1 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 2 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 3 00:00:37,287 --> 00:00:41,291 The first atomic bomb heralded the dawn of a troubling new era. 4 00:00:42,500 --> 00:00:46,796 {\an8}In a single stroke, the Japanese city of Hiroshima and some 70,000 men, 5 00:00:46,880 --> 00:00:49,007 {\an8}women, and children were annihilated. 6 00:00:50,091 --> 00:00:53,720 {\an8}In the years since, that momentous event has come under increasing scrutiny. 7 00:00:56,723 --> 00:00:59,851 {\an8}Was the bomb a price worth paying for pea-- 8 00:01:16,659 --> 00:01:20,830 {\an8} The physicists who participated in forging the most formidable 9 00:01:20,914 --> 00:01:23,500 {\an8}and dangerous weapon of all time 10 00:01:23,583 --> 00:01:27,587 {\an8}are harassed by an equal feeling of responsibility, 11 00:01:28,213 --> 00:01:29,506 {\an8}not to say guilt. 12 00:01:34,969 --> 00:01:39,015 {\an8} Dr. Albert Einstein, one of the world's greatest scientists. 13 00:01:39,516 --> 00:01:44,145 {\an8} A scientific giant who sometimes generated political controversy, 14 00:01:44,229 --> 00:01:45,814 {\an8}as well as brilliant equations. 15 00:01:46,397 --> 00:01:48,441 {\an8}Called the father of the atomic age, 16 00:01:48,525 --> 00:01:50,693 {\an8}Einstein's great contribution to human knowledge 17 00:01:50,777 --> 00:01:53,071 {\an8}was his theory of relativity. 18 00:01:53,154 --> 00:01:56,658 {\an8} The key to the atom secrets was first given to the world when the genius, 19 00:01:56,741 --> 00:02:00,328 {\an8}Albert Einstein, defined the relation between all matter and energy. 20 00:02:01,371 --> 00:02:04,666 {\an8} E is equal to MC squared. 21 00:02:05,542 --> 00:02:07,001 {\an8}Had I known 22 00:02:07,085 --> 00:02:10,755 {\an8}that the Germans would not succeed in producing an atomic bomb, 23 00:02:12,090 --> 00:02:16,469 {\an8}I would not have taken part in opening that Pandora's box. 24 00:02:36,698 --> 00:02:39,325 Hail to victory! 25 00:03:25,914 --> 00:03:29,459 Order! Motion under the ten-minute rule, 26 00:03:29,542 --> 00:03:33,546 bill to promote and extend opportunities of citizenship for Jews 27 00:03:33,630 --> 00:03:36,090 resident outside the British Empire. 28 00:03:36,174 --> 00:03:39,719 - Commander Locker-Lampson. - Thank you, Mr. Speaker. 29 00:03:41,095 --> 00:03:44,140 I am not personally a Jew, 30 00:03:44,933 --> 00:03:48,478 but I hope that I do not require to be a Jew 31 00:03:49,229 --> 00:03:51,981 to hate tyranny anywhere in the world. 32 00:03:53,358 --> 00:03:56,778 Germany has selected the cream of her culture 33 00:03:56,861 --> 00:03:58,655 and suppressed it. 34 00:04:00,657 --> 00:04:03,451 She has even turned upon her most glorious citizen. 35 00:04:03,952 --> 00:04:05,036 Einstein. 36 00:04:07,914 --> 00:04:12,252 The road hog and racketeer of Europe have plundered his place. 37 00:04:12,335 --> 00:04:14,170 They've even taken away his violin. 38 00:04:17,048 --> 00:04:19,050 Today, Einstein is without a home. 39 00:04:19,717 --> 00:04:22,470 He had to write his name in a visitor's book in England. 40 00:04:24,430 --> 00:04:27,100 And when he came to write his address, he put... 41 00:04:28,142 --> 00:04:29,227 "Without any." 42 00:04:40,530 --> 00:04:41,906 Here we are, Professor. 43 00:04:43,074 --> 00:04:44,784 Welcome to Roughton Heath. 44 00:04:45,910 --> 00:04:47,036 Isn't it wonderful? 45 00:04:49,372 --> 00:04:50,915 Let's get you settled in, eh? 46 00:05:11,561 --> 00:05:13,896 I know it's rudimentary for a man of your importance 47 00:05:13,980 --> 00:05:16,733 but, under your current circumstances... 48 00:05:16,816 --> 00:05:20,236 I believe that a simple and unassuming life 49 00:05:20,320 --> 00:05:23,114 is best for body and mind. 50 00:05:23,197 --> 00:05:24,407 Couldn't agree more. 51 00:05:25,450 --> 00:05:27,618 What I like best is a tent on a heath, 52 00:05:28,119 --> 00:05:31,331 plain viands, a glass of beer, 53 00:05:31,998 --> 00:05:35,793 and the sweet communion of... friends. 54 00:05:40,381 --> 00:05:41,674 For you. 55 00:05:44,260 --> 00:05:46,512 To replace the one the Hun stole from you. 56 00:05:49,098 --> 00:05:50,767 I'll let you unpack in peace. 57 00:06:04,947 --> 00:06:07,492 The present state of affairs in Germany 58 00:06:07,575 --> 00:06:11,079 is a state of psychic distemper in the masses. 59 00:06:13,498 --> 00:06:17,293 Hitler picked up human flotsam on the streets and in the taverns 60 00:06:17,877 --> 00:06:20,171 and organized them around himself. 61 00:06:21,589 --> 00:06:24,300 The worst outcrop of herd life, 62 00:06:24,384 --> 00:06:27,178 the military system, which I abhor. 63 00:06:31,015 --> 00:06:34,394 German fascism has been particularly violent 64 00:06:34,477 --> 00:06:37,230 in its attack upon my Jewish brothers. 65 00:06:37,814 --> 00:06:38,898 BE CAREFUL. JEWS. 66 00:06:38,981 --> 00:06:40,316 I AM THE BIGGEST PIG IN TOWN 67 00:06:44,570 --> 00:06:48,449 Our friends in Germany need not do anything to protect me. 68 00:06:50,159 --> 00:06:54,122 In fact, such action would needlessly endanger them. 69 00:07:01,629 --> 00:07:06,134 I cannot tell you yet, whether I shall make England my home. 70 00:07:07,051 --> 00:07:07,969 How is he? 71 00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:11,431 As you'd imagine. 72 00:07:11,931 --> 00:07:14,976 Poor fellow's lost everything, his home, his money. 73 00:07:15,685 --> 00:07:19,272 And now, I hear the Nazis have placed a price of 20,000 marks on his head. 74 00:07:19,355 --> 00:07:23,151 I really had no idea that my head was worth all that. 75 00:07:25,278 --> 00:07:26,821 I assure you, Professor. 76 00:07:27,321 --> 00:07:30,450 You're perfectly safe from the long arm of fascism here. 77 00:07:32,743 --> 00:07:35,621 Uh, may I introduce Barbara Goodall. 78 00:07:36,622 --> 00:07:37,623 Hello, Professor. 79 00:07:37,707 --> 00:07:39,208 And Margery Howard. 80 00:07:39,292 --> 00:07:40,334 Hello, Professor. 81 00:07:41,169 --> 00:07:42,086 Delighted. 82 00:07:42,170 --> 00:07:44,338 These ladies are your bodyguards. 83 00:07:45,339 --> 00:07:49,635 If any unauthorized person comes near, believe me, Professor... 84 00:07:49,719 --> 00:07:53,055 They will most certainly get a charge or two of buckshot. 85 00:07:54,098 --> 00:07:56,642 Sorry, Professor, I know you're not one for bearing arms, 86 00:07:56,726 --> 00:07:58,686 but really we can't be too careful. 87 00:07:59,812 --> 00:08:01,022 Hope you understand? 88 00:08:03,399 --> 00:08:04,901 Marvelous. 89 00:08:06,110 --> 00:08:08,779 Keep a close eye out, ladies. I'm relying on you both. 90 00:08:22,335 --> 00:08:26,214 A precious possession in this world, however, 91 00:08:26,297 --> 00:08:28,299 is one’s own people 92 00:08:30,134 --> 00:08:34,263 and we want to lead 93 00:08:34,847 --> 00:08:37,391 and fight for these people. 94 00:08:37,892 --> 00:08:43,940 And never flag, never tire, never despair. 95 00:08:44,023 --> 00:08:46,943 As long as I have any choice in the matter... 96 00:08:47,944 --> 00:08:51,155 ...I shall live only in a country where civil liberty, 97 00:08:51,239 --> 00:08:55,618 tolerance, and equality of all citizens before the law prevail. 98 00:08:59,580 --> 00:09:03,960 These conditions do not exist in Germany at the present time. 99 00:09:05,294 --> 00:09:09,882 This breeding ground of disease will soon pose a grave danger 100 00:09:09,966 --> 00:09:11,759 for the rest of the world. 101 00:09:11,842 --> 00:09:13,844 We have one aim, 102 00:09:13,928 --> 00:09:19,225 and we will follow it fanatically and ruthlessly to the grave. 103 00:09:19,308 --> 00:09:21,769 Hail to victory! 104 00:09:23,145 --> 00:09:24,730 To stay in Germany 105 00:09:24,814 --> 00:09:27,650 would have been impossible for me as a pacifist. 106 00:09:30,361 --> 00:09:33,906 I'm not only a pacifist, but a militant pacifist. 107 00:09:35,866 --> 00:09:38,160 I am willing to fight for peace. 108 00:09:42,373 --> 00:09:45,167 My great friend has invited me here. 109 00:09:46,168 --> 00:09:49,714 I can live quietly, working out my mathematical problems. 110 00:09:51,382 --> 00:09:53,009 All I want is peace, 111 00:09:53,509 --> 00:09:56,762 and could I have found a more peaceful retreat 112 00:09:56,846 --> 00:09:58,556 than here in England? 113 00:09:59,640 --> 00:10:01,350 No one will know where I am. 114 00:10:01,851 --> 00:10:03,561 Indeed not! 115 00:10:04,145 --> 00:10:05,438 Shall we get some pictures? 116 00:10:18,576 --> 00:10:22,371 The Observer diary, 17th September 1933. 117 00:10:24,123 --> 00:10:26,751 England is not a very good place to hide in. 118 00:10:27,752 --> 00:10:31,339 Dr. Einstein, who has come here to escape Nazi persecution, 119 00:10:31,422 --> 00:10:34,467 finds his wooden hut photographed in the papers 120 00:10:35,259 --> 00:10:37,303 with full indications of locality, 121 00:10:37,803 --> 00:10:41,724 and Cromer Council considers the question of presenting an address. 122 00:10:42,600 --> 00:10:46,812 Germany, I suppose, is presumed to be looking the other way. 123 00:10:53,778 --> 00:10:58,491 When did you start thinking about time and space and all those things, Professor? 124 00:11:07,041 --> 00:11:07,875 Ah! 125 00:11:09,919 --> 00:11:13,005 As a child of four or five, 126 00:11:13,089 --> 00:11:17,760 my father showed me a compass. 127 00:11:19,011 --> 00:11:22,640 This experience made a deep and lasting impression on me. 128 00:11:23,933 --> 00:11:28,771 That this needle behaved in such a determined way. 129 00:11:30,231 --> 00:11:33,150 Something deeply hidden had to be behind things. 130 00:11:35,569 --> 00:11:36,987 When I was four or five, 131 00:11:37,488 --> 00:11:39,532 I couldn't tie my own shoelaces. 132 00:11:42,952 --> 00:11:45,454 The most beautiful thing we can experience 133 00:11:46,789 --> 00:11:47,873 is the mysterious. 134 00:11:58,926 --> 00:12:03,347 I can still remember my first childish experiments in thinking 135 00:12:03,431 --> 00:12:07,351 that had a direct bearing on the theory of relativity. 136 00:12:10,020 --> 00:12:13,566 What if one were to run after a ray of light? 137 00:12:17,194 --> 00:12:19,613 If one were to run fast enough, 138 00:12:19,697 --> 00:12:22,283 would it no longer move at all? 139 00:12:41,260 --> 00:12:44,346 Of course, such a thing is impossible. 140 00:12:45,306 --> 00:12:47,808 - Your teachers must have loved you. 141 00:12:48,476 --> 00:12:51,270 "You'll never amount to anything, Einstein." 142 00:12:51,353 --> 00:12:55,274 "You're an extremely clever boy, but you have one great fault." 143 00:12:55,357 --> 00:12:57,610 "You'll never let yourself be told anything." 144 00:12:57,693 --> 00:13:01,405 "Your mere presence spoils the respect in the class for me." 145 00:13:02,490 --> 00:13:05,951 The teachers had the characters of drill sergeants. 146 00:13:07,036 --> 00:13:10,164 Mistrust of every kind of authority grew. 147 00:13:11,624 --> 00:13:14,001 An attitude that has never again left me. 148 00:13:21,634 --> 00:13:23,385 It is only men who are free, 149 00:13:25,054 --> 00:13:28,265 who create the inventions and intellectual works, 150 00:13:28,349 --> 00:13:30,142 which make life worthwhile. 151 00:13:32,853 --> 00:13:35,773 Out yonder there was this huge world, 152 00:13:35,856 --> 00:13:39,276 which stands before us like a great, eternal riddle. 153 00:13:46,367 --> 00:13:50,079 I became convinced that nature could be understood 154 00:13:50,162 --> 00:13:53,290 as a relatively simple mathematical structure. 155 00:13:56,460 --> 00:13:58,838 A storm broke loose in my mind. 156 00:14:02,216 --> 00:14:04,593 Einstein's great theory of relativity. 157 00:14:05,094 --> 00:14:07,930 Two towers flash signals at the same time 158 00:14:08,013 --> 00:14:10,182 to a balloonist and to a man on the ground. 159 00:14:11,183 --> 00:14:15,187 The observer on the ground says the signals were given from both towers 160 00:14:15,271 --> 00:14:16,730 at the same time. 161 00:14:19,191 --> 00:14:21,986 {\an8}Light rays from both towers are the same length. 162 00:14:24,446 --> 00:14:29,243 But the motion of the balloonist means one signal takes more time to reach him 163 00:14:29,326 --> 00:14:32,746 and he insists that one tower signaled before the other. 164 00:14:35,040 --> 00:14:39,211 My solution actually had to do with the concept of time. 165 00:14:40,504 --> 00:14:43,257 Two observers moving at different speeds 166 00:14:43,340 --> 00:14:47,177 experience time at different rates. 167 00:14:48,929 --> 00:14:52,016 Time cannot be absolutely defined. 168 00:14:54,894 --> 00:14:59,064 Time is relative. It stretches and shrinks. 169 00:14:59,565 --> 00:15:02,234 Or, in our Earth language, an hour for us 170 00:15:02,318 --> 00:15:05,487 may be a century on another planet, 171 00:15:05,571 --> 00:15:07,156 and vice versa. 172 00:15:10,409 --> 00:15:14,455 There is no audible ticktock everywhere in the world. 173 00:15:20,920 --> 00:15:24,924 Past, present, and future is only an illusion. 174 00:15:26,175 --> 00:15:29,261 But one more consequence also occurred to me. 175 00:15:30,054 --> 00:15:32,556 According to the theory of relativity, 176 00:15:33,265 --> 00:15:38,270 there is no essential distinction between mass and energy. 177 00:15:40,981 --> 00:15:45,110 Energy is put equal to mass 178 00:15:45,986 --> 00:15:50,240 multiplied by the square of the velocity of light. 179 00:15:50,950 --> 00:15:53,827 So, a very small amount of mass 180 00:15:54,370 --> 00:15:58,415 may be converted into a very large amount of energy. 181 00:16:12,763 --> 00:16:16,392 Kind fate allowed me to find a couple of nice ideas 182 00:16:16,475 --> 00:16:18,727 after years of feverish labor. 183 00:16:19,228 --> 00:16:20,270 Mr. Einstein. 184 00:16:25,484 --> 00:16:28,821 Einstein! Einstein! Einstein! 185 00:16:37,997 --> 00:16:39,790 Professor Einstein. Professor. 186 00:16:39,873 --> 00:16:41,625 Professor. 187 00:16:41,709 --> 00:16:42,835 Professor Einstein. 188 00:16:43,460 --> 00:16:44,420 Times of London. 189 00:16:44,503 --> 00:16:47,423 Um, you have caused a revolution in science, 190 00:16:47,506 --> 00:16:50,134 and Newtonian ideas are overthrown. 191 00:16:50,217 --> 00:16:52,344 New York Times. Our headline today, 192 00:16:52,428 --> 00:16:54,388 "Lights all askew in the heavens!" 193 00:16:54,471 --> 00:16:56,306 "Men of science more or less agog!" 194 00:16:56,390 --> 00:16:58,976 "Einstein's theory triumphs!" How do you feel? 195 00:16:59,476 --> 00:17:02,062 My faculties have been quite overrated. 196 00:17:03,063 --> 00:17:06,984 Professor, could you possibly explain your theory to the man, 197 00:17:07,067 --> 00:17:09,361 or possibly the woman, in the street? 198 00:17:10,195 --> 00:17:14,700 An hour sitting with a pretty girl on a park bench passes like a minute, 199 00:17:14,783 --> 00:17:18,454 but a minute sitting on a hot stove seems like an hour. 200 00:17:18,537 --> 00:17:19,913 That's relativity. 201 00:17:21,540 --> 00:17:23,375 Very funny. Very funny indeed. 202 00:17:29,381 --> 00:17:33,594 Like the man in the fairy tale who turned everything into gold, 203 00:17:35,637 --> 00:17:36,889 so with me, 204 00:17:36,972 --> 00:17:40,601 everything is turned into newspaper clamor. 205 00:17:57,159 --> 00:17:59,953 To punish me for my contempt of authority, 206 00:18:00,954 --> 00:18:03,832 fate made me an authority myself. 207 00:18:11,256 --> 00:18:13,425 {\an8}It turned out that the inertia of a system 208 00:18:13,509 --> 00:18:16,678 {\an8}necessarily depends on its energy content, 209 00:18:16,762 --> 00:18:21,850 and this led straight to the notion that inert mass is simply latent energy. 210 00:18:24,686 --> 00:18:28,649 Mass and energy are both different manifestations of the same thing. 211 00:18:28,732 --> 00:18:31,193 So, a small amount of mass 212 00:18:31,276 --> 00:18:34,404 may be converted into a very large amount of energy. 213 00:18:36,448 --> 00:18:40,619 Sorry, Professor, but are you saying it could be possible 214 00:18:40,702 --> 00:18:42,996 to, well, somehow release that energy? 215 00:18:43,497 --> 00:18:48,585 Science in its present state makes it appear almost impossible 216 00:18:48,669 --> 00:18:50,796 that we should ever succeed in so doing. 217 00:18:50,879 --> 00:18:54,716 It would be like, uh, shooting birds in the dark 218 00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:57,469 in a country where there are very few birds. 219 00:18:57,553 --> 00:19:02,349 Still, energy released on that scale sounds... rather worrying. 220 00:19:03,058 --> 00:19:07,729 Concern for man himself and his fate must always be the chief objective, 221 00:19:08,397 --> 00:19:11,108 in order that the creations of our minds 222 00:19:11,191 --> 00:19:13,986 should be a blessing and not a curse to mankind. 223 00:19:19,491 --> 00:19:21,201 Stand down, ladies! 224 00:19:22,119 --> 00:19:24,997 I'm expecting someone. Friend, not foe. 225 00:19:28,208 --> 00:19:31,128 I think you'll very much enjoy meeting this gentleman, Professor. 226 00:19:40,971 --> 00:19:43,599 Been spending some more time chatting with the professor, Margery? 227 00:19:43,682 --> 00:19:47,227 - Oh, listening mainly. 228 00:19:47,311 --> 00:19:50,564 He's been explaining the finer points of his theory of relativity to us. 229 00:19:51,148 --> 00:19:51,982 And? 230 00:19:52,608 --> 00:19:54,818 And I'm quite certain that he understands it. 231 00:20:07,372 --> 00:20:08,207 Epstein. 232 00:20:08,874 --> 00:20:10,959 No, no. Einstein. 233 00:20:12,836 --> 00:20:15,547 Professor, this is Jacob Epstein. The sculptor. 234 00:20:16,131 --> 00:20:17,799 Oh! 235 00:20:18,508 --> 00:20:22,346 Professor, I'm very interested in your head. 236 00:20:42,491 --> 00:20:45,494 I understand you're none too popular in Germany, Professor. 237 00:20:49,039 --> 00:20:54,378 I read recently that 100 Nazi professors have condemned your theories as incorrect. 238 00:20:56,755 --> 00:21:00,592 Were I wrong, one professor would have been quite enough. 239 00:21:03,804 --> 00:21:05,264 I thought I was a physicist. 240 00:21:06,765 --> 00:21:09,268 I did not bother being a non-Aryan 241 00:21:09,351 --> 00:21:11,395 until Hitler made me conscious of it. 242 00:21:42,968 --> 00:21:44,636 Only those of German blood, 243 00:21:44,720 --> 00:21:47,014 whatever their creed, may be members of the Nation. 244 00:21:47,097 --> 00:21:49,891 All non-German immigration must be prevented. 245 00:21:49,975 --> 00:21:52,853 No Jew may be a member of the Nation. 246 00:21:52,936 --> 00:21:55,772 Leaders of the party promise to work ruthlessly, 247 00:21:56,481 --> 00:22:01,111 if need be, to sacrifice their very life to translate this program into action. 248 00:22:18,295 --> 00:22:21,173 At present, every coachman and every waiter is debating 249 00:22:21,256 --> 00:22:23,508 whether relativity theory is correct. 250 00:22:24,551 --> 00:22:28,472 Here is yet another application of the principle of relativity 251 00:22:28,555 --> 00:22:30,557 for the delectation of the reader. 252 00:22:31,058 --> 00:22:34,770 Today, you are described in Germany as a "German savant," 253 00:22:34,853 --> 00:22:37,272 and in England as a "Swiss Jew." 254 00:22:38,774 --> 00:22:43,028 Should it ever be my fate to be represented as a bête noire, 255 00:22:43,111 --> 00:22:46,948 I should, on the contrary, become a "Swiss Jew" for the Germans 256 00:22:47,032 --> 00:22:49,242 and the "German savant" for the English. 257 00:22:54,247 --> 00:22:55,791 "This event has been organized 258 00:22:55,874 --> 00:22:59,252 by the 'Working Society of German Scientists 259 00:22:59,336 --> 00:23:01,713 for the Preservation of Pure Science.'" 260 00:23:02,214 --> 00:23:03,715 Their conviction is determined 261 00:23:03,799 --> 00:23:05,967 by the political party to which they belong. 262 00:23:07,886 --> 00:23:11,098 "First speaker, Paul Weyland." 263 00:23:23,485 --> 00:23:24,903 Our theme this evening, 264 00:23:25,987 --> 00:23:29,366 to protect the German people from being misled 265 00:23:29,866 --> 00:23:32,119 by highly acclaimed scientists, 266 00:23:32,202 --> 00:23:34,663 who set the scientifically-interested world 267 00:23:34,746 --> 00:23:38,083 in disarray with half-baked opinions. 268 00:23:38,917 --> 00:23:41,253 He doesn't seem to be an expert at all. 269 00:23:42,003 --> 00:23:44,172 Doctor? Engineer? Politician? 270 00:23:45,590 --> 00:23:50,387 We present observations on Einstein's theory of relativity 271 00:23:51,263 --> 00:23:53,306 and the manner of its introduction. 272 00:23:57,769 --> 00:24:00,147 Rarely in science 273 00:24:00,230 --> 00:24:03,150 has a postulated scientific system 274 00:24:03,233 --> 00:24:08,530 been promoted as extravagantly as the general principle of relativity, 275 00:24:09,448 --> 00:24:11,241 which at a closer glance, 276 00:24:11,324 --> 00:24:15,245 is revealed to be severely lacking in proof. 277 00:24:16,455 --> 00:24:21,751 Einstein engages in a businesslike booming of his theory and his name. 278 00:24:22,919 --> 00:24:23,753 In short, 279 00:24:24,796 --> 00:24:29,926 Einstein's theory of relativity is nothing less than scientific Dadaism. 280 00:24:34,639 --> 00:24:38,143 It is the product of an intellectually-confused time, 281 00:24:38,226 --> 00:24:39,644 and plagiarized to boot. 282 00:24:40,770 --> 00:24:42,856 It is, in fact, a hoax 283 00:24:42,939 --> 00:24:45,901 promoted by the clique of his academic supporters. 284 00:24:46,485 --> 00:24:49,696 All of this is a consequence of the intellectual 285 00:24:50,197 --> 00:24:53,575 and moral decay of German society, 286 00:24:53,658 --> 00:24:56,912 which is being exploited and promoted 287 00:24:56,995 --> 00:24:59,706 by a certain press. 288 00:25:32,822 --> 00:25:36,785 My answer to the Anti-Relativity Theory Company Limited. 289 00:25:40,956 --> 00:25:43,333 I have reason to believe 290 00:25:43,416 --> 00:25:47,128 that motives other than the striving for truth 291 00:25:47,712 --> 00:25:50,006 are at the bottom of this enterprise. 292 00:25:52,634 --> 00:25:55,345 Were I a German nationalist, 293 00:25:55,428 --> 00:25:57,681 whether bearing a swastika or not, 294 00:25:58,181 --> 00:26:01,685 rather than a Jew of liberal international bent... 295 00:26:03,603 --> 00:26:05,772 I am neither a German citizen 296 00:26:06,439 --> 00:26:08,942 nor do I believe in a Jewish faith. 297 00:26:10,443 --> 00:26:12,571 But I am a Jew, 298 00:26:12,654 --> 00:26:15,824 and I am glad to belong to the Jewish people. 299 00:26:21,788 --> 00:26:24,374 Professor, 300 00:26:24,916 --> 00:26:27,210 do you think you might put out your pipe? 301 00:26:28,628 --> 00:26:31,506 I would rather view the individual 302 00:26:32,757 --> 00:26:35,844 in a fog and semi-darkness than in the light. 303 00:26:36,553 --> 00:26:39,764 It's just I can barely see you through the smoke. 304 00:26:52,736 --> 00:26:55,447 Gentlemen. Shall we? 305 00:27:27,020 --> 00:27:28,647 Someone to see you, Professor. 306 00:27:29,522 --> 00:27:30,690 Walter Adams. 307 00:27:31,691 --> 00:27:33,860 I think you should listen to what he has to say. 308 00:27:36,988 --> 00:27:39,866 {\an8} Uh, Professor, I'm here in my role as secretary 309 00:27:39,949 --> 00:27:42,035 {\an8}of the Academic Assistance Council. 310 00:27:43,495 --> 00:27:46,122 We formed earlier this year with the explicit intention 311 00:27:46,206 --> 00:27:49,793 of helping displaced academics who might need to flee Germany 312 00:27:49,876 --> 00:27:53,588 in light of the, um... current appalling circumstances 313 00:27:53,672 --> 00:27:54,964 for Jews there. 314 00:27:56,383 --> 00:28:00,220 I have been promoted to an evil monster in Germany, 315 00:28:00,303 --> 00:28:03,682 and all my money has been taken away from me. 316 00:28:03,765 --> 00:28:05,183 Yes, I'm so sorry. 317 00:28:06,434 --> 00:28:10,188 Professor, we're organizing an event in support of academic refugees 318 00:28:10,271 --> 00:28:14,567 and, uh... well, we wonder whether you would agree to speak? 319 00:28:16,903 --> 00:28:17,821 Mr. Adams, 320 00:28:19,531 --> 00:28:22,450 if I were to appear in public 321 00:28:23,243 --> 00:28:25,412 as a prosecutor of the German government, 322 00:28:25,495 --> 00:28:29,249 it would have terrifying consequences for the German Jews. 323 00:28:31,876 --> 00:28:33,628 Yes, perhaps. 324 00:28:35,338 --> 00:28:37,716 But the circumstances are already terrifying for them 325 00:28:37,799 --> 00:28:39,467 even without your intervention. 326 00:28:42,262 --> 00:28:46,057 Professor, you are the most renowned physicist of the age. 327 00:28:46,141 --> 00:28:50,729 Your voice would echo around the world and help to reveal the scale 328 00:28:50,812 --> 00:28:52,939 of the Jewish academic purge in Germany. 329 00:28:55,275 --> 00:28:57,402 I assure you, it will only be a modest meeting 330 00:28:57,485 --> 00:29:00,989 where a small number of well-known people will speak. 331 00:29:07,871 --> 00:29:09,706 Would you at least consider it? 332 00:29:45,867 --> 00:29:49,996 Few Germans were alert to the threat that Hitler and the Nazis posed. 333 00:29:50,079 --> 00:29:53,208 A failed coup attempt did little to dispel their image 334 00:29:53,291 --> 00:29:56,294 as a tin pot army of political no-hopers. 335 00:29:56,836 --> 00:29:59,130 Yet, in the wake of World War I, 336 00:29:59,214 --> 00:30:02,675 Hitler courted the many disillusioned team of soldiers 337 00:30:02,759 --> 00:30:06,429 to swell the party's ranks and set him on the road to power. 338 00:30:11,893 --> 00:30:14,187 Humanity is suffering in Germany. 339 00:30:15,563 --> 00:30:19,275 The present wave of nationalism is a severe sickness. 340 00:30:23,905 --> 00:30:26,324 It takes but the slightest provocation, 341 00:30:26,407 --> 00:30:29,202 or at times no provocation at all, 342 00:30:29,285 --> 00:30:31,663 to be transformed into chauvinism. 343 00:30:53,768 --> 00:30:56,938 My feelings for Rathenau were ones of thanks 344 00:30:57,021 --> 00:31:02,235 for the hope and consolation he gave me during Europe's presently bleak situation. 345 00:31:04,279 --> 00:31:07,365 He was the first victim of Nazi propaganda. 346 00:31:11,411 --> 00:31:13,037 Professor, just a few questions. 347 00:31:13,121 --> 00:31:17,000 Professor, there are rumors you are not returning to Germany. 348 00:31:20,712 --> 00:31:26,509 In view of the attitude that large numbers of educated Germans have towards Jews, 349 00:31:26,593 --> 00:31:31,264 I have been warned against making any kind of public appearances in Germany. 350 00:31:31,890 --> 00:31:34,726 For I am supposedly among the group of people 351 00:31:34,809 --> 00:31:37,478 being targeted by nationalist assassins. 352 00:31:38,771 --> 00:31:41,357 But you deny you are fleeing Germany? 353 00:31:42,108 --> 00:31:46,946 I am going to Japan because that means 12 weeks of peace on the open sea. 354 00:31:50,491 --> 00:31:54,203 I am glad to just disappear for six months. 355 00:31:55,079 --> 00:31:56,623 The voyage is wonderful, 356 00:31:57,582 --> 00:31:59,834 even though Japan is quite exhausting. 357 00:32:04,756 --> 00:32:08,009 Here, I have already given 13 lectures 358 00:32:08,092 --> 00:32:10,678 and been photographed for the 10,000th time. 359 00:32:12,513 --> 00:32:15,433 No living person deserves this sort of reception. 360 00:32:22,065 --> 00:32:25,276 An enthralling walk along the coast. 361 00:32:25,860 --> 00:32:28,988 In the afternoon, a tour to the peak of the mountain. 362 00:32:55,682 --> 00:32:57,809 In Berlin and throughout Germany, 363 00:32:57,892 --> 00:32:59,769 people are suffering from hunger, 364 00:32:59,852 --> 00:33:02,397 an absence of the bare necessities of life. 365 00:33:02,897 --> 00:33:05,066 Unemployment and mounting inflation 366 00:33:05,149 --> 00:33:07,151 are bringing the country to the edge of ruin. 367 00:33:07,986 --> 00:33:09,737 Money means almost nothing. 368 00:33:09,821 --> 00:33:12,740 300 billion marks for a half-pound of apples, 369 00:33:13,241 --> 00:33:15,201 and the mark's value continues to fall 370 00:33:15,910 --> 00:33:17,328 lower and lower. 371 00:33:19,455 --> 00:33:21,249 The middle class is wiped out. 372 00:33:21,958 --> 00:33:25,712 The Reichsbank works overtime printing more and more paper money 373 00:33:25,795 --> 00:33:27,630 that buys less and less. 374 00:33:29,674 --> 00:33:31,759 The Nazi ranks now begin to swell, 375 00:33:32,385 --> 00:33:36,597 aimless, jobless young men fed on promises of power and gold. 376 00:33:39,600 --> 00:33:41,769 The Berlin adherents of the Nazi party 377 00:33:41,853 --> 00:33:43,187 spent yesterday at Nuremberg 378 00:33:43,271 --> 00:33:47,233 and formed part of a body of 12,000, mostly Bavarians, 379 00:33:47,316 --> 00:33:49,527 who paraded before the famous Hitler. 380 00:33:57,577 --> 00:33:59,704 The globe-trotting Professor Einstein arrives back 381 00:33:59,787 --> 00:34:02,290 in New York to be met by a mob of reporters. 382 00:34:03,958 --> 00:34:05,918 The greatest scientist of Germany 383 00:34:06,586 --> 00:34:08,504 in the greatest city of the world. 384 00:34:08,588 --> 00:34:09,922 I'm delighted. 385 00:34:10,840 --> 00:34:14,343 The reporters asked exquisitely inane questions, 386 00:34:14,844 --> 00:34:17,346 to which I replied with cheap jokes. 387 00:34:17,430 --> 00:34:20,349 What do you think of prohibition, Professor? 388 00:34:20,433 --> 00:34:22,977 I don’t drink, so I couldn’t care less. 389 00:34:30,818 --> 00:34:32,695 Germany and election day, 390 00:34:32,779 --> 00:34:35,656 Herr Hitler stuns the world as his vote soars. 391 00:34:35,740 --> 00:34:38,659 Now, 6 million of his countrymen back the Nazis, 392 00:34:38,743 --> 00:34:41,871 making them the second-largest party in the Reichstag. 393 00:34:42,705 --> 00:34:46,167 Is there no stopping the self-styled Führer's onward march? 394 00:34:52,048 --> 00:34:54,258 Professor Einstein suddenly became grave 395 00:34:54,342 --> 00:34:58,930 and almost vehement when asked about the Nazi party's recent election success. 396 00:34:59,472 --> 00:35:02,225 "I do not enjoy Mr. Hitler's acquaintance," he said. 397 00:35:04,393 --> 00:35:07,021 "Hitler is living on the empty stomach of Germany." 398 00:35:07,105 --> 00:35:09,982 "As soon as economic conditions in Germany improve, 399 00:35:10,066 --> 00:35:11,526 he will cease to be important." 400 00:35:12,527 --> 00:35:16,489 Beyond this statement, Dr. Einstein would not discuss politics. 401 00:35:18,491 --> 00:35:20,535 The struggle between the people 402 00:35:20,618 --> 00:35:22,161 and the hatred amongst them 403 00:35:23,037 --> 00:35:26,791 is being nurtured by very specific interested parties. 404 00:35:27,375 --> 00:35:32,004 It is a small, rootless, international clique 405 00:35:32,088 --> 00:35:34,257 that is turning people against each other. 406 00:35:34,340 --> 00:35:39,595 They are the only ones who can really be regarded as international elements 407 00:35:39,679 --> 00:35:44,559 because they conduct their business everywhere. 408 00:35:46,435 --> 00:35:47,854 Einstein! 409 00:35:51,691 --> 00:35:55,278 Mere words do not get pacifists anywhere. 410 00:35:55,778 --> 00:35:58,072 They must initiate action. 411 00:35:59,782 --> 00:36:01,242 Deeds are needed. 412 00:36:03,202 --> 00:36:07,373 Even if only 2% of those supposed to perform military service 413 00:36:07,456 --> 00:36:10,293 should declare themselves war resisters and assert, 414 00:36:10,376 --> 00:36:11,836 "We are not going to fight," 415 00:36:12,628 --> 00:36:14,964 the governments would be powerless. 416 00:36:17,133 --> 00:36:19,719 More than one million Jews throughout the United States 417 00:36:19,802 --> 00:36:23,055 will join protest meetings today against the persecution of Jews 418 00:36:23,139 --> 00:36:25,808 in Germany by the Hitler government. 419 00:36:31,355 --> 00:36:33,566 Brownshirts are marching in triumph, 420 00:36:33,649 --> 00:36:36,485 for Adolf Hitler rules Germany at last. 421 00:36:37,236 --> 00:36:39,739 Great crowds assembled when the announcement came 422 00:36:39,822 --> 00:36:41,240 that Hitler had accepted command. 423 00:36:41,824 --> 00:36:42,867 What now, 424 00:36:43,576 --> 00:36:47,538 for 50 million Germans give allegiance to the Hitler flag, 425 00:36:47,622 --> 00:36:49,248 the famous swastika. 426 00:36:50,666 --> 00:36:53,711 On this evening, I call on our people 427 00:36:53,794 --> 00:36:55,213 every hour 428 00:36:56,547 --> 00:37:00,343 of every day 429 00:37:00,843 --> 00:37:06,140 to think only of Germany, the Reich, 430 00:37:06,807 --> 00:37:08,851 and our German nation, 431 00:37:09,352 --> 00:37:10,728 our German people. 432 00:37:10,811 --> 00:37:16,025 Hail to victory! 433 00:37:21,614 --> 00:37:22,990 In Pasadena, 434 00:37:23,074 --> 00:37:25,618 Mr. and Mrs. Albert Einstein bid friends farewell. 435 00:37:28,037 --> 00:37:30,248 The professor has spent the best part of a decade 436 00:37:30,331 --> 00:37:33,042 darting between his homeland and the rest of the world. 437 00:37:34,543 --> 00:37:36,879 But the Germany he's returning to this time 438 00:37:36,963 --> 00:37:39,298 is a far cry from the one he left. 439 00:37:39,840 --> 00:37:42,301 Now, Herr Hitler reigns supreme. 440 00:37:44,262 --> 00:37:46,889 Germany was a land of devilry by night. 441 00:37:49,183 --> 00:37:52,645 That in which you did not believe must be destroyed. 442 00:37:53,521 --> 00:37:55,022 And in the burning, 443 00:37:55,106 --> 00:37:58,067 liberty, tolerance, and gentleness 444 00:37:58,776 --> 00:38:00,361 vanished from the land. 445 00:38:03,114 --> 00:38:04,407 German men and women. 446 00:38:06,409 --> 00:38:11,998 The age of an exaggerated Jewish intellectualism 447 00:38:12,081 --> 00:38:13,457 has now come to an end. 448 00:38:15,001 --> 00:38:18,671 The Einsteins' transatlantic voyage is rudely interrupted 449 00:38:18,754 --> 00:38:21,632 with the news that their summer home has been raided. 450 00:38:23,217 --> 00:38:25,720 My summer home has often in the past 451 00:38:25,803 --> 00:38:28,306 been honored by the presence of guests. 452 00:38:29,223 --> 00:38:30,725 They were always welcome. 453 00:38:31,851 --> 00:38:34,186 No one had any reason to break in. 454 00:38:36,272 --> 00:38:40,818 These acts are the result of a rabid mob of the Nazi militia. 455 00:38:42,528 --> 00:38:46,657 I think it is quite possible that the political circus at home 456 00:38:46,741 --> 00:38:47,992 will go on for some time, 457 00:38:49,493 --> 00:38:51,120 and that I will not return. 458 00:38:57,209 --> 00:38:59,754 What is the real attitude of the new German dictator? 459 00:38:59,837 --> 00:39:02,923 Is it Hitler's plan to continue to maintain Germany 460 00:39:03,007 --> 00:39:05,092 under his National Socialist rule, 461 00:39:05,176 --> 00:39:08,179 or does he plan to restore a semblance of the former monarchy 462 00:39:08,262 --> 00:39:10,848 with himself as the power behind the throne? 463 00:39:10,931 --> 00:39:13,142 Whatever Hitler's plans may be, 464 00:39:13,225 --> 00:39:15,478 it is certain that in his scheme of things, 465 00:39:15,561 --> 00:39:19,565 no one but himself will be allowed to play the principal role. 466 00:39:22,443 --> 00:39:24,153 There is Professor's picture. 467 00:39:26,739 --> 00:39:29,241 "Was greatly honored by the Jewish press 468 00:39:29,325 --> 00:39:32,036 and the unsuspecting German people." 469 00:39:39,085 --> 00:39:40,419 "Showed his gratitude 470 00:39:40,503 --> 00:39:44,256 by lying atrocity propaganda against Adolf Hitler." 471 00:39:50,179 --> 00:39:51,597 And below that, it says... 472 00:39:53,182 --> 00:39:54,016 It says... 473 00:39:57,186 --> 00:39:58,020 It says-- 474 00:39:58,104 --> 00:40:00,689 "Not yet hanged." 475 00:40:05,736 --> 00:40:06,821 When I was young, 476 00:40:07,321 --> 00:40:12,576 all I wanted from life was to sit quietly in a corner somewhere, 477 00:40:12,660 --> 00:40:16,455 doing my work without the public paying attention to me. 478 00:40:17,915 --> 00:40:19,500 Now look what has become of me. 479 00:40:21,335 --> 00:40:23,295 I'm so very sorry, Professor. 480 00:40:24,255 --> 00:40:28,676 I cannot understand the passive response of the whole civilized world 481 00:40:28,759 --> 00:40:30,719 to this modern barbarism. 482 00:40:30,803 --> 00:40:33,514 Doesn't the world see that Hitler is aiming for war? 483 00:40:35,266 --> 00:40:36,267 It would seem not. 484 00:40:41,480 --> 00:40:43,190 This must be difficult for you. 485 00:40:43,691 --> 00:40:46,485 I mean, as a committed pacifist. 486 00:40:46,569 --> 00:40:51,365 Yes, but I have little need to tell you that I am an unconditional anti-fascist. 487 00:40:52,199 --> 00:40:55,911 The entire German population is being poisoned with nationalism 488 00:40:55,995 --> 00:40:57,329 and drilled for war. 489 00:41:00,416 --> 00:41:01,625 I loathe all armies. 490 00:41:02,877 --> 00:41:04,211 And any kind of violence. 491 00:41:04,295 --> 00:41:07,590 Yet, I am firmly convinced that in the present state of the world, 492 00:41:07,673 --> 00:41:12,261 organized force can be opposed only by organized force. 493 00:41:17,850 --> 00:41:19,185 There is no other way. 494 00:41:24,648 --> 00:41:25,524 No other way. 495 00:41:45,836 --> 00:41:50,799 The world is in greater peril from those who tolerate or encourage evil 496 00:41:51,467 --> 00:41:53,886 than from those who actually commit it. 497 00:41:56,222 --> 00:41:59,558 Silence would have made me feel guilty of complicity. 498 00:42:06,190 --> 00:42:09,026 Einstein will speak. Stop. 499 00:42:10,611 --> 00:42:12,613 Forget the "modest meeting." 500 00:42:12,696 --> 00:42:15,324 You want to raise money to help the German Jews, don't you? 501 00:42:15,407 --> 00:42:16,242 Stop. 502 00:42:16,325 --> 00:42:18,410 Leave the venue to me. Stop. 503 00:42:19,828 --> 00:42:21,580 I've already booked a bigger hall. 504 00:42:22,748 --> 00:42:23,582 You have? 505 00:42:26,502 --> 00:42:27,336 The biggest. 506 00:42:28,837 --> 00:42:30,589 Locker-Lampson. Stop. 507 00:42:32,550 --> 00:42:35,135 To Walter Adams. Urgent delivery. 508 00:42:41,100 --> 00:42:43,310 October 2nd, 1933. 509 00:42:46,063 --> 00:42:48,232 Daily Mail editorial. London. 510 00:42:50,734 --> 00:42:54,280 There is due to take place at the Albert Hall a mass meeting, 511 00:42:54,989 --> 00:42:58,909 nominally to appeal for funds on behalf of the exiles from Germany. 512 00:43:00,119 --> 00:43:02,705 Actually, it will everywhere be regarded 513 00:43:02,788 --> 00:43:05,457 as a demonstration against the Hitler regime. 514 00:43:06,667 --> 00:43:08,210 And Nazi policy. 515 00:43:09,670 --> 00:43:13,215 We have every sympathy with the German Jews as such, 516 00:43:13,716 --> 00:43:15,509 but their treatment will not be improved... 517 00:43:15,593 --> 00:43:16,844 GERMANS, DON'T BUY IN JEWISH SHOPS 518 00:43:16,927 --> 00:43:18,887 ...by Albert Hall denunciations of Nazis. 519 00:43:19,930 --> 00:43:22,057 We venture to put it to Dr. Einstein 520 00:43:22,141 --> 00:43:25,185 that he would be wise to stop this injudicious agitation 521 00:43:25,269 --> 00:43:28,731 in this country against the Nazi regime. 522 00:43:58,719 --> 00:44:00,638 The first thing is my gratitude 523 00:44:02,139 --> 00:44:03,641 as a man... 524 00:44:05,726 --> 00:44:07,353 as a good European... 525 00:44:11,690 --> 00:44:12,524 as a Jew. 526 00:44:40,594 --> 00:44:42,513 I've just spoken to Mr. Adams. 527 00:44:43,180 --> 00:44:44,682 Every ticket has been sold. 528 00:44:47,768 --> 00:44:49,269 Ten thousand people. 529 00:44:52,564 --> 00:44:54,149 You've got the speech prepared? 530 00:45:04,493 --> 00:45:05,327 Proud of you. 531 00:45:08,872 --> 00:45:10,999 The car's ready. Ready when you are. 532 00:45:27,391 --> 00:45:30,894 Ladies and gentlemen, Professor Einstein. 533 00:45:40,738 --> 00:45:44,533 "I am glad you have given me the opportunity-- 534 00:45:44,616 --> 00:45:45,784 an opportunity--" 535 00:45:45,868 --> 00:45:49,621 "I am glad you have given me the opportunity... 536 00:45:52,124 --> 00:45:54,752 ...of expressing to you here 537 00:45:54,835 --> 00:45:58,881 my deep sense of gratitude as a man, 538 00:45:59,673 --> 00:46:01,508 as a good European, 539 00:46:01,592 --> 00:46:02,760 and as a Jew." 540 00:46:08,974 --> 00:46:10,851 "It cannot be my task 541 00:46:10,934 --> 00:46:15,522 to sit in judgment over the conduct of a nation 542 00:46:15,606 --> 00:46:19,610 which for many years counted me among its citizens." 543 00:46:22,738 --> 00:46:24,281 "It is perhaps futile 544 00:46:25,199 --> 00:46:28,952 even to try to evaluate its policies at a time 545 00:46:29,036 --> 00:46:32,372 when it is so necessary to act." 546 00:46:33,582 --> 00:46:36,335 "The crucial questions today are 547 00:46:37,878 --> 00:46:40,798 how can we save mankind 548 00:46:40,881 --> 00:46:42,674 and its cultural heritage?" 549 00:46:45,093 --> 00:46:46,762 "How can we guard Europe 550 00:46:47,763 --> 00:46:49,306 from further disaster?" 551 00:46:52,518 --> 00:46:54,686 "Discontent breeds hatred." 552 00:46:56,104 --> 00:46:58,899 "And hatred leads to acts of violence, 553 00:46:59,608 --> 00:47:00,943 revolution, 554 00:47:01,026 --> 00:47:01,860 and even war." 555 00:47:02,736 --> 00:47:06,156 "Thus, we see how distress 556 00:47:06,240 --> 00:47:09,952 and evil beget new distress and evil." 557 00:47:12,454 --> 00:47:15,457 "If we are to resist the powers that threaten 558 00:47:15,541 --> 00:47:18,126 intellectual and individual freedom, 559 00:47:19,211 --> 00:47:24,716 we must be very conscious of the fact that freedom itself is at stake." 560 00:47:26,718 --> 00:47:31,223 "We must realize how much we owe to that freedom 561 00:47:31,306 --> 00:47:34,685 which our forefathers won through bitter struggle." 562 00:47:37,020 --> 00:47:38,564 "Without such freedom, 563 00:47:39,606 --> 00:47:42,860 there would have been no Shakespeare, 564 00:47:42,943 --> 00:47:44,361 no Goethe, 565 00:47:44,444 --> 00:47:45,696 no Newton, 566 00:47:45,779 --> 00:47:47,197 no Faraday, 567 00:47:47,281 --> 00:47:48,532 no Pasteur, 568 00:47:48,615 --> 00:47:49,867 and no Lister." 569 00:47:57,207 --> 00:47:59,251 Should we merely lament the fact 570 00:47:59,334 --> 00:48:02,963 that we live in a time of tension, danger, and want? 571 00:48:03,714 --> 00:48:04,882 I think not. 572 00:48:05,883 --> 00:48:08,844 Only when subjected to peril and social upheaval, 573 00:48:08,927 --> 00:48:13,307 do nations feel induced to adopt progressive measures. 574 00:48:14,558 --> 00:48:20,022 One can only hope that the present crisis will lead to a better world. 575 00:48:23,567 --> 00:48:24,610 One can only hope 576 00:48:26,278 --> 00:48:29,740 that the present crisis will lead to a better world. 577 00:49:30,258 --> 00:49:33,011 The Institute will be located in Princeton 578 00:49:33,720 --> 00:49:38,642 and will begin in the fall of 1933, the School of Mathematics 579 00:49:40,102 --> 00:49:42,145 headed by Professor Einstein. 580 00:49:48,026 --> 00:49:49,820 I found Princeton lovely. 581 00:49:50,404 --> 00:49:51,905 A wondrous little spot. 582 00:49:53,031 --> 00:49:56,410 I consider that we are extraordinarily fortunate 583 00:49:57,285 --> 00:50:01,289 in being able to begin with a man like Professor Einstein, 584 00:50:02,457 --> 00:50:06,837 who is one of the ranking scientists of all time. 585 00:50:08,714 --> 00:50:11,008 Into this small university town, 586 00:50:11,091 --> 00:50:15,345 the chaotic voices of human strife barely penetrate. 587 00:50:17,264 --> 00:50:20,726 I am almost ashamed to be living in such a place 588 00:50:21,226 --> 00:50:23,812 whilst all the rest struggle and suffer. 589 00:50:30,736 --> 00:50:32,320 Hitler continues to arm, 590 00:50:32,904 --> 00:50:37,034 while suppressing the rights of all whose ideas do not agree with his. 591 00:50:37,117 --> 00:50:40,746 Jews, Catholics, liberals, Protestants, 592 00:50:40,829 --> 00:50:44,458 and women who, under his regime, have been reduced to medieval slavery, 593 00:50:44,541 --> 00:50:48,336 all stand aghast as the threat of war again appears. 594 00:50:56,261 --> 00:51:00,015 When asked why I have given up my position in Germany, 595 00:51:00,098 --> 00:51:01,975 I made this statement. 596 00:51:02,059 --> 00:51:05,312 As long as I have any choice, 597 00:51:05,896 --> 00:51:08,106 I will only stay in a country 598 00:51:08,190 --> 00:51:12,319 where political liberty, toleration, and equality is the rule. 599 00:51:13,779 --> 00:51:16,114 I do feel that in America, 600 00:51:16,198 --> 00:51:19,493 the most valuable thing in life is possible. 601 00:51:19,576 --> 00:51:23,371 The development of the individual and his creative power. 602 00:51:26,208 --> 00:51:28,460 The night of the broken glass. 603 00:51:28,543 --> 00:51:33,423 Two hundred synagogues and 7,500 shops are put to the torch. 604 00:51:33,965 --> 00:51:37,135 Ninety Jews are murdered, hundreds injured, 605 00:51:37,219 --> 00:51:39,346 thousands demeaned and spat upon. 606 00:51:39,429 --> 00:51:40,305 BE CAREFUL, JEWS 607 00:51:40,388 --> 00:51:43,850 26,000 Jewish men are arrested and sent to concentration camps. 608 00:51:47,312 --> 00:51:50,357 The visible destruction matches the violence 609 00:51:50,440 --> 00:51:54,736 that has been done Germany's 250,000 remaining Jews. 610 00:51:54,820 --> 00:52:00,659 And never flag, never tire, never despair... 611 00:52:00,742 --> 00:52:02,577 Desperate and destitute, 612 00:52:02,661 --> 00:52:05,122 they are pushed to the edge of existence. 613 00:52:05,664 --> 00:52:07,666 Long live the German people... 614 00:52:07,791 --> 00:52:09,584 Germany has turned down 615 00:52:09,668 --> 00:52:11,795 a dark and sinister path 616 00:52:11,878 --> 00:52:13,463 from which there is no return. 617 00:52:22,472 --> 00:52:24,975 Scientists at George Washington University 618 00:52:25,058 --> 00:52:27,477 heard a report of startling significance. 619 00:52:27,978 --> 00:52:30,313 Word has just come through from Germany 620 00:52:30,397 --> 00:52:33,567 that uranium atom, under neutron bombardment, 621 00:52:33,650 --> 00:52:35,652 actually splits into two parts. 622 00:52:36,486 --> 00:52:37,529 To the scientists, 623 00:52:37,612 --> 00:52:41,158 this dramatic news brought a great sense of urgency. 624 00:52:43,910 --> 00:52:45,787 A very small amount of mass 625 00:52:46,371 --> 00:52:50,625 may be converted into a very large amount of energy. 626 00:52:55,839 --> 00:52:57,632 Military intelligence fear 627 00:52:57,716 --> 00:53:02,345 that Hitler may have already taken the first steps toward an atomic bomb. 628 00:53:05,265 --> 00:53:08,602 Energy released on that scale sounds... rather worrying. 629 00:53:09,227 --> 00:53:12,022 Science in its present state makes it appear almost impossible 630 00:53:12,105 --> 00:53:14,608 that we should ever succeed in so doing. 631 00:53:20,697 --> 00:53:23,283 Conscious of the disaster, which would inevitably follow 632 00:53:23,366 --> 00:53:27,454 if Nazi Germany should be the first to succeed in releasing atomic energy, 633 00:53:27,537 --> 00:53:30,957 Dr. Einstein decided to write a personal letter to the president 634 00:53:31,041 --> 00:53:34,211 and stressed the urgent need for action by the US government. 635 00:53:35,128 --> 00:53:36,046 Sir, 636 00:53:37,255 --> 00:53:40,926 some recent work, which has been communicated to me, 637 00:53:41,009 --> 00:53:44,512 leads me to expect that the element uranium 638 00:53:44,596 --> 00:53:48,975 may be turned into a new and important source of energy. 639 00:53:49,559 --> 00:53:54,564 This new phenomena would also lead to the construction of bombs, 640 00:53:55,148 --> 00:53:58,485 extremely powerful bombs of a new type. 641 00:53:59,945 --> 00:54:02,364 In view of this situation, 642 00:54:02,447 --> 00:54:06,868 you may think it desirable to speed up the experimental work, 643 00:54:06,952 --> 00:54:09,329 which is at present being carried on. 644 00:54:10,288 --> 00:54:13,124 Yours, very truly, A. Einstein. 645 00:54:17,921 --> 00:54:22,467 Organized force can be opposed only by organized force. 646 00:54:30,725 --> 00:54:32,519 Nazi troops have invaded Poland 647 00:54:32,602 --> 00:54:36,189 by land and by air in undeclared war. 648 00:54:39,276 --> 00:54:41,403 Hitler's war machine sweeps through Europe, 649 00:54:41,486 --> 00:54:43,363 conquering the old enemy France. 650 00:54:43,863 --> 00:54:47,492 We shall break up and derange every effort which Hitler makes. 651 00:54:48,201 --> 00:54:52,122 We shall strive to resist him by land and sea. 652 00:54:52,205 --> 00:54:56,376 He will find no peace, no rest, no parley. 653 00:54:56,960 --> 00:54:58,837 Mr. Churchill may be convinced 654 00:54:58,920 --> 00:55:01,298 that Great Britain will win. 655 00:55:01,381 --> 00:55:04,676 I doubt not for a second that Germany will be the victor. 656 00:55:07,387 --> 00:55:08,888 With the fall of Belgium, 657 00:55:08,972 --> 00:55:11,516 her stockpiles of the nuclear material uranium 658 00:55:11,599 --> 00:55:13,268 are seized by the Nazis. 659 00:55:19,482 --> 00:55:20,567 Pearl Harbor, 660 00:55:21,359 --> 00:55:23,695 our great Pacific outpost in the Hawaiian islands, 661 00:55:23,778 --> 00:55:27,741 is ruthlessly bombed as Japan's perfidious declaration of war. 662 00:55:28,575 --> 00:55:31,161 No matter how long it may take us, 663 00:55:31,995 --> 00:55:34,581 the American people in their righteous might 664 00:55:35,582 --> 00:55:38,626 will win through to absolute victory. 665 00:55:52,682 --> 00:55:56,102 E is equal MC squared. 666 00:55:56,811 --> 00:56:00,565 The basic formula that unlocked the secrets of the atom. 667 00:56:13,244 --> 00:56:16,247 It is important that we be vividly aware 668 00:56:16,331 --> 00:56:19,000 of the mass murders which the Germans have committed 669 00:56:19,084 --> 00:56:22,754 against the civilian populations of the occupied countries. 670 00:56:25,590 --> 00:56:28,385 The Germans are intent everywhere 671 00:56:28,468 --> 00:56:33,765 on exterminating those which represent a nation's independent spirit. 672 00:56:41,564 --> 00:56:42,816 In Norway, 673 00:56:42,899 --> 00:56:47,153 Allied Forces deliver a devastating blow to the Nazi nuclear program. 674 00:56:48,238 --> 00:56:51,324 A series of raids on a hydroelectric power plant 675 00:56:51,408 --> 00:56:54,369 cuts off their source to vital chemical supplies. 676 00:57:00,583 --> 00:57:05,672 D-Day. Over 150,000 troops, carried by more than 5,000 vessels. 677 00:57:05,755 --> 00:57:08,758 The largest amphibious invasion in history. 678 00:57:08,842 --> 00:57:11,886 The tide of the war is turning on Germany. 679 00:57:20,478 --> 00:57:24,107 Allied Forces recover a cache of secret Nazi files 680 00:57:24,190 --> 00:57:27,152 that show that their atomic weapon program 681 00:57:27,235 --> 00:57:28,236 has failed. 682 00:57:44,669 --> 00:57:48,047 As the Allies advance deeper into the European mainland, 683 00:57:48,131 --> 00:57:51,301 the true horror of Hitler's plan is revealed. 684 00:57:52,552 --> 00:57:55,513 Pictorial evidence of the almost unprecedented crimes 685 00:57:55,597 --> 00:57:58,975 perpetrated by the Nazis at the Buchenwald concentration camp. 686 00:58:00,435 --> 00:58:03,104 These bones were men, women, and children 687 00:58:03,688 --> 00:58:05,440 sent to be exterminated. 688 00:58:09,944 --> 00:58:14,282 The crime of the Germans is truly the most abominable ever 689 00:58:14,365 --> 00:58:18,036 to be recorded in the history of so-called civilized nations. 690 00:58:19,329 --> 00:58:20,747 In the official report, 691 00:58:20,830 --> 00:58:23,666 the Buchenwald Camp is termed an extermination factory. 692 00:58:33,801 --> 00:58:35,136 They elected Hitler 693 00:58:35,220 --> 00:58:38,306 after he made his shameful intentions clear 694 00:58:38,389 --> 00:58:41,684 beyond the possibility of misunderstanding. 695 00:58:41,768 --> 00:58:43,436 Hail to victory! 696 00:58:51,361 --> 00:58:54,280 Since they massacred my Jewish brethren, 697 00:58:54,364 --> 00:58:57,408 I will have nothing further to do with Germans. 698 00:59:04,874 --> 00:59:06,459 April 1945. 699 00:59:08,169 --> 00:59:11,798 The Soviet Army launches its final assault on Hitler's forces, 700 00:59:11,881 --> 00:59:16,135 encircling Berlin and closing in on the Führer's bunker. 701 00:59:23,393 --> 00:59:26,604 Hopelessly defeated, Hitler takes his own life 702 00:59:26,688 --> 00:59:28,690 with a single gunshot to the head. 703 00:59:35,863 --> 00:59:37,782 The war in Europe is won, 704 00:59:37,865 --> 00:59:41,452 but US-led forces continue their search for a decisive end 705 00:59:41,536 --> 00:59:43,037 to the war with Japan. 706 00:59:44,122 --> 00:59:48,459 - Five, four, three, two, one. 707 00:59:50,503 --> 00:59:52,755 After years of scientific endeavor, 708 00:59:52,839 --> 00:59:56,134 the Manhattan Project has delivered an atomic bomb. 709 01:00:03,975 --> 01:00:06,269 Alamogordo in the New Mexico desert. 710 01:00:06,352 --> 01:00:07,770 The first atomic test. 711 01:00:08,730 --> 01:00:11,482 It's a terrifying prelude to the onslaught that awaits 712 01:00:11,566 --> 01:00:14,527 the unsuspecting citizens of Hiroshima. 713 01:00:18,281 --> 01:00:20,491 Height approximately 32,000 feet. 714 01:00:20,992 --> 01:00:25,622 Course, 265 degrees magnetic. Air speed, 250 knots. 715 01:00:27,165 --> 01:00:29,000 Am approaching target area. 716 01:00:29,083 --> 01:00:32,003 Cloud cover less than three-tens at all altitudes. 717 01:00:32,503 --> 01:00:34,172 Immediate target area clear. 718 01:01:19,217 --> 01:01:20,510 A short time ago, 719 01:01:20,593 --> 01:01:25,306 {\an8}an American airplane dropped one bomb on Hiroshima. 720 01:01:27,517 --> 01:01:30,978 What has been done is the greatest achievement 721 01:01:31,062 --> 01:01:33,606 of organized science in history. 722 01:02:01,968 --> 01:02:06,055 The first atomic bomb heralded the dawn of a troubling new era. 723 01:02:07,056 --> 01:02:08,182 In a single stroke, 724 01:02:08,266 --> 01:02:12,937 the Japanese city of Hiroshima and some 70,000 men, women, and children 725 01:02:13,020 --> 01:02:14,021 were annihilated. 726 01:02:15,648 --> 01:02:16,524 In the years since, 727 01:02:16,607 --> 01:02:19,902 that momentous event has come under increasing scrutiny. 728 01:02:21,571 --> 01:02:24,824 Was the bomb a price worth paying for peace? 729 01:02:43,760 --> 01:02:45,052 My dear Professor. 730 01:02:49,724 --> 01:02:53,561 At present, the Japanese people are keenly conscious 731 01:02:53,644 --> 01:02:56,272 of their own responsibility for the last war. 732 01:02:56,814 --> 01:03:00,902 And are showing sincere repentance for their crime. 733 01:03:16,542 --> 01:03:20,004 Recently, years since the termination of the war, 734 01:03:20,755 --> 01:03:23,800 the Japanese people have come for the first time 735 01:03:23,883 --> 01:03:26,636 face-to-face with the annihilating effects 736 01:03:27,178 --> 01:03:28,262 of an atomic bomb. 737 01:03:31,724 --> 01:03:34,268 And now, we ask you, Professor Einstein, 738 01:03:35,019 --> 01:03:36,103 why science, 739 01:03:36,187 --> 01:03:40,107 whose primary aim is but to serve the welfare and happiness of mankind, 740 01:03:40,608 --> 01:03:44,654 should have been instrumental in producing such horrible results? 741 01:03:46,197 --> 01:03:50,993 I do not consider myself the father of the release of atomic energy. 742 01:03:51,077 --> 01:03:53,287 My part in it was quite indirect. 743 01:03:53,371 --> 01:03:56,749 In view of the fact that you played an important role 744 01:03:56,833 --> 01:03:58,918 in the production of the atomic bombs? 745 01:03:59,001 --> 01:04:02,547 My sole contribution was that in 1905, 746 01:04:02,630 --> 01:04:06,884 I established the relationship between mass and energy. 747 01:04:09,345 --> 01:04:14,225 I believed only that atomic energy was theoretically possible. 748 01:04:16,477 --> 01:04:20,940 I did not, in fact, foresee that atomic energy 749 01:04:21,023 --> 01:04:22,942 would be released in my time. 750 01:04:46,424 --> 01:04:51,095 I made one great mistake in my life. 751 01:04:54,181 --> 01:04:56,726 When I signed that letter to President Roosevelt. 752 01:05:04,692 --> 01:05:08,613 The likelihood that the Germans were working on the same problem 753 01:05:08,696 --> 01:05:14,076 with every prospect of success forced me to take this step. 754 01:06:14,220 --> 01:06:17,431 Had I known that the Germans would not succeed 755 01:06:17,515 --> 01:06:19,976 in producing an atomic bomb, 756 01:06:21,268 --> 01:06:25,815 I would not have taken part in opening that Pandora's box. 757 01:06:31,570 --> 01:06:33,823 I never would have lifted a finger. 758 01:06:47,712 --> 01:06:50,089 Before the raid on Hiroshima, 759 01:06:50,172 --> 01:06:53,467 leading physicists urged the War Department 760 01:06:53,551 --> 01:06:58,097 not to use the bomb against defenseless women and children. 761 01:07:02,059 --> 01:07:06,272 Had we shown other nations the test explosion of New Mexico, 762 01:07:07,023 --> 01:07:10,901 we could have used it to make proposals for world order. 763 01:07:10,985 --> 01:07:12,278 To end war. 764 01:07:16,240 --> 01:07:19,035 The physicists who participated in forging 765 01:07:19,618 --> 01:07:23,789 the most formidable and dangerous weapon of all time 766 01:07:23,873 --> 01:07:27,752 are harassed by an equal feeling of responsibility, 767 01:07:28,335 --> 01:07:29,795 not to say guilt. 768 01:07:33,174 --> 01:07:37,720 We delivered this weapon into the hands of the Americans and the British people 769 01:07:38,387 --> 01:07:41,557 as trustees of the whole mankind, 770 01:07:41,640 --> 01:07:44,185 as fighters for peace and liberty. 771 01:07:46,270 --> 01:07:47,646 But so far, 772 01:07:47,730 --> 01:07:50,608 we fail to see any guarantee of peace 773 01:07:52,151 --> 01:07:55,404 or the freedoms that were promised to the nations. 774 01:08:04,371 --> 01:08:08,000 The situation calls for a courageous effort. 775 01:08:09,585 --> 01:08:14,799 For a radical change in our whole attitude 776 01:08:14,882 --> 01:08:18,219 in the entire political concept. 777 01:08:20,846 --> 01:08:21,680 Otherwise, 778 01:08:22,973 --> 01:08:25,226 human civilization will be doomed. 779 01:08:27,103 --> 01:08:28,187 The war is won. 780 01:08:29,605 --> 01:08:30,689 The peace is not. 781 01:08:38,697 --> 01:08:40,533 President Truman's dramatic announcement 782 01:08:40,616 --> 01:08:43,119 that Russia has created an atomic explosion 783 01:08:43,202 --> 01:08:45,454 sends reporters racing for Flushing Meadow, 784 01:08:45,538 --> 01:08:48,499 where Russia's Vyshinsky arrives to address the United Nations. 785 01:08:48,582 --> 01:08:50,501 Mr. Vyshinsky, have you got any statement... 786 01:08:50,584 --> 01:08:54,130 - Please, excuse me. - Does Russia have the atomic bomb? 787 01:08:57,925 --> 01:09:00,594 A crack, a blast. 788 01:09:00,678 --> 01:09:03,430 The release of deadly radioactive rain. 789 01:09:03,514 --> 01:09:07,935 And in a matter of seconds, downtown New York would be a massive ruin. 790 01:09:12,314 --> 01:09:13,899 Our country is at war. 791 01:09:13,983 --> 01:09:18,028 A war declared against us by the rulers of international communism. 792 01:09:18,612 --> 01:09:20,698 This constitutes the greatest crisis 793 01:09:20,781 --> 01:09:22,449 in the history of America. 794 01:09:22,533 --> 01:09:26,704 There are signs that the Kremlin is already intensifying 795 01:09:26,787 --> 01:09:28,581 its use of another weapon. 796 01:09:29,081 --> 01:09:30,624 Communist propaganda. 797 01:09:31,584 --> 01:09:35,629 We are in the midst of a continuing struggle 798 01:09:35,713 --> 01:09:37,506 for the minds of men. 799 01:09:41,552 --> 01:09:44,513 The German calamity of years ago repeats itself. 800 01:09:46,640 --> 01:09:48,809 People act fierce without resistance 801 01:09:49,560 --> 01:09:52,771 and align themselves with the forces of evil. 802 01:09:54,648 --> 01:09:57,443 How long should we tolerate politicians 803 01:09:58,277 --> 01:10:03,449 hungry for power or trying to gain political advantage in such a way? 804 01:10:06,911 --> 01:10:10,956 It is strange that science, which in the old days seemed harmless, 805 01:10:11,040 --> 01:10:14,877 should have evolved into a nightmare that causes everyone to tremble. 806 01:10:19,965 --> 01:10:22,843 One thing I have learned in a long life 807 01:10:22,927 --> 01:10:27,598 is that all our science measured against reality is childlike. 808 01:10:31,352 --> 01:10:35,105 And yet, it is the most precious thing we have. 809 01:10:46,242 --> 01:10:50,329 Science is not, and never will be, a closed book. 810 01:10:52,331 --> 01:10:55,960 Every important advance brings new questions. 811 01:10:57,753 --> 01:11:01,006 But the years of anxious searching in the dark 812 01:11:01,090 --> 01:11:03,842 and the final emergence into the light, 813 01:11:05,261 --> 01:11:09,431 only those who have experienced it can understand. 814 01:11:11,892 --> 01:11:14,019 We must not condemn man 815 01:11:14,103 --> 01:11:16,855 because his conquest of the forces of nature 816 01:11:16,939 --> 01:11:19,858 are being exploited for destructive purposes. 817 01:11:20,776 --> 01:11:23,112 Rather, the fate of mankind 818 01:11:23,821 --> 01:11:28,242 hinges entirely upon man's moral development. 819 01:12:34,767 --> 01:12:36,477 Dear posterity, 820 01:12:37,686 --> 01:12:40,189 if you have not become more just 821 01:12:41,398 --> 01:12:44,735 or peaceful and generally more rational 822 01:12:44,818 --> 01:12:46,612 than we are or were, 823 01:12:47,613 --> 01:12:49,740 then may the devil take you. 824 01:12:51,158 --> 01:12:53,994 I am, or was, 825 01:12:55,287 --> 01:12:57,873 your Albert Einstein.