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(crowd chattering)
One in four of our children leave secondary education
and can't read properly, can't write properly,
and are not competent in arithmetic.
And what are they going to do?
They can't all be Prime Minister.
(audience laughing)
(audience clapping)
[Reporter] The Princess Elizabeth has agreed
to accept the crown and rule as Queen.
[Narrator] Queen Elizabeth II,
the longest reigning monarch in British history,
she ascended to the throne and was crowned Queen
at the tender age of 27.
During her entire 70 year reign,
Her Majesty worked with over a dozen prime ministers,
each of whom formed successive governments on her behalf.
I can now,
I can now accept that the country have elected me
in my own right to be Prime Minister.
I'm immensely proud of that.
I shall try and ensure
that I reach the aspirations of people
and that I let no one down.
That is, I'm delighted to have it.
This will give the cabinet authority of a sort.
(crowd laughing)
[Narrator] As a high school dropout,
the teenage John Major could simply never have dreamt
that he would one day become a powerful political leader
and get elected as Britain's Prime Minister.
Major became Her Majesty's ninth Prime Minister,
having fought for the leadership of the Conservative Party
after Margaret Thatcher's formidable 11 year premiership.
It is a very exciting thing to become leader
of the Conservative Party
and particularly exciting, I think,
to follow one of the most remarkable leaders
that the Conservative Party has ever had.
We may, by the end of this year, have before us a treaty,
a treaty that could, amongst other things,
allow Europe to develop a single currency
at some time in the future.
Is it moral to impose obligations
on employers like the social chapter,
like the minimum wage,
that will cost jobs and prevent those without jobs
from having the opportunity of getting them in the future?
Again, I think not.
Like me or loathe me,
don't bind my hands when I am negotiating
on behalf of the British Nation.
After five months of peace,
surely it is time to look ahead,
judge our proposals as a whole.
There is nothing you need fear.
And the fact of the matter is
that what the pessimists say is not true
and ought not to go unchallenged.
I do not intend to let Britain be sidelined in Europe.
Is it moral to compulsorily take too much tax from people
for government to spend,
and in so doing, diminish individual choices?
My answer is no.
1992 is not a year on which I shall look back
with undiluted pleasure.
In the words of one of my more sympathetic correspondents,
it has turned out to be an annus horribilis.
The Queen, beyond doubt, is the best known woman
in the world,
probably the most loved woman in the world,
I would think as well.
[Narrator] But what would the Queen make
of her new Prime Minister?
When the curtain falls,
it's time to get off the stage,
and that is what I propose to do.
[Narrator] Sir John Major,
Her Majesty's ninth Prime Minister.
(slow contemplative music)
The relationship between the British sovereign,
the government and their Prime Minister is somewhat complex
and not always easily understood.
As head of state,
the monarch must remain entirely neutral
with respect to political matters and must be seen to do so,
even though he or she may have been quite outspoken
prior to their ascent to the throne.
The sovereign does not vote nor stand for election.
However, they do have vitally important ceremonial
and formal roles and particular responsibilities
in relation to the government of the United Kingdom.
The British Legislature comprises the sovereign,
the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
The monarch's duties are to open each new session
of parliament, announcing to the nation the agenda
for their government for that term.
[Reporter] The Queen arrived at the House of Lords
to open a session of parliament
that all know must end in a general election.
She came in the Irish State Coach,
accompanied by the Prince and Princess of Wales,
just back from their tour of Canada.
The speech she came to deliver is the first written for her
by John Major.
This time last year,
he was still Chancellor of the Exchequer
and Mrs. Thatcher the occupant of Number 10.
Throughout White Hall,
the police and security services were taking no chances.
(horns blaring)
Back in the Lord's,
the full court was gathered for the Queen,
ambassadors, judges, peers, spiritual and temporal.
Black Rod was dispatched to fetch the Commons.
It's the last time he'll knock on their door.
He's retiring at the next election.
[Narrator] With their signature,
They also grant royal assent to legislation
and approve orders and proclamations
through the Privy Council.
During her mammoth reign,
the Queen also had a very special working
and private relationship with her prime ministers.
Her Majesty retained the right to appoint her Prime Minister
and also to meet with him or her on a regular basis.
My government attach the highest priority
to improving public services.
They will implement the program of reform
in the white paper on the Citizen's Charter,
including bringing forward charters
for individual public services.
[Narrator] Those private weekly meetings
have offered great solace and support
to her prime ministers,
each one honoring the absolute confidentiality
of these informal talks,
but each of whom has also acknowledged the personal support
they have received from the Queen
in what must often be a lonely position of responsibility.
(chiming music)
John Major was born on the 29th March, 1943,
son of Gwen Major and Tom Major-Ball.
Living in middle class Surrey,
Major's mother was a part-time teacher
and his father made a living selling garden ornaments.
Major later described his younger years
as comfortable but not well off.
Facing the same struggles as many families
during wartime Britain,
and things took a turn for the worse
when his father became unwell.
The young John Major was admitted into Rutlish School,
a grammar school in Merton Park
in the southern suburbs of London.
Facing financial difficulties,
the family had to move home into more modest circumstances
into a small top floor apartment
in Coldharbour Lane, Brixton
in what was a very impoverished area of London
in those days.
Perhaps his reduced circumstances
in life were a bitter blow to him,
but young John Majors soon lost interest
in his academic studies at school
and he left full-time education at the age of 16
with just three O levels.
The teenage John Major decided to pull himself together
and to turn his fortunes around.
He started applying himself to self-improvement
and to hard work, which paid dividends for him
in the end.
His interest in politics began as he kept up to date
with current affairs on his commute to work.
His political ambitions were sparked in 1956
from watching Harold Macmillan present his budget
to the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
having been invited to watch by local MP Marcus Lipton.
We've all been thinking a great deal about Suez,
but you know, the Egyptian crisis isn't the only threat
to our future.
There is another dread, more familiar, less dramatic,
and perhaps it's harder to realize,
but in the long run, it's just as serious,
and that is the danger that,
because of our lack of foresight
or if you would like, our selfishness,
we drive ourselves out of the rank
of first class industrial power.
[Narrator] By 1959, Major joined the young conservatives
in Brixton.
He began to give speeches in the soapbox in Brixton Market.
In 1964, he stood as a Councillor
in the Lambeth London Borough Council election
at the tender age of 21,
though he lost to labor.
Major worked in banking before his political days,
taking posts with District Bank and Standard Bank.
He was even briefly seconded to Jos, Nigeria,
as part of his banking role.
But politics was still in the mind,
and in 1968, Major stood as Councillor again
in the Lambeth London Borough Council election.
The conservatives received a boost following Enoch Powell's
famous anti-immigration Rivers of Blood speech.
I have three children.
All of them have been through grammar school,
two of them married now with family.
I shan't be satisfied
till I have seen them all settled overseas.
In this country, in 15 or 20 years time,
the Black man will have the whip hand
over the white man.
[Narrator] Major won,
despite disagreeing with Powell's views.
Major's focus was on housing matters,
and he oversaw several large council estates being built.
He lost his seat in 1971.
In April, 1970, Major met Norma Johnson
at a Conservative Party event in Brixton.
They married in October that year,
moving to a flat in Streatham
and welcoming their first child,
Elizabeth, in November, 1971.
Major's personal family life was going well
but his political one faced multiple setbacks.
Though he managed to get
on the Conservative Central Office's list of potential MP's,
he lost in the February and October elections of 1974
in the labor dominated St Pancras North constituency.
He went on to try for more promising seats
but continued to be unsuccessful until 1976,
when he secured a conservative seat in Huntingdonshire.
He went on to win Huntingdon in the 1979 general election,
which brought Margaret Thatcher to power.
[Reporter] Plain clothes police out of a car behind her,
and Mrs. Thatcher out onto the doorstep.
(crowd shouting)
Thank you very much.
[Reporter] How do you feel at this moment?
Very excited, very aware of the responsibilities.
Her Majesty the Queen has asked me
to form a new administration and I have accepted.
It is, of course, the greatest honor
that can come to any citizen in a democracy.
[Narrator] He was well liked, had a relaxed, genuine,
and sincere charm.
In 1987, Major was promoted to the Cabinet
as Chief Secretary to the Treasury.
Thatcher promoted Major quickly within the party.
It was clear she liked him.
She went on to give him the title of Foreign Secretary
in July, 1989.
He went from being the most junior member of the cabinet
to playing a significant role.
Under Thatcher's premiership,
Major learned a great deal about being a leader
and the inner workings of the cabinet.
The round of UN diplomacy took him
to a first meeting
with his Argentine opposite number this evening
and talks about resuming relations disrupted
by the Falklands War.
Tomorrow, Mr. Major will turn his attention to Hong Kong,
discussing the colony's future in a private meeting here
with the Chinese foreign minister,
but the Foreign Secretary's making it clear he intends
to continue efforts to rally support
for the drug war in Colombia.
"We must all do more," he said.
[Narrator] Despite Thatcher's successes,
there was a growing unease among some of her colleagues.
Issues of unemployment and inflation were still
in people's minds, along with poll tax riots.
And fears of future strife caused Thatcher
to begin to lose her popularity.
One of the many bones of contention was Thatcher's stance
on Europe and the European Exchange Rate Mechanism.
Thatcher was adamant that Britain should not be ruled
from Brussels and she was concerned
at the gradual erosion of British sovereignty
and the country's ability to be allowed to manage itself.
The creeping federalism of Europe would be one
of the main themes of some
of her most powerful speeches in Parliament,
sowing seeds of doubt on the unification of Europe.
The beautifully oiled machine was starting to fail
and a plot was being hatched
to unseat Thatcher from her position of power.
For eight years, Margaret had this remarkable capacity
to judge public opinion and get it right.
And after eight years, inevitably,
surrounding by the trappings of Prime Minister,
inevitably you lose that acute ear for public opinion,
not a criticism of her.
I think it was true of at least one successor of hers
and of others earlier in history
and I think she was wrong about poll tax.
[Narrator] Geoffrey Howe,
her longest serving cabinet minister,
chose to plunge the dagger and he offered an ultimatum.
He threatened to resign unless Thatcher agreed
to join the European Exchange Rate Mechanism,
which she refused.
No, the people of Britain do not want petty bureaucracy.
They do not want taxation rates imposed upon us
without the consent and agreement of the British Parliament.
[Narrator] Ultimately, he did resign,
and his resignation speech left the House of Commons
questioning their Prime Minister's ability
to continue to lead her party and the country.
In his infamous resignation speech,
he said, "The time has come for others
to consider their own response
to the tragic conflict of loyalties
with which I have myself wrestled for perhaps too long."
After just three months
in his role as Foreign Secretary,
Major became Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Major insisted on joining the ERM against Thatcher's wishes.
Thatcher's popularity was declining
whilst Major's was excelling.
Eventually, in 1990,
Thatcher succumbed to mounting pressures
and announced they would join the ERM.
(mysterious music)
Things came to a head in 1990
when Michael Heseltine challenged Thatcher
for leadership of the Conservative Party,
in part due to differences of opinion on the European Union.
Thatcher won the first vote
but the majority was too small to be an outright victory.
One by one,
she was advised by her cabinet members to resign.
I said to each of them individually beforehand, I said,
"If you don't speak the truth to her
when you go and see her,
I shall be extremely angry.
You have to tell her what you've told me
'cause she must know where she stands," and they did.
I went in first.
I said she'd been defeated and should step down
and she wouldn't win the second ballot
against Michael Heseltine,
but she should allow, talk to certain John Major to come in.
She said I was being defeatist and try to rally me,
you know, get me to pull myself together and stop being so,
you know, sort of defeatist, and we failed to agree.
[Narrator] Realizing her time was up
but not wanting to fall victim to Heseltine's plot,
Thatcher decided to resign.
On November 22nd, 1990,
she resigned as leader of the Conservative Party
and as Prime Minister,
after 11 consecutive years in office.
[Reporter] Number 10 is a house and a home
as well as an office,
and as Margaret Thatcher left it after so long,
there was applause to be heard,
and I'm told, a tear or two shed among the unseen staff.
Mrs. Thatcher's own voice had an emotional edge to it.
Ladies and gentlemen, we're leaving Downing Street
for the last time after 11 and a half wonderful years,
and we're very happy
that we leave the United Kingdom
in a very, very much better state
than when we came here 11 and a half years ago.
[Reporter] But then the Iron Lady's composure
almost broke, watch her face as she reaches her car.
(audience clapping)
(slow music)
She recovered quickly for one last wave.
Friends say though that she is deeply shocked
by the seeming injustice of it all.
Three election victories
and a clear though insufficient majority
in the first ballot rewarded,
as she sees it, with the sack.
[Narrator] In her final bid to hold her head up high
and to outwit her arch enemy, Michael Heseltine,
she moved her chess pieces to make certain
that John Major would become her successor.
Famously, Thatcher always maintained she was undefeated.
She never lost an election, and she resigned herself.
(chiming music)
One can only imagine the conversation at the final meeting
when Margaret Thatcher,
Prime Minister for 11 and a half years,
went to Buckingham Palace
to offer her resignation to the Queen.
(chiming music)
Major won the vote for leadership with 185 votes.
Though Douglas and Heseltine could have challenged it,
they conceded.
(chiming music)
[Announcer] Michael Heseltine, 131.
Douglas Hurd, 56.
John Major 185.
(audience cheering)
[Reporter] Huntingdon Conservative Club members
knew they were on a winning streak.
Their domino team has won its last three matches,
but there was just a slight hint of doubt
about what the figures meant
until the Heseltine concession,
and that was received in the appropriate manner.
(audience cheering)
Huntingdon tonight is no longer the constituency,
it's the Prime Minister's seat.
(audience clapping)
I think he's a fantastic guy.
I mean, he'll make a first class Prime Minister.
Gray image?
There's no gray image. What you see is what you get.
Fantastic guy.
I've known him now for 20 years.
I've always seen that steely determination in him.
He'll do a fantastic job as Prime Minister.
He'll, first of all, heal the party,
and he'll take the party
to victory the next general election.
What sort of changes can we expect?
You'll have to ask John that.
I don't think you'll see many things.
He thoroughly approves
of what the government's done to date.
You may well see some changes in style and presentation,
but I think you'll find he'll be pursuing the policies
of the present government.
[Reporter] Huntingdon produced Oliver Cromwell.
Now it's produced a Prime Minister,
tonight, something to be celebrated.
(slow contemplative music)
[Narrator] On the 28th November, 1990,
John Major accepted Her Majesty's invitation
to form a government.
It is said, as he drove out of the golden gates
of Buckingham Palace,
he thought about how far he'd come
from a boy growing up in a cramped flat in Brixton
to Prime Minister of the United Kingdom,
living in Number 10 Downing Street.
(chiming music)
(crowd shouting)
[Reporter] What's your reaction, Mr. Major?
I'd like, I'd like, firstly if I may,
to thank my many parliamentary colleagues
for the tremendous support they've given me today.
It's an enormous encouragement to know that so many people
in the parliamentary party are prepared to entrust me
with the leadership of the Conservative Party,
and I will endeavor to discharge those responsibilities
to the best of my ability.
If I may,
I do think this particular election has enhanced
the democratic process quite substantially.
It's been a very clean election,
an election based on substance and not personality
and an election that has dealt very constructively
with the issues,
and I'd like to offer my very grateful thanks
to Douglas Hurd and to Michael Heseltine,
both for the way they conducted the election
and also for the very gracious way
in which they have conceded
that they will not stand on the third ballot.
It is, it is,
it is a very exciting thing
to become leader of the Conservative Party
and particularly exciting, I think,
to follow one of the most remarkable leaders
that the Conservative Party has ever had.
I believe, as time proceeds, and Margaret Thatcher's period
as Prime Minister is seen in a proper perspective,
that it will be seen
that she has been a very great Prime Minister indeed.
Our job now I think is quite clear.
We're going to unite.
We are going to unite totally and absolutely,
and we're going to win the next general election.
Thank you all very much indeed. Thank you all very much.
My first task immediately.
[Reporter] How do you feel this, Mrs. Major?
- Delighted. - My first task immediately is
to go and thank the enormous number
of my parliamentary colleagues,
friends and others
who've been working in this campaign.
Thank you all very much.
Thank you all very much indeed (reporter shouting)
(solemn music)
[Narrator] Unfortunately for John Major,
he inherited a government dominated by the 1990s recession
caused by high interest rates and falling house prices.
Unemployment rate by the end of 1991 was 2.5 million.
Nonetheless, opinion polling
for the conservative government remained fairly stable.
A fresh face
on the Conservative Party welcomed an opportunity
for change, and Major felt a great responsibility
and sense of duty to help an ailing country
and economy to heal.
The deeply unpopular poll tax was an area
which Major knew must be dealt with quickly,
a task he appointed to Heseltine.
I certainly do not rule out the need for further changes
in the community charge,
and as I talk to my colleagues,
and these discussions are not concluded
and will continue with my colleagues,
I do become increasingly convinced that we will not be able
to leave things as they are.
In no sense, where necessary,
where necessary and if necessary,
would I be afraid to make changes in government policy.
[Narrator] In April, 1993, poll tax was replaced
with council tax,
a sliding scale based on property prices.
The international landscape was also changing rapidly.
The early '90s marked the collapse of the Soviet Union
as well as the end of the apartheid in South Africa.
Major remained engaged in the international organizations
such as the United Nations
and the Commonwealth of which the Queen was head.
(upbeat African music)
[Reporter] For the first time in recent political memory,
Commonwealth leaders gathered for a meeting
where strong feelings about South Africa
no longer threaten the harmony.
The British camp has been working hard to ensure
that what differences still exist don't develop
into open disputes,
and the Prime Minister's efforts were rewarded today.
Over lunch, Nelson Mandela briefed him
on his ideas for changing the timetable
for lifting sanctions against South Africa.
The ANC leader followed that
with the sort of endorsement politicians dream of.
Whatever differences may be there,
one thing is clear,
that the British government
and the British people are the enemies
of all forms of racial discrimination.
There is an awkward question being quietly asked here.
Once the Commonwealth stops arguing about South Africa,
does it become little more
than a rather grand international club?
That's why there's so much talk this week
about finding a new role for the Commonwealth.
Among those dining with the Queen tonight,
there's no question of abandoning Commonwealth traditions
like decision by consensus.
So, initiatives like John Major's proposal
that the Commonwealth become a guardian
of human rights and democracy
have to be made rather gingerly,
especially when they involve pointing the finger of blame.
Member states of the Commonwealth have not always applied
the values which our organization represents,
but we have always held onto those values.
They represent a yard stick of behavior for each one of us.
The Commonwealth is well placed to catch the tidal wave
of human rights and democracy
which is sweeping across much of the world.
[Narrator] Though actively engaged,
Major found some of these meetings
to be deeply frustrating,
Nothing much would be achieved,
and he would tire of sitting through interminable speeches
and watching elaborate ceremonies.
Major felt, in particular,
the G7 summits were notorious for this.
After agreement from US President Bill Clinton,
successive summits were much more scaled down and informal,
much to Major's delight.
(helicopter whirring) (tense music)
We've told Saddam Hussein,
he's been told quite clearly by the allies,
that we wish to ensure the safety of the no fly zone.
Firstly, he must honor the no fly zone.
There's been no more flying in it,
and secondly, he must remove the SAM missiles.
That's made perfectly clear to him.
He knows that,
set a timeframe for it.
I hope he will comply.
(slow contemplative music)
[Narrator] One of the defining elements
of John Major's premiership was the Gulf War.
John Major became Prime Minister
shortly after Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait.
US President George Bush and John Major worked together
to try and find a peaceful solution.
The so-called special relationship
between the UK and US continued in Major's premiership.
Major and Bush got on remarkably well.
However, despite their best efforts,
military action started in January, 1991
after Iraq had been given a deadline to leave
but their forces continued to occupy Kuwait.
(slow tense music)
[Reporter] John Major has brought a fighting message
to Saudi Arabia,
rejecting out of hand any deal short of total withdrawal
by Saddam Hussein,
telling his hosts that Iraq could not possibly win any war
and dismissing any talk
of changing the deadline for withdrawal.
The airport at which he landed is ready for war.
The signs of the American buildup are everywhere,
and because of that massive force,
John Major says, the allies cannot lose.
I hope Saddam Hussein realizes what's ranged against him.
There is no possibility that he could win any conflict,
no possibility whatsoever.
[Reporter] And that is mostly
because the air power would be overwhelmingly on one side?
The air power is very substantial,
but the rest of the power is awesome as well.
[Reporter] News of the attempts by Iraq
to get the deadline for action postponed
filtered through as he toured.
The Prime Minister was not interested.
No, there's no question of shifting the deadline.
We've known for some time that he may play games
of this sort and try to edge the deadline forward.
It isn't something that we are prepared to contemplate.
[Reporter] That tough line is partly the result
of the suffering of those still in Kuwait,
outlined once again in a meeting
with the Exar Kuwaiti leaders earlier today.
It's also, of course, part of the campaign
to persuade Saddam that withdrawal is his only option.
The British here still hope
the Iraqi leader will change his mind and withdraw,
but like the rest of the country,
they're preparing for war.
Diplomats were handing out some of 12,000 gas masks
to the British civilians today as John Major arrived.
It's very nice to see you all.
[Reporter] How does he explain to those
who might be caught up in a Gulf War
why the price is worth paying?
If we are not prepared to deal with this matter now,
we might face, quite apart from not correcting a wrong
that needs to be put right,
we might face a far greater problem
in the not too distant future.
I don't think that's tolerable.
We've learned from history in the past
that if you put off dealing with this sort of problem,
you may well have a larger problem a little later.
Everyone, I think,
in the international community understands
that very well.
Tonight, came an audience with King Fahd
of Saudi Arabia.
The subject, security in the Gulf after Kuwait is regained.
Tomorrow, John Major travels into the desert
for perhaps the most vital part of this tour,
to see some of the 34,000 British service men and women
on duty in the Gulf.
He'll ask them what their problems are,
and he'll try to reassure them that if the war comes,
it's one they're going to win.
Now, tomorrow, you visit the British troops
and you've said that Saddam Hussein cannot win any conflict
because of the sheer force against him.
He can, nevertheless, embark on a nasty
and brutal conflict involving many British personnel.
Well, he's already embarked upon a nasty
and brutal conflict in Kuwait
We know he has done that
and it is to expel him from continuing that
that British troops are there.
We're all well aware of that.
There is the most enormous amount of allied power here,
both air power and land power.
It is quite impossible for Saddam Hussein
to prevail against that,
and I hope he will realize it.
If we are not prepared to deal with this matter now,
we might face, quite apart from not correcting a wrong
that needs to be put right,
we might face a far greater problem
in the not too distant future.
I don't think that's tolerable.
We've learned from history in the past
that if you put off dealing with this sort of problem,
you may well have a larger problem a little later.
Everyone, I think,
in the international community understands
that very well.
[Narrator] Major flew to the Gulf
to see for himself what the situation was.
Meeting the servicemen struck a chord with Major.
His son was only a little younger than the troops,
and it was very moving for him
to see the reality of what was happening.
[Reporter] The Prime Minister charged
across the sands of Saudi Arabia today
in the company of the troops who, next week,
may be committed to war.
In Mr. Major's words to the troops,
Close in please.
[Reporter] "We may invite you
to forcibly remove Saddam Hussein,"
but for all the war like talk in the desert,
Mr. Major has effectively ruled out the use
of the ultimate weapon.
The question?
If the allies are attacked with chemical weapons,
would they retaliate with nuclear?
We have plenty of weapons short of that
and we have no plans of the sort you envisage,
and we hope, and we hope,
we hope it is perfectly clear to Saddam Hussein that,
firstly, that our men will be well protected
against chemical weapons.
He'd be very unwise to do that.
I hope he won't do that.
I hope he will actually have the sense
to make a peaceful withdrawal,
but we have plenty of weapons short of those you mention.
[Reporter] Otherwise, Mr. Major
took an extremely tough line against Saddam,
promising there'd be no concessions to gain peace.
He would be forced to leave all the land he had taken.
It was a visit designed to raise morale
among the armed forces and at home as well,
as the deadline for action draws near.
(tense music)
[Narrator] Major made
an unusual prime ministerial broadcast
upon his return to the UK.
First, we must get Iraq out of Kuwait,
right out of Kuwait.
Second, we must restore Kuwait's legitimate government,
and third, we must uphold the authority
of the United Nations.
The operation on which we have embarked involves danger
and sacrifice,
but I am confident that it will succeed
and we know it is a battle which has to be fought.
[George] Now, the 28 countries with forces
in the Gulf area have exhausted all reasonable efforts
to reach a peaceful resolution,
have no choice but to drive Saddam from Kuwait by force.
We will not fail.
Air attacks are underway against military targets in Iraq.
[Narrator] On the 16th January, 1991,
Operation Desert Storm commenced.
(bomb exploding)
US war planes attacked military targets in Iraq.
On the 24th February, ground war began.
(gun clicking)
(gunshots popping)
(soldiers chatting)
(gunshots popping) (slow music)
Of course, the Queen,
among her many other roles, is head of armed forces.
Conversations between the Queen and her Prime Minister
would have surely included great discussion
about sending her troops to war.
Most unusually, the Queen televised a broadcast
detailing the nation's pride in its armed forces
and her hope for a swift conclusion to the Gulf War.
As they, with our allies, face a fresh
and yet sterner challenge,
I hope that we can unite in praying
that their success will be as swift as it is certain
and that it may be achieved with as small a cost
in human life and suffering as possible.
Then may the true reward of their courage be granted,
a just and lasting peace.
[Narrator] By the 28th February,
Bush announced a ceasefire, leaving Kuwait liberated.
On the 3rd March, 1991,
Iraq agreed to all UN resolutions
and an agreement was finally signed
on the 6th of April, 1991.
(tense music)
Thank you very much for what you've done over the last,
over the last few months.
It's been an absolutely fabulous job.
I don't think it could have been better done
and the general impression back home,
and I think it's the right impression,
is that this has been one
of the most remarkable military episodes ever.
It's been a copy book exercise.
It was brilliantly planned,
It was brilliantly done,
and I'd just like you to know how very proud
at home everyone is in the way that performed
and the way you operated
over the period of the last few months.
We won't keep you out here a day longer than we have to.
The sooner we can get you back home, we'll do so.
I can't tell you precisely when that will be,
but I do give you my word
there will be no undue delay about it.
[Reporter] From one forward camp merging with the desert
to another and to the soldiers in each,
he brought the same message.
Thank you for your magnificent effort.
We'll get you home as soon as possible,
and you'll go on leave when you get there.
In return, the Desert Rats presented the Prime Minister
with a memento,
a helmet, and a Chinese made Kalashnikov.
Thank you very much indeed.
This will give me cabinet authority of a sort.
(crowd laughing)
Just wait till we discuss public expenditure next year.
(crowd laughing)
[Reporter] His final visit was to HMS Brave,
where he brought to the sailors the same news
and message he'd given to the land forces.
Absolutely fabulous, well done.
Thanks very much indeed.
Thank you, thank you.
[Desmond] But the importance of this visit,
to Kuwaitis and British forces,
lies in Mr. Major being the first senior statesman
to come here since the war.
Desmond Hamill, News at 10
with the Prime Minister in the Gulf.
(crowd chattering)
Like seeing one of you lot with my wife.
(group laughing)
(slow contemplative music)
[Narrator] The Queen welcomed home British troops
returning from the first Gulf War.
Thousands watched as 1,000 service men
and women paraded through London.
(slow contemplative music)
(drums beating)
Though more reserved in its celebrations than in the US,
a quiet triumph filled the city,
a shared hope
and genuine sense of pride pervaded the country.
(slow contemplative music)
Another defining factor
for Major was the Northern Ireland peace process.
Major took his premiership
in the midst of the troubles with Northern Ireland.
The tension had been rising for decades,
and he was given a distinct and clear reminder
of the work that was needed to unite the nations.
On the 7th February, 1991,
the IRA launched three homemade mortar shells
at 10 Downing Street
in an attempt to assassinate Prime Minister John Major.
[Reporter] This was a well planned attack
aimed at the center of government.
On firing White Hall,
the van used to launch mortars at 10 Downing Street
while the war cabinet was in session.
An ITN camera was recording outside the front door
when the blast rocked the building.
(bomb exploding)
Over the top of the building,
a plume of smoke from the blast,
one mortar landed in the garden of Number 10 and exploded,
blowing a deep crater in the lawn
and smashing dozens of windows.
The other two failed to go off.
Two men were seen running away from the van,
which appears to have been stopped
on a precise spot to launch the bombs.
There's no doubt this attack had been well planned.
The mortar's aimed at a precise angle
through a hole cut in the roof.
Finding that spot would've taken weeks of surveillance.
(horn honking)
One bus driver saw the missiles actually being launched.
(slow music)
He's just went into there.
I mean, first we heard the bang,
then the missile came through the roof of the transit van,
which didn't go very high.
I saw myself, it didn't go very high.
Then within five seconds, another bang came out of 10
and the missile came out
and then the van went into a flame.
[Reporter] ITN staff working only a few yards
from the back of Number 10 ran for their lives
as the mortars rained down.
We were sitting in our outside broadcast vehicle
behind Downing Street,
and all of a sudden, we heard a loud explosion
to the right of us, a matter of a few feet away.
The whole vehicle shook.
We lost of power,
lots of smoke in the vicinity,
and then we ran for it.
[Reporter] Police immediately moved in
to clear an area stretching up to a mile in each direction.
Nobody knew whether there were more bombs
or booby trapped devices
inside the area. - Go back up the street now.
Go back up the street.
It is not safe. Move.
(slow tense music)
In fact, one woman and two policemen had been hurt
by flying glass.
The Prime Minister and his war cabinet had been protected
by strengthened windows.
As news of the attack spread,
there was a deep sense of shock
that the provisional IRA had managed
to strike so accurately at a time of such high security.
Police had been convinced for some time
that an IRA cell was still in this country.
First priority now will be to examine the van
and the missiles
to see whether they provide any clues
as to who the attackers were.
[Narrator] The IRA had been planning this attack
against former Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher,
but after her sudden resignation,
they decided to target her successor.
The mortar shells exploded in the garden of Number 10
in an attempt to destroy the cabinet office.
Due to the bomb resistant windows,
none of the cabinet were hurt,
though four people received minor injuries,
two of which were police officers.
This was a real wake up call for the Prime Minister.
He knew helping to build a peaceful relationship
with Northern Ireland would be an important part
of his premiership.
(slow contemplative music)
A new draft of the Anglo-Irish Declaration was proposed
in 1993, eventually becoming the Downing Street Declaration,
one of the first significant steps on the road
to the Good Friday Agreement years later.
It contained the principle of consent,
the foundation on which the peace process was built,
essentially stating the constitutional future
of Northern Ireland would be decided by its own people.
Unfortunately, in 1996,
the IRA planted a bomb which exploded in Docklands.
The event marked the end of a 17 month ceasefire.
Two were killed and many more injured.
It was a horrific event that prompted further discussions
on the peace process.
Major gave a ministerial broadcast, addressing the nation
on the bombing and the breakdown of the IRA's ceasefire.
More needed to be done to unite the nations in peace.
After five months of peace,
surely it is time to look ahead,
judge our proposals as a whole.
There is nothing you need fear.
[Narrator] Although Major was not Prime Minister
when the Good Friday Agreement was signed a few years later
by Prime Minister Tony Blair,
it cannot be understated the work
and influence Major had on realizing the agreement.
It remains one of the great successes of his premiership,
highlighting his extraordinary patience
and skill in negotiating.
The Queen's cousin, Lord Louis Mountbatten was killed
by the IRA in 1979,
but later, in 2011,
she would display the importance of peace and diplomacy
as she shook hands with a former IRA leader.
Discussions between Her Majesty and the Prime Minister
during these years must have focused
on the need for resolution.
(slow music)
♪ For he's a jolly good fellow ♪
In April, 1992,
Major called for an election which he won unexpectedly
with a majority of 336 seats,
the fourth conservative election win in a row.
It was an extraordinary win,
as he remains the only Prime Minister
to have gained more than 14 million votes
in a general election.
(gentle music)
(audience clapping)
[Reporter] After 16 months on an uncertain lease,
Mr. Major is already a different man.
Downing Street is now, he says, home.
(audience clapping)
Thank you very much indeed.
I've only got one thing to say.
It's nice to be back.
(audience cheering)
[Reporter] The boost to his confidence was obvious
as he strode into Downing Street,
a street which is normally closed to the general public
but which today was opened up to let supporters
and well wishers come and say hello.
Someone called for three cheers.
(crowd cheering)
To John Major,
the fact that he's now been chosen by the people,
albeit a minority of the electorate,
rather than by the secret committee room votes
of his fellow MP's is important.
I can now,
I can now accept that the country have elected me
in my own right to be Prime Minister.
I'm immensely proud of that.
I shall try and ensure
that I reach the aspirations of people
and that I let no one down.
That is, I'm delighted to have it.
Thank you.
[Reporter] And the change in the man was clear
as he enjoyed his moment of glory, first alone,
and then with Chris Patten,
strong personal support for the man
who helped Mr. Major to victory
and lost his own seat in the process.
Later, some very small boys
with a bit of help from the Metropolitan Police came
to deliver some presents,
and there was the Prime Minister again,
no photo opportunity missed today.
The contrast with Neil Kinnock's return
to his home could not have been greater.
The word is that he and his wife Glenys feel
that they've taken enough punishment
and that only massive pressure from the party
for him to stay on will prevent him
from calling it a day as leader.
As to his future today,
"Long and wonderful" were the only words he had
to describe it.
It's going to be long and wonderful.
[Narrator] Unfortunately, 1992 would not turn out
to be a good year for monarch nor Prime Minister.
Hello. Utter turmoil in the money markets.
That's what dominates the news today.
For the first time ever,
the government has put up interest rates twice in one day.
The new rate is 15%,
the weapon with which the government will take
on the currency dealers.
For investors, it's good news.
Mortgage holders will fiscally dare breathe.
The big building societies have said they will try
to hold off putting up rates
until after the French vote on Sunday.
The first rise of 2% came mid-morning,
but that didn't stop pressure on the pound.
So three hours later,
another 3% rise to 15% to take effect from tomorrow.
[Narrator] September, 1992, the pound sterling crashed.
Britain was forced to withdraw
from the European Exchange Rate Mechanism, the ERM,
because it could not prevent the value of the pound
from falling below the specified lower limit.
The ERM was created in the 1970s
to help put European currencies on a level playing field
in preparation for the economic and monetary union
and the introduction of the Euro.
If a country was looking to replace their currency
with the Euro,
they must keep the value within the specific range
for several years.
(tense music)
Today has been an extremely difficult and turbulent day.
Massive speculative flows have continued
to disrupt the functioning
of the Exchange Rate Mechanism.
As chairman of the Council of European Finance Ministers,
I have called a meeting
of the monetary committee in Brussels urgently tonight
to consider how stability can be restored
to the foreign exchange markets.
In the meantime, the government has concluded
that Britain's best interests are served
by suspending our membership of the Exchange Rate Mechanism.
[Narrator] Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont,
invested heavily, trying to keep it
in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism,
raising interest rates first to 12% and then to 15%,
but it didn't work.
Major and Lamont admitted defeat.
Britain was suspended from its membership of the ERM.
At extreme cost,
the Prime Minister faced great political damage,
even more so because he had recently won re-election
on a pro-Euro platform.
[Reporter] A building in chaos for a policy in ruins,
John Major arrived in Downing Street three hours ago,
still with the builders there.
The policy he conceived as Chancellor
and carried out as Prime Minister in tatters.
But it's the present Chancellor Norman Lamont
who may be feeling the political heat most this morning.
[Reporter] Yesterday, you backed Norman Lamont
for what you called his speed and courage.
Shouldn't you know, now though,
have a fresh start with a fresh Chancellor?
No, I shouldn't, and I'll tell you why not.
Norman Lamont was the Chancellor of the Exchequer
but the policy that Norman Lamont followed was my policy,
the cabinet's policy, all the cabinet's policy,
the policy we contested a general election on,
the policy we won a general election on.
Norman Lamont has followed that policy.
He was overwhelmed by events and I do not believe
because he was overwhelmed by events,
doing what he promised he would do,
seeking what he'd promised he would seek,
upon that basis, you cannot ask a man to leave a job
he's been honorably doing and doing well.
(slow contemplative music)
[Narrator] However, prosperity followed this event
in the 1990s, improved economic growth,
lower unemployment and lower inflation.
It must also be said,
though Black Wednesday was seen as a real failure
at the time,
it did keep the UK out of the Eurozone,
saving it from far more serious problems later on.
On reflection of the political disaster
that was Black Wednesday,
Major considered resigning
but was convinced by his sister to stay on.
Nonetheless, opinion polls of Major took a turn
for the worse.
General government approval
and a sense of economic optimism took a sudden fall.
(slow contemplative music)
[Reporter] Determined to try and unite his party
and silence his critics,
aides billed this as a speech from the heart.
John Major reverted to his man of the people approach
which worked for him at the last election.
Let me just pass this message
to everyone who wishes the Conservative Party well,
no diversions, no squabbles.
Let's get on with that job of passing back that message
and then we will have the self-confident expanding country
that we all want to see.
(audience clapping)
[Reporter] Constantly referring to his long term aims,
he also warned there had to be cuts in public spending.
We are not prepared to see an ever increasing tax burden
and nor are we prepared to mortgage our future
by unrestrained borrowing.
So, we have to ensure
that expenditure is properly disciplined
At present, - And while he insisted
he was committed to public services like health,
he said the education system was betraying some children.
One in four of our children leave secondary education
and can't read properly, can't write properly,
and are not competent in arithmetic.
And what are they going to do?
They can't all be Prime Minister.
(audience laughing)
(audience clapping)
(tense music)
1992 is not a year on which I shall look back
with undiluted pleasure.
In the words of one of my more sympathetic correspondents,
it has turned out to be an annus horribilis.
(solemn music)
[Narrator] For the Queen,
the year would later be known as her annus horribilis.
It was the year in which the rocky marriage
between Charles and Diana became public knowledge
with the release of the infamous Andrew Morton book.
It was also the year Andrew and Fergie would separate,
Anne and Mark would divorce,
and her beloved Windsor Castle would set on fire.
(solemn music)
There can be no doubt, of course,
that criticism is good for people
and institutions that are part of public life.
No institution, city, monarchy,
whatever should expect to be free from the scrutiny of those
who give it their loyalty and support,
not to mention those who don't,
but we are all part of the same fabric
of our national society,
and that scrutiny by one part of another
can be just as effective
if it is made with a touch of gentleness,
good humor and understanding.
(solemn music)
[Narrator] As the year came to an end,
the responsibility fell
to Her Majesty's Prime Minister John Major
to announce Charles and Diana's decision to separate.
It is announced from Buckingham Palace that, with regret,
the Prince and Princess of Wales have decided to separate.
Their Royal Highnesses have no plans to divorce,
and their constitutional positions are unaffected.
This decision has been reached amicably,
and they will both continue to participate fully
in the upbringing of their children.
[Narrator] In a year that faced turmoil
for both Prime Minister and Queen,
those private and confidential conversations
must have been very valuable to each of them.
For both monarch and Prime Minister,
the decade was not an easy one.
In fact, it is well known
to be one of the Queen's most difficult decades.
But the special relationship
between the Constitutional Monarch
and Prime Minister was one valued
to a great extent by both parties.
As ever, the Prime Minister's audience
with the monarch is kept absolutely confidential.
They meet once a week, every week,
and there is no record kept of anything said
during these meetings.
It is just the Queen and the Prime Minister
with no witnesses, no recordings or minutes taken.
Major has often spoke about these audiences with the Queen,
referencing how he and prime ministers before
and after him considered them to be cathartic experiences.
I mean, in those meetings,
one small anecdote was that, more often than not,
you did have a gallery audience,
but the gallery audience was the corgis,
and they would sit there,
and mostly they were well behaved, but not invariably.
And from time to time,
the Queen would speak very sharply to one of the corgis,
all of which she knew by name.
If the corgi came round
and was sort of indicating an interest
in jumping up on your lap
or deciding to make a meal of your toe,
the Queen would gently discipline the dog
and it would be moved away.
So, one saw that as you might in any home in the country.
The Queen, beyond doubt, is the best known woman
in the world,
probably the most loved woman in the world,
I would think as well.
And then suddenly, behind that enormous, enormous facade
that exists because of her position,
you see the private woman who lurks behind it
and that's rather a lovely thing to see.
(gentle music)
[Narrator] Major was the first
of Her Majesty's prime ministers
to be younger than the Queen.
No doubt her experience and extensive knowledge
of the governments that preceded Major's would've been
of great value to him.
Indeed, when it came to issues with foreign affairs,
Major would merely mention the name
of a state official or foreign leader,
and the Queen would respond immediately
with helpful hints and suggestions,
often knowing them personally or their parents and families.
Well, any Prime Minister who didn't listen
to the Queen's views was a very foolish man or woman indeed
because she had an historic memory,
longer than any civil service advisor,
and she had a great understanding of how people lived
and was very interesting, interested,
in what government policy meant
for the lives of people in different parts of the country.
That was something about which she was concerned
and about which she would ask questions.
So, you got a very clear idea
from an intelligent, well informed person
about how some of the policies might be received
and what their implications might be.
And that, to politicians,
who can often be locked in the narrow world
of Westminster is easy.
It's very easy to find yourself blocked off from opinion
that once you would've been familiar with
and the Queen was one outlet,
where sometimes something was said that brought you back
to realize exactly what something may mean.
And I don't think there is a single Prime Minister
who has worked with her who wouldn't say the same thing.
(gentle music)
[Narrator] It is reported that
when Major took on the role of Prime Minister,
it was a relief to the Queen.
He was said to be close to the royal family
and he and the Queen benefited from an easy
and relaxed relationship.
Major's close relationship
with the royal family was evidenced later on.
When he was no longer Prime Minister,
he became a special guardian to William and Harry
after the death of their mother,
Diana Princess of Wales.
Major went on to be the only politician invited
to Prince Harry's wedding,
a symbol of the close and trusting friendship that remained.
After Her Majesty's death in September, 2022,
John Major was quick to comment
on the lifelong service of an impeccable monarch.
It is clear that John Major had a profound respect
and admiration for the Queen.
Well, I was immensely saddened when I heard it.
It's news nobody wished to hear.
The Queen has been such a permanence
in our lives for so long.
You simply expected her to go on forever,
and it's a great shock that suddenly she has gone.
It's like a great oak has fallen,
and it will be a day that people will remember
in history for a very long time.
And the great gifts that Queen has had is,
not only has she been the monarch, the symbol of royalty,
but because of the manner in which she has lived,
because of her empathy,
she is almost as though she's a supernumerary member
of every family in the country.
So, I think her loss will be personally felt by people.
Not just felt, "Oh, it is sad
that we have lost a great figure,"
but I think there will be personal degrees of sadness
and a great many tears will be shed over the next few days.
[Reporter] So, after calling in the lobby correspondence
to the Downing Street Garden for half past four,
with the word growing that this was something big,
Mr. Major on the stroke of five o'clock,
began to explain his decision.
I've now been Prime Minister for near nearly five years.
In that time, we've achieved a great deal,
but for the last three years,
I've been opposed by a small minority in our party.
During those three years,
there have been repeated threats of a leadership election.
In each year, they turned out to be phony threats.
Now, the same thing again is happening in 1995.
I believe it's in no one's interest
that this continues right through until November.
It undermines the government,
and it damages the Conservative Party.
I am not prepared
to see the party I care for laid out
on the rack like this for any longer.
[Reporter] With Scottish Secretary Ian Lang
and Transport Secretary Brian Mawhinney
already on the campaign team, watching him,
Mr. Major talk of the forthcoming election.
If I win,
I shall continue as Prime Minister and lead the party
into and through the next general election.
Should I be defeated, which I do not expect,
I shall resign as Prime Minister
and offer my successor my full support.
[Narrator] There were great divides
in the party over the issues with Europe.
Questions were also being raised
as to whether Major could unite the party
and continue to lead effectively.
Majors was challenged for leadership only
by John Redwood MP, which came as a surprise to many.
Norman Lamont became a significant member of Redwood's team.
Redwood represented the Euro-skeptic side of the party,
garnering a fair amount of support.
However, Major was victorious,
securing 218 votes with 66%.
In his cabinet reshuffle,
Redwood was not reappointed to cabinet.
Though Major won the leadership,
the conservative majority was rapidly falling.
By 1997, the conservatives were without a majority
in the House of Commons.
Major's government was totally divided
and riddled by allegations of sleaze,
exacerbated by the press.
Major waited as long as possible
before calling a general election,
which would finally happen on 1st May, 1997.
The next election will offer us the chance
to change our country,
not just to promise change, but to achieve it.
The historic goal of another labor government,
our party, new labor,
our mission, new Britain,
new labor, new Britain.
(audience clapping) (contemplative music)
[Narrator] In the lead up to the election,
on a live Channel 4 interview,
Blair draws his lines in the sand
with his definition of new labor
and a radical and reformed Labour Party.
What does your concept of radical really involve?
It involves recognizing that the basic principles
of the Labour Party, which are about justice and progress,
that's what the Labour Party should be about,
that those principles should be applied
in a different way to today's world.
Back in 1945, when Clem Attlee and his government came in,
they were a radical government
in the sense that the way they thought
to do it was to build up the state,
nationalization and so on.
That's not the way for today's world.
The way for today's world is education, skills, technology,
developing small businesses,
encouraging design and invention in Britain.
It's a different role for government.
It's a different relationship with industry,
and it's a different attitude
to the things that really matter.
[Narrator] Tony Blair later claims
to have been most surprised when, on 1st May, 1997,
he was elected Britain's youngest Prime Minister since 1812,
ending 18 years of conservative rule with a majority of 179.
[Reporter] He's coming out now
and will address the nation through those microphones.
Good morning.
I said most of what I wish to say
when I had the opportunity of speaking last evening,
but perhaps there are just one or two things
that it would be appropriate to add this morning.
It has been an immense privilege
to serve as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom
over the last six and a half years.
It's a privilege that comes to very few people,
and it's a very precious privilege indeed.
I hope as I leave Downing Street this morning
that I can say with some accuracy
that the country is in far better shape
than it was when I entered Downing Street.
The economy is booming.
Interest rates low, inflation low, unemployment falling.
The growth pattern is well set.
The health service is expanding.
The education service is improving,
and the crime statistics are falling.
All of those, I think, are benevolent improvements
in the interests of all the people of this country.
I hope, if you will forgive me,
I will say no more this morning.
I believe, as you know,
I have an appointment with Her Majesty the Queen
in a few moments to tender my resignation,
so that the new government may then be formally appointed.
I propose to see Her Majesty in just a few moments.
The second reason I'll say no more now is that,
after that, I hope that Norma and I will be able,
with the children, to get to the oval in time for lunch
and for some cricket this afternoon.
Thank you all very much indeed.
Thank you.
(chiming music)
[Narrator] One can only imagine the conversation
at the final meeting
when John Major went to Buckingham Palace
to offer his resignation to the Queen.
It is almost inevitable
that they will have had differing views
on a number of issues over his nearly seven years in office.
But it is widely acknowledged that they had enormous respect
for each other in their roles,
coupled with a good degree of personal affection and regard.
(slow music)
[Reporter] After seven years in office
and so many audiences with the Queen,
this was to be the last.
Mr. Major tendering his resignation as Prime Minister,
the final formal termination
of 18 years of conservative government.
John Major, with his fellow survivors,
about to experience for the first time life in opposition.
Tony Blair, meanwhile, was still at his North London home,
basking in the glow of his astonishing political triumph
and the applause of supporters camped out in the street.
Soon his life would change forever.
With a wave to the children,
he was off, but not for long.
Within seconds, he'd stop the car for a walkabout
to the obvious surprise of the security team
now guarding him.
(tense music)
[Narrator] After Major left office in April, 2005,
the Queen honored him
with the Companion of the Order of the Garter,
a personal gift from the Queen limited
to only 24 people at one time,
a display of her deep gratitude for his service.
Tonight, perhaps to look back,
I hope with some pride at the changes that we have made
to our country in the last 18 years.
(crowd clapping)
[Narrator] At the time of his premiership,
John Major was not known
to be a particularly successful Prime Minister,
nor a natural leader, as he faced heavy criticism.
But that may not be an entirely fair assessment.
Major's premiership will surely be looked on more kindly
in the history books.
Entering his premiership after such a formidable leader
as Margaret Thatcher,
he had a tremendous legacy to live up to.
But by the time he handed over the reigns
to labor leader Tony Blair,
the country's economy was growing
for the first time in many years.
I first entered Parliament 18 years ago tomorrow, I think.
And the difference in our country
is a difference you could not express
unless you remembered what it was like in May of 1979
when the conservatives first came to government.
Many people who voted in this general election
perhaps never knew that,
for they have never known anything in their adult lives
without conservative government,
and others, perhaps,
have not remembered precisely what it was like.
Well, I said a moment ago
that this party had served longer in government
than any other.
We've suffered great defeats before.
We have always come back.
[Narrator] Although it had not been an easy decade
for the Prime Minister,
Major managed to leave the country
in a better state than how he had found it.
Surely this is the hope and ambition
of every Prime Minister of Her Majesty's government.
He is a Prime Minister that will be remembered
for his mild mannered style and sincere charm.
Major was an honorable and decent Prime Minister
who served Britain with a simple intention
of making it great once more.
To the Queen,
it is obvious the relationship was one of trust, of support,
and of admiration.
For Her Majesty the Queen,
Sir John Major will always be her ninth Prime Minister.
(gentle music)