756 --> 01:10:53,022
In the early 1990s before the war,

1506
01:10:53,022 --> 01:10:55,364
a man in the town of Visoko asked me:

1507
01:10:55,364 --> 01:10:59,122
"Professor, what are
you? Are you one of us?"

1508
01:10:59,122 --> 01:11:01,713
I said: "Well, yes, I belong to everyone",

1509
01:11:01,713 --> 01:11:04,221
but he says: "And your wife, what is she?"

1510
01:11:04,221 --> 01:11:09,054
I responded: "She's Yugoslav,
a mix, Serbo-Croatian.

1511
01:11:09,054 --> 01:11:12,987
Father Serb, mother Croat, came by train."

1512
01:11:12,987 --> 01:11:14,962
He then says: "Brother,

1513
01:11:14,962 --> 01:11:17,319
it matters not which religion we are,

1514
01:11:17,319 --> 01:11:19,393
so long as we're Muslim."

1515
01:11:19,393 --> 01:11:20,910
(dark string music)

1516
01:11:20,910 --> 01:11:22,410
From the moment the conflict started

1517
01:11:22,410 --> 01:11:24,870
until the war ended in 1995,

1518
01:11:24,870 --> 01:11:28,590
images of Sarajevo as a city
under siege by well-armed Serbs

1519
01:11:28,590 --> 01:11:30,240
circulated the world.

1520
01:11:30,240 --> 01:11:33,300
The circumstances were
completely different.

1521
01:11:33,300 --> 01:11:35,820
During the conflict in
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1522
01:11:35,820 --> 01:11:37,680
Serbs wanted to defend the places

1523
01:11:37,680 --> 01:11:39,270
where they constituted a majority.

1524
01:11:39,270 --> 01:11:43,590
180,000 Serbs lived in Sarajevo,

1525
01:11:43,590 --> 01:11:46,710
so they formed military
and police authorities

1526
01:11:46,710 --> 01:11:48,510
in the Sarajevo municipalities

1527
01:11:48,510 --> 01:11:51,060
where Serbs made up the majority.

1528
01:11:51,060 --> 01:11:52,710
The rest of the city's territory

1529
01:11:52,710 --> 01:11:55,050
was under the control of Muslim forces,

1530
01:11:55,050 --> 01:11:58,140
the Army of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1531
01:11:58,140 --> 01:12:01,380
In none of the media reports
from war-torn Sarajevo

1532
01:12:01,380 --> 01:12:04,650
could you read or hear these facts:

1533
01:12:04,650 --> 01:12:06,180
The number of Serbian troops

1534
01:12:06,180 --> 01:12:08,670
participating in the
fighting around Sarajevo

1535
01:12:08,670 --> 01:12:11,220
never exceeded 13,000.

1536
01:12:11,220 --> 01:12:13,050
While the number of Muslim soldiers

1537
01:12:13,050 --> 01:12:15,060
was several times greater.

1538
01:12:15,060 --> 01:12:16,710
Throughout the entire war,

1539
01:12:16,710 --> 01:12:19,410
there was no concrete attempt by Serbs

1540
01:12:19,410 --> 01:12:21,510
to conquer the city itself.

1541
01:12:21,510 --> 01:12:24,060
Most of the higher
positions around the city

1542
01:12:24,060 --> 01:12:26,100
were controlled by the Muslim army.

1543
01:12:26,100 --> 01:12:29,430
Grenades were thrown from
Muslim-controlled territories

1544
01:12:29,430 --> 01:12:31,860
as well as Serb-controlled territories.

1545
01:12:31,860 --> 01:12:34,650
Both sides conducted military operations,

1546
01:12:34,650 --> 01:12:37,080
so it wasn't true that only civilians

1547
01:12:37,080 --> 01:12:39,420
resided in Sarajevo during the war.

1548
01:12:39,420 --> 01:12:40,770
But what made the civil war

1549
01:12:40,770 --> 01:12:43,980
in Bosnia and Herzegovina
unjustifiably horrific

1550
01:12:43,980 --> 01:12:46,893
were the numerous war crimes
committed by all sides.

1551
01:12:47,970 --> 01:12:51,780
Kravica is one of the many
places where mostly Serbs lived.

1552
01:12:51,780 --> 01:12:54,990
The population in the general
area west of Drina River

1553
01:12:54,990 --> 01:12:57,450
was a mix of Serbs and Muslims.

1554
01:12:57,450 --> 01:12:58,770
At the beginning of the war,

1555
01:12:58,770 --> 01:13:02,940
by invading the Serb majority
towns of Kravica and Bratunac,

1556
01:13:02,940 --> 01:13:05,340
Muslim forces committed horrific crimes

1557
01:13:05,340 --> 01:13:07,730
in the poorly defended
villages of this area.

1558
01:13:07,730 --> 01:13:10,090
(melancholic music)

1559
01:13:10,090 --> 01:13:14,131
ISLAM WILL WIN BECAUSE
BOSNIA IS AN ISLAMIC STATE

1560
01:13:15,810 --> 01:13:17,610
Determined to stop this threat,

1561
01:13:17,610 --> 01:13:19,350
the Army of Republika Srpska

1562
01:13:19,350 --> 01:13:22,830
launched a military operation in 1993,

1563
01:13:22,830 --> 01:13:24,780
after which the area of Srebrenica

1564
01:13:24,780 --> 01:13:27,780
was placed under the
protection of UN forces

1565
01:13:27,780 --> 01:13:31,110
as a safe area and demilitarised zone.

1566
01:13:31,110 --> 01:13:32,790
But it wasn't demilitarised

1567
01:13:32,790 --> 01:13:35,070
and the Muslim forces
continued carrying out

1568
01:13:35,070 --> 01:13:36,570
their military operations,

1569
01:13:36,570 --> 01:13:38,220
leading the Army of Republika Srpska

1570
01:13:38,220 --> 01:13:41,613
to decide to take over control
of the Srebrenica safe area.

1571
01:13:42,960 --> 01:13:45,090
The Army of Republika Srpska's entry

1572
01:13:45,090 --> 01:13:49,470
into Srebrenica in 1995 ignited chaos.

1573
01:13:49,470 --> 01:13:52,560
Though many civilians were
evacuated from the city,

1574
01:13:52,560 --> 01:13:57,090
many others, including children,
were killed by Serb forces.

1575
01:13:57,090 --> 01:13:58,440
Some Muslim soldiers,

1576
01:13:58,440 --> 01:14:00,690
who were attempting to
break through to Tuzla,

1577
01:14:00,690 --> 01:14:02,703
were captured and executed.

1578
01:14:03,577 --> 01:14:07,530
(melancholic music continues)

1579
01:14:07,530 --> 01:14:10,860
There's no justification
for such heinous crimes,

1580
01:14:10,860 --> 01:14:13,590
considered the largest
single act of mass killing

1581
01:14:13,590 --> 01:14:16,380
in the Yugoslav wars
and the worst in Europe

1582
01:14:16,380 --> 01:14:17,433
since World War II.

1583
01:14:18,392 --> 01:14:22,225
(melancholic music continues)

1584
01:14:25,680 --> 01:14:27,210
The International Criminal Tribunal

1585
01:14:27,210 --> 01:14:28,320
for the Former Yugoslavia

1586
01:14:28,320 --> 01:14:31,350
was established in 1993 in The Hague.

1587
01:14:31,350 --> 01:14:33,300
Now, The Hague Tribunal
was supposed to bring

1588
01:14:33,300 --> 01:14:36,300
justice to the victims and
reconciliation among the nations

1589
01:14:36,300 --> 01:14:38,280
following the end of the civil wars.

1590
01:14:38,280 --> 01:14:40,140
However, it would be eerily reminiscent

1591
01:14:40,140 --> 01:14:41,913
of earlier European courts.

1592
01:14:45,570 --> 01:14:47,220
Instead of reconciliation,

1593
01:14:47,220 --> 01:14:48,360
The Hague Tribunal

1594
01:14:48,360 --> 01:14:51,000
brought even deeper
divisions to this area,

1595
01:14:51,000 --> 01:14:52,980
by choosing to disproportionately punish

1596
01:14:52,980 --> 01:14:54,990
one side in the conflict.

1597
01:14:54,990 --> 01:14:57,420
If all the verdicts were added together,

1598
01:14:57,420 --> 01:15:00,000
Croats, Bosniaks, and Albanians

1599
01:15:00,000 --> 01:15:03,780
were sentenced to a total of
about 300 years in prison.

1600
01:15:03,780 --> 01:15:05,160
While Serbs alone

1601
01:15:05,160 --> 01:15:08,040
were sentenced to over
1,000 years in prison

1602
01:15:08,040 --> 01:15:10,560
for crimes in the former Yugoslavia.

1603
01:15:10,560 --> 01:15:12,090
The verdict of this court,

1604
01:15:12,090 --> 01:15:15,360
that what happened in
Srebrenica constituted genocide,

1605
01:15:15,360 --> 01:15:19,680
remains an open topic in
some circles to this day.

1606
01:15:19,680 --> 01:15:21,870
By politicising the victims of war,

1607
01:15:21,870 --> 01:15:24,090
it makes it that much
harder for one nation

1608
01:15:24,090 --> 01:15:27,540
to truly understand the
suffering and tragedy of another,

1609
01:15:27,540 --> 01:15:30,810
understanding not a
Bosniak's, nor a Croat's,

1610
01:15:30,810 --> 01:15:33,930
nor a Serb's pain, but
rather a human being's pain

1611
01:15:33,930 --> 01:15:36,330
would help to bring
closure to these dark pages

1612
01:15:36,330 --> 01:15:37,560
of human history.

1613
01:15:37,560 --> 01:15:40,140
But most importantly, help
prevent something like this

1614
01:15:40,140 --> 01:15:43,230
from ever happening again here
in Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1615
01:15:43,230 --> 01:15:44,433
and also in Croatia.

1616
01:15:48,000 --> 01:15:49,800
Knin is a city in Croatia where,

1617
01:15:49,800 --> 01:15:52,260
before the civil war in 1991,

1618
01:15:52,260 --> 01:15:55,650
Serbs made up 80% of the population.

1619
01:15:55,650 --> 01:15:59,160
With the conquest of the Ottoman
Empire in the 14th century,

1620
01:15:59,160 --> 01:16:02,670
many Serbs started migrating
north to neighbouring Austria.

1621
01:16:02,670 --> 01:16:05,340
Some of the displaced Serbs
settled in the border area,

1622
01:16:05,340 --> 01:16:07,830
which came to be known
as the Vojna Krajina

1623
01:16:07,830 --> 01:16:11,850
or Military Frontier, which
acted as the cordon sanitaire

1624
01:16:11,850 --> 01:16:14,730
against incursions from
the Ottoman Empire.

1625
01:16:14,730 --> 01:16:17,520
After the Ottomans left and
Austria-Hungary crumbled,

1626
01:16:17,520 --> 01:16:19,680
the number of Serbs living
in the Krajina region

1627
01:16:19,680 --> 01:16:21,360
remained significant.

1628
01:16:21,360 --> 01:16:24,300
After they fell victim to
genocide during World War II,

1629
01:16:24,300 --> 01:16:26,400
the Serbs became a constitutional part

1630
01:16:26,400 --> 01:16:29,523
of the Socialist Republic of
Croatia within Yugoslavia.

1631
01:16:32,460 --> 01:16:34,973
This meant that important
decisions about Croatia

1632
01:16:34,973 --> 01:16:37,230
were to be made by a consensus

1633
01:16:37,230 --> 01:16:40,200
between both Croats and Serbs.

1634
01:16:40,200 --> 01:16:43,680
But in 1991, Serbs were
outvoted in a referendum

1635
01:16:43,680 --> 01:16:46,740
and Croatia declared
Serbs a national minority,

1636
01:16:46,740 --> 01:16:49,323
thus marginalising their
political significance.

1637
01:16:50,340 --> 01:16:52,590
In the years leading up to the referendum,

1638
01:16:52,590 --> 01:16:54,390
Serbs and their properties

1639
01:16:54,390 --> 01:16:56,365
were the target of numerous attacks.

1640
01:16:56,365 --> 01:16:58,980
GREETINGS FROM THE USTASHE!

1641
01:16:58,980 --> 01:17:01,080
In an attempt to preserve their rights

1642
01:17:01,080 --> 01:17:02,880
and protect themselves,

1643
01:17:02,880 --> 01:17:05,880
Serbs proclaimed the
Republika Srpska Krajina,

1644
01:17:05,880 --> 01:17:08,610
which had all the elements of statehood.

1645
01:17:08,610 --> 01:17:12,030
A bloody war was fought until 1995

1646
01:17:12,030 --> 01:17:15,120
when the Croatian Army
launched Operation Storm,

1647
01:17:15,120 --> 01:17:18,300
a military operation that
effectively extinguished

1648
01:17:18,300 --> 01:17:20,160
the Republika Srpska Krajina

1649
01:17:20,160 --> 01:17:24,840
and expelled more than
200,000 Serbs from the area.

1650
01:17:24,840 --> 01:17:28,050
Those fleeing the army
had little to no time

1651
01:17:28,050 --> 01:17:30,030
to take with them what they could,

1652
01:17:30,030 --> 01:17:33,304
while many who remained in
their homes were killed.

1653
01:17:33,304 --> 01:17:36,270
The Serbian Krajina was a thorn in the eye

1654
01:17:36,270 --> 01:17:41,270
of all Croatian political
doctrines in the last 200 years,

1655
01:17:41,553 --> 01:17:46,301
because the Serbs that guarded
the Austro-Hungarian borders

1656
01:17:46,301 --> 01:17:50,484
didn't report to the local
authorities in Croatia,

1657
01:17:50,484 --> 01:17:52,809
but rather directly to
the Austrian throne.

1658
01:17:52,809 --> 01:17:56,967
And that hatred towards Serbs escalated,

1659
01:17:56,967 --> 01:18:01,125
not only in theory, but
also through mass killings.

1660
01:18:02,910 --> 01:18:06,210
Today, there are eight
times fewer Serbs in Knin

1661
01:18:06,210 --> 01:18:07,620
than before the war.

1662
01:18:07,620 --> 01:18:08,970
Almost no Serbs left

1663
01:18:08,970 --> 01:18:11,610
in practically all areas
of Bosnia and Herzegovina

1664
01:18:11,610 --> 01:18:14,370
that didn't become a
part of Republika Srpska.

1665
01:18:14,370 --> 01:18:16,350
Even in Mostar, the birthplace

1666
01:18:16,350 --> 01:18:19,680
of one of the greatest
Serbian poets, Aleksa Santic.

1667
01:18:19,680 --> 01:18:22,320
- There were more than 19,000
Serbian residents here,

1668
01:18:22,320 --> 01:18:25,830
and now that number's
diminished down to about 3,000.

1669
01:18:25,830 --> 01:18:29,550
- After the signing of the
Dayton Peace Agreement in 1995,

1670
01:18:29,550 --> 01:18:32,040
which ended the war in
Bosnia and Herzegovina,

1671
01:18:32,040 --> 01:18:36,655
about 150,000 Serbs left
the parts of Sarajevo,

1672
01:18:36,655 --> 01:18:38,530
where they lived, in the middle of winter.

1673
01:18:38,530 --> 01:18:42,947
(singer singing in Serbian)

1674
01:18:50,943 --> 01:18:55,943
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1675
01:19:04,486 --> 01:19:07,486
(melancholic music)

1676
01:19:11,979 --> 01:19:16,979
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1677
01:19:24,354 --> 01:19:29,354
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1678
01:19:38,349 --> 01:19:43,349
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1679
01:19:52,903 --> 01:19:57,903
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1680
01:20:04,061 --> 01:20:09,061
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1681
01:20:16,785 --> 01:20:21,785
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1682
01:20:31,494 --> 01:20:36,494
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1683
01:20:46,154 --> 01:20:51,154
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1684
01:20:58,227 --> 01:21:00,036
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1685
01:21:01,119 --> 01:21:02,950
I left everything I had.

1686
01:21:03,958 --> 01:21:08,958
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1687
01:21:19,952 --> 01:21:24,617
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1688
01:21:24,617 --> 01:21:26,430
During this exodus,

1689
01:21:26,430 --> 01:21:29,370
they even dug out their dead loved ones

1690
01:21:29,370 --> 01:21:32,108
in fear of their graves being desecrated.

1691
01:21:32,108 --> 01:21:37,108
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1692
01:21:45,097 --> 01:21:50,097
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1693
01:22:00,067 --> 01:22:05,067
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1694
01:22:13,335 --> 01:22:17,970
(singer continues singing in Serbian)

1695
01:22:17,970 --> 01:22:20,010
The Serbs in Republika Srpska knew

1696
01:22:20,010 --> 01:22:22,650
that if they wanted to remain
on their historical land,

1697
01:22:22,650 --> 01:22:25,590
west of the Drina River, they
had to defend themselves,

1698
01:22:25,590 --> 01:22:27,867
just like their ancestors did.

1699
01:22:27,867 --> 01:22:31,700
(melancholic music continues)

1700
01:22:41,104 --> 01:22:44,604
(melancholic music fades)

1701
01:22:50,700 --> 01:22:52,980
On this spot, Serbs in Nevesinje

1702
01:22:52,980 --> 01:22:55,350
met with representatives
of Western powers,

1703
01:22:55,350 --> 01:22:58,740
urging them to reconsider
rebelling against the Ottomans

1704
01:22:58,740 --> 01:22:59,880
as Germany and Austria

1705
01:22:59,880 --> 01:23:02,850
didn't want instability
in their border areas.

1706
01:23:02,850 --> 01:23:05,370
Despite not having support from the West

1707
01:23:05,370 --> 01:23:08,580
or even Serbia, Montenegro, or Russia,

1708
01:23:08,580 --> 01:23:10,080
the Serbs of Nevesinje

1709
01:23:10,080 --> 01:23:13,470
raised an armed uprising by themselves.

1710
01:23:13,470 --> 01:23:17,160
When asked, "How will you fight
without food or ammunition,"

1711
01:23:17,160 --> 01:23:22,160
one of the rebels took a
handful of his land and said,

1712
01:23:22,477 --> 01:23:24,510
"This is my food and ammunition.

1713
01:23:24,510 --> 01:23:26,130
So as long as we have this,

1714
01:23:26,130 --> 01:23:28,250
we have the means to fight

1715
01:23:28,250 --> 01:23:30,600
(soil crumbles)

1716
01:23:30,600 --> 01:23:33,847
and something to die for."
(sombre music)

1717
01:23:35,070 --> 01:23:38,490
The Army of Republika Srpska
was almost twice as small

1718
01:23:38,490 --> 01:23:41,160
as the combined Muslim and Croat armies.

1719
01:23:41,160 --> 01:23:44,220
Despite not exceeding 80,000 fighters,

1720
01:23:44,220 --> 01:23:45,900
the Serbs controlled a front line

1721
01:23:45,900 --> 01:23:49,560
that at one point
spanned 3,000 kilometres.

1722
01:23:49,560 --> 01:23:51,750
They sometimes had the support of Serbia,

1723
01:23:51,750 --> 01:23:53,520
though even Serbia at one point

1724
01:23:53,520 --> 01:23:56,910
imposed sanctions
against Republika Srpska.

1725
01:23:56,910 --> 01:23:59,910
The international community
and Western politicians

1726
01:23:59,910 --> 01:24:01,950
as well as mainstream media outlets

1727
01:24:01,950 --> 01:24:04,380
were firmly against the Serbs.

1728
01:24:04,380 --> 01:24:07,110
With NATO even bombing Serb positions

1729
01:24:07,110 --> 01:24:10,560
in Republika Srpska in 1995.

1730
01:24:10,560 --> 01:24:12,330
Yet, despite all of this,

1731
01:24:12,330 --> 01:24:15,090
the Army of Republika Srpska resisted

1732
01:24:15,090 --> 01:24:19,023
and defended their homes just
like their ancestors did.

1733
01:24:19,860 --> 01:24:22,080
The strong resistance of the Serb soldiers

1734
01:24:22,080 --> 01:24:24,390
was all a part of the same heroism

1735
01:24:24,390 --> 01:24:26,073
that Jovan Ducic recognised.

1736
01:24:27,210 --> 01:24:29,730
Jovan Ducic was a Serb writer and diplomat

1737
01:24:29,730 --> 01:24:31,710
at the turn of the 20th century,

1738
01:24:31,710 --> 01:24:34,320
born in Trebinje in Herzegovina.

1739
01:24:34,320 --> 01:24:36,000
In writing about heroism,

1740
01:24:36,000 --> 01:24:38,430
he says that Serbs are the only people

1741
01:24:38,430 --> 01:24:41,790
whose hero ordeal is
similar to the ancient one;

1742
01:24:41,790 --> 01:24:45,753
as someone who sacrifices
himself for the good of others.

1743
01:24:46,830 --> 01:24:48,660
The heroes of the Battle of Kosovo

1744
01:24:48,660 --> 01:24:51,060
against the Ottomans in the 14th century,

1745
01:24:51,060 --> 01:24:53,010
Milos Obilic and Prince Lazar

1746
01:24:53,010 --> 01:24:54,930
as well as the entire Serbian army

1747
01:24:54,930 --> 01:24:57,900
knowingly gave their lives for freedom

1748
01:24:57,900 --> 01:25:00,540
and what that freedom represents.

1749
01:25:00,540 --> 01:25:02,040
Under the Ottoman occupation,

1750
01:25:02,040 --> 01:25:04,170
the heroes were called Hajduks,

1751
01:25:04,170 --> 01:25:07,650
outlaws who took from rich
Ottomans and gave to the poor,

1752
01:25:07,650 --> 01:25:10,920
risking their own lives for freedom.

1753
01:25:10,920 --> 01:25:13,110
The heroes of the first Serbian uprising

1754
01:25:13,110 --> 01:25:14,160
against the Ottomans

1755
01:25:14,160 --> 01:25:17,550
at the beginning of the 19th
century weren't noblemen.

1756
01:25:17,550 --> 01:25:20,850
They were simply those who
fought to liberate their people

1757
01:25:20,850 --> 01:25:23,910
through courage and sacrifice.

1758
01:25:23,910 --> 01:25:25,620
Despite terrible conditions,

1759
01:25:25,620 --> 01:25:27,960
faced with attacks from all sides,

1760
01:25:27,960 --> 01:25:30,480
the fighters of the
Army of Republika Srpska

1761
01:25:30,480 --> 01:25:32,190
managed to preserve the territory

1762
01:25:32,190 --> 01:25:35,040
where Serbs live in Bosnia and Herzegovina

1763
01:25:35,040 --> 01:25:36,753
during three years of war.

1764
01:25:38,545 --> 01:25:41,545
(melancholic music)

1765
01:25:49,265 --> 01:25:53,098
(melancholic music continues)

1766
01:25:55,860 --> 01:25:57,180
In order to show continuity

1767
01:25:57,180 --> 01:25:59,220
with their compatriots and ancestors,

1768
01:25:59,220 --> 01:26:02,010
who gave their lives for the
same struggle in World War I

1769
01:26:02,010 --> 01:26:04,290
and were buried in Zeitenlik in Greece,

1770
01:26:04,290 --> 01:26:05,760
this place of eternal rest

1771
01:26:05,760 --> 01:26:07,980
for the soldiers of the
Army of Republic Srpska

1772
01:26:07,980 --> 01:26:11,730
in Sokolac, near Sarajevo,
was named Mali Zejtnilik

1773
01:26:11,730 --> 01:26:13,353
or Small Zeitenlik.

1774
01:26:16,920 --> 01:26:18,750
For the first time in centuries,

1775
01:26:18,750 --> 01:26:20,850
Serbs west of the Drina River

1776
01:26:20,850 --> 01:26:23,160
have all the mechanisms to shape

1777
01:26:23,160 --> 01:26:25,530
and organise their own lives.

1778
01:26:25,530 --> 01:26:27,720
Republika Srpska covers around half

1779
01:26:27,720 --> 01:26:29,400
of Bosnia and Herzegovina

1780
01:26:29,400 --> 01:26:31,740
and has all the elements of statehood.

1781
01:26:31,740 --> 01:26:36,600
It has its own government,
assembly, president, police,

1782
01:26:36,600 --> 01:26:38,910
but also the ability to influence

1783
01:26:38,910 --> 01:26:42,600
the political course of
Bosnia and Herzegovina.

1784
01:26:42,600 --> 01:26:45,720
Therefore, Republika Srpska
isn't just a political entity,

1785
01:26:45,720 --> 01:26:47,190
it's the necessary minimum

1786
01:26:47,190 --> 01:26:50,400
for Serbs to survive in a land
where they've always lived.

1787
01:26:50,400 --> 01:26:53,400
The Principality of Serbia
was the first country,

1788
01:26:53,400 --> 01:26:56,310
aside from France, to abolish feudalism

1789
01:26:56,310 --> 01:26:59,940
and the only one that didn't
have nobility in Europe.

1790
01:26:59,940 --> 01:27:01,702
Everyone was equal.

1791
01:27:01,702 --> 01:27:02,988
(battle tank fires)

1792
01:27:02,988 --> 01:27:07,110
In the two world wars, the
Serbs made enormous sacrifices

1793
01:27:07,110 --> 01:27:10,293
with the most per capita
deaths in the Great War.

1794
01:27:11,280 --> 01:27:14,010
This willingness to sacrifice
everything for freedom

1795
01:27:14,010 --> 01:27:16,890
is due to the Serbs' unique
attitude towards freedom,

1796
01:27:16,890 --> 01:27:19,020
which means to be one's own

1797
01:27:19,020 --> 01:27:21,240
and brings with it the cultural paradigm

1798
01:27:21,240 --> 01:27:24,721
that everyone must be
free, and thus equal.

1799
01:27:24,721 --> 01:27:27,471
(resolute music)

1800
01:27:29,340 --> 01:27:31,890
That is why Serbs have always been a thorn

1801
01:27:31,890 --> 01:27:35,100
in the eye of many
colonisers and occupiers,

1802
01:27:35,100 --> 01:27:37,230
and they still are today.

1803
01:27:37,230 --> 01:27:39,270
As long as a Serb exists,

1804
01:27:39,270 --> 01:27:43,320
he or she has a spiritual
duty to fight slavery

1805
01:27:43,320 --> 01:27:45,990
and inequality in every way.

1806
01:27:45,990 --> 01:27:48,240
Republika Srpska wasn't planned.

1807
01:27:48,240 --> 01:27:51,270
It's a consequence of the
Serbs struggle for freedom,

1808
01:27:51,270 --> 01:27:53,370
and the pledge that will always exist

1809
01:27:53,370 --> 01:27:56,223
is at the heart of what
it means to be a Serb.

1810
01:27:57,515 --> 01:27:59,790
To be a Serb means to be free,

1811
01:27:59,790 --> 01:28:02,131
which bothers many.

1812
01:28:02,131 --> 01:28:05,480
And to be free means being
strong enough to be free

1813
01:28:05,480 --> 01:28:08,504
and live in a cathartic history

1814
01:28:08,504 --> 01:28:12,308
in which you never allowed
yourself to be defeated.

1815
01:28:12,308 --> 01:28:13,532
Serbs are a nation

1816
01:28:13,532 --> 01:28:16,358
that was never fully
defeated in its history.

1817
01:28:16,358 --> 01:28:19,283
It wasn't defeated during Turkish times,

1818
01:28:19,283 --> 01:28:21,424
when the Serbian and Russian churches

1819
01:28:21,424 --> 01:28:24,399
had very active cooperation
in the 16th century,

1820
01:28:24,399 --> 01:28:26,455
and afterwards, when it liberated itself

1821
01:28:26,455 --> 01:28:28,613
and created the conditions

1822
01:28:28,613 --> 01:28:31,709
for other nations to thrive in the region.

1823
01:28:31,709 --> 01:28:33,834
This was the First Serbian Uprising

1824
01:28:33,834 --> 01:28:35,863
or the First Serbian Revolution

1825
01:28:35,863 --> 01:28:38,688
in which Karadjordje essentially
helped all other nations

1826
01:28:38,688 --> 01:28:42,511
to go down the path to
where they are today.

1827
01:28:42,511 --> 01:28:47,452
Being undefeated is a
precondition for being free.

1828
01:28:48,385 --> 01:28:50,185
For me, that is the Serbian nation.

1829
01:28:53,580 --> 01:28:55,927
As Serb poet Aleksa Santic wrote,

1830
01:28:55,927 --> 01:28:58,800
"We know our fate and all we're in for;

1831
01:28:58,800 --> 01:29:02,250
O yet our hearts in
fright will not shiver.

1832
01:29:02,250 --> 01:29:05,880
Oxen bow down but men do not quiver,

1833
01:29:05,880 --> 01:29:10,014
for God unto men freedom did bestow."

1834
01:29:10,014 --> 01:29:12,764
(resolute music)

1835
01:29:20,802 --> 01:29:24,385
(resolute music continues)

1836
01:29:32,020 --> 01:29:35,603
(resolute music continues)

1837
01:29:42,323 --> 01:29:45,906
(resolute music continues)

1838
01:29:51,858 --> 01:29:55,441
(resolute music continues)

1839
01:30:04,760 --> 01:30:08,343
(resolute music continues)

1840
01:30:16,430 --> 01:30:20,013
(resolute music continues)

1841
01:30:29,168 --> 01:30:32,751
(resolute music continues)

1842
01:30:40,276 --> 01:30:43,859
(resolute music continues)

1843
01:30:51,129 --> 01:30:54,712
(resolute music continues)

1844
01:31:01,705 --> 01:31:05,288
(resolute music continues)

1845
01:31:13,342 --> 01:31:16,925
(resolute music continues)

1846
01:31:25,392 --> 01:31:28,975
(resolute music continues)

1847
01:31:36,377 --> 01:31:39,960
(resolute music continues)

1848
01:31:47,997 --> 01:31:51,580
(resolute music continues)

1849
01:31:58,075 --> 01:32:01,658
(resolute music continues)

1850
01:32:10,266 --> 01:32:13,849
(resolute music continues)

1851
01:32:17,879 --> 01:32:21,129
(resolute music fades)