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Man: You know, 40 years,

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00:00:30,685 --> 00:00:34,344
40 years I've been
in the classroom...

7
00:00:34,448 --> 00:00:38,210
and there is never
a more poignant question

8
00:00:38,314 --> 00:00:43,595
that a student asked me
about the Holocaust than...

9
00:00:46,149 --> 00:00:48,807
"Why didn't the Jews
resist the Nazis?"

10
00:00:52,052 --> 00:00:54,088
And there's a moment
where you just want

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00:00:54,192 --> 00:00:57,540
to leave it alone...

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00:00:57,643 --> 00:01:00,715
and then there's a moment
where you can't let it go.

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00:01:00,819 --> 00:01:02,821
[Train whistle blowing]

14
00:01:05,582 --> 00:01:07,998
[Slow clattering]

15
00:01:08,102 --> 00:01:10,346
[Bugle blowing]

16
00:01:10,449 --> 00:01:18,871
♪

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00:01:18,975 --> 00:01:20,597
[Explosion]

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00:01:20,701 --> 00:01:21,840
[Gunfire]

19
00:01:21,943 --> 00:01:23,842
[Soldiers shouting]

20
00:01:23,945 --> 00:01:48,832
♪

21
00:01:48,936 --> 00:01:51,904
Man: After a journey of 10 days,
we arrived at Auschwitz

22
00:01:52,008 --> 00:01:55,011
on April 11 to a crematorium.

23
00:01:55,115 --> 00:01:57,738
♪

24
00:01:57,841 --> 00:01:59,843
Freund: Marcel Nadjari--

25
00:01:59,947 --> 00:02:05,953
this is a guy who was shipped
off from Greece in 1944

26
00:02:06,056 --> 00:02:08,473
all the way to Auschwitz.

27
00:02:08,576 --> 00:02:21,520
♪

28
00:02:21,624 --> 00:02:24,005
[Loud bang]

29
00:02:24,109 --> 00:02:36,708
♪

30
00:02:36,811 --> 00:02:41,575
Man: The Sonderkommando
prisoners were slaves,

31
00:02:41,678 --> 00:02:44,025
compelled to do anything
their masters,

32
00:02:44,129 --> 00:02:47,063
the Germans in Auschwitz,
tell them to do.

33
00:02:47,167 --> 00:02:49,479
[Shovels clattering]

34
00:02:49,583 --> 00:02:53,138
Man as Nadjari: Our unit is
called the Special Unit.

35
00:02:53,242 --> 00:02:54,588
I will explain for you the work

36
00:02:54,691 --> 00:02:56,900
that the Almighty
wanted me to do.

37
00:02:57,004 --> 00:02:58,764
♪

38
00:02:58,868 --> 00:03:01,940
It starts by the people
entering naked.

39
00:03:02,043 --> 00:03:05,185
[Water spraying]

40
00:03:05,288 --> 00:03:09,672
Greif: The humiliation is
a very central factor

41
00:03:09,775 --> 00:03:12,468
in the German crime.

42
00:03:12,571 --> 00:03:16,334
He has to be undressed,
and he has to be humiliated.

43
00:03:16,437 --> 00:03:18,059
♪

44
00:03:18,163 --> 00:03:20,855
Man as Nadjari: After the room
is filled with people,

45
00:03:20,959 --> 00:03:22,512
it is locked...

46
00:03:22,616 --> 00:03:23,686
[Clang]

47
00:03:23,789 --> 00:03:25,101
and they are gassed.

48
00:03:25,205 --> 00:03:28,104
♪

49
00:03:28,208 --> 00:03:32,867
[Gas hissing]

50
00:03:32,971 --> 00:03:35,525
Greif: And I have to emphasize
1,000 times

51
00:03:35,629 --> 00:03:39,495
the killing always was made
by the Germans.

52
00:03:39,598 --> 00:03:54,234
♪

53
00:03:54,337 --> 00:03:56,236
Freund:
We're at Crematorium III,

54
00:03:56,339 --> 00:04:01,724
which was destroyed by the Nazis
as they were leaving in 1945.

55
00:04:01,827 --> 00:04:06,418
What really is the secret
of Crematorium III is this is

56
00:04:06,522 --> 00:04:08,903
where they discovered
Nadjari's letter.

57
00:04:11,492 --> 00:04:18,016
♪

58
00:04:18,119 --> 00:04:21,157
He described
in meticulous detail

59
00:04:21,261 --> 00:04:23,677
what his daily schedule was,

60
00:04:23,780 --> 00:04:26,300
so his letter gives us
a perspective

61
00:04:26,404 --> 00:04:29,027
on what it is
that happened here.

62
00:04:29,130 --> 00:04:37,415
♪

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00:04:37,518 --> 00:04:40,314
Man: In this horrible world,
finding even a pen

64
00:04:40,418 --> 00:04:42,972
and a piece of paper
without being exposed

65
00:04:43,075 --> 00:04:46,113
what they're doing is
an incredible bravery,

66
00:04:46,216 --> 00:04:47,597
and they probably didn't
see hope

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00:04:47,701 --> 00:04:49,427
for their own survival.

68
00:04:49,530 --> 00:04:52,602
They wanted the world to know.

69
00:04:52,706 --> 00:04:56,537
Freund: People have this myth
stuck in their heads that

70
00:04:56,641 --> 00:04:59,022
the Jews went
to their deaths like sheep

71
00:04:59,126 --> 00:05:01,542
to the slaughter,

72
00:05:01,646 --> 00:05:05,201
but this is
where the real story begins.

73
00:05:05,305 --> 00:05:10,344
♪

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00:05:10,448 --> 00:05:12,346
Man as Nadjari:
How could I do this,

75
00:05:12,450 --> 00:05:15,384
burn the bodies
of my brothers in faith,

76
00:05:15,487 --> 00:05:19,629
and why didn't I join them
and put an end to it?

77
00:05:19,733 --> 00:05:24,910
But every time, the thirst
for revenge stopped me.

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00:05:25,014 --> 00:05:26,912
[Thump]

79
00:05:27,016 --> 00:05:28,742
[Gas hissing]

80
00:05:28,845 --> 00:05:31,261
Man: Each prisoner in every
squad knew exactly what

81
00:05:31,365 --> 00:05:33,954
he was supposed to do
and prepared for it.

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00:05:34,057 --> 00:05:36,577
Different man: May those
who made an ocean of blood

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00:05:36,681 --> 00:05:42,203
of my people drown
in an ocean of blood.

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00:05:42,307 --> 00:05:45,448
Woman: Suddenly,
the sirens began to wail.

85
00:05:45,552 --> 00:05:48,313
What happened?
A revolution?

86
00:05:48,417 --> 00:05:51,489
An uprising at the crematorium?

87
00:05:51,592 --> 00:05:56,942
♪

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Freund: This is
where the story begins.

89
00:06:01,740 --> 00:06:04,709
Jews did not go to their death

90
00:06:04,812 --> 00:06:06,883
as sheep to the slaughter.

91
00:06:06,987 --> 00:06:08,506
They fought back.

92
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♪

93
00:06:34,635 --> 00:06:39,295
♪

94
00:06:39,399 --> 00:06:55,173
♪

95
00:06:55,276 --> 00:06:57,002
[Sobbing]

96
00:06:57,106 --> 00:06:58,279
♪

97
00:06:58,383 --> 00:07:02,663
♪

98
00:07:02,767 --> 00:07:05,045
Woman as Peltel: Father
was calming us,

99
00:07:05,148 --> 00:07:07,047
saying, "Don't be scared.

100
00:07:07,150 --> 00:07:10,326
"Even when the Germans come,
they are not so bad.

101
00:07:10,430 --> 00:07:12,328
"I remember them from
the First World War,

102
00:07:12,432 --> 00:07:16,643
and they are quite human,
you will see."

103
00:07:16,746 --> 00:07:19,231
For him, it was a shock.

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00:07:19,335 --> 00:07:22,303
[People shouting]

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00:07:22,407 --> 00:07:24,754
Man: What her father
had said was

106
00:07:24,858 --> 00:07:27,757
"I know these people.
I know the Germans.

107
00:07:27,861 --> 00:07:30,588
"We fought in the First
World War together,

108
00:07:30,691 --> 00:07:33,901
and they're basically
decent people,"

109
00:07:34,005 --> 00:07:36,283
and then within
the first couple of days,

110
00:07:36,386 --> 00:07:38,561
he was pretty
badly beaten,

111
00:07:38,665 --> 00:07:43,221
and he was so devastated
that he was unable

112
00:07:43,324 --> 00:07:47,087
after that to leave
the house to go out on the street.

113
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♪

114
00:07:50,090 --> 00:07:53,300
Man: We were
immediately singled out.

115
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We knew something was coming.

116
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♪

117
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♪

118
00:08:20,879 --> 00:08:23,779
Man: So this is one of
the original walls that confined

119
00:08:23,882 --> 00:08:25,884
the Jews into the Warsaw Ghetto,

120
00:08:25,988 --> 00:08:28,438
and on Yom Kippur,
the holiest day

121
00:08:28,542 --> 00:08:30,268
of the Jewish year, in 1940,

122
00:08:30,371 --> 00:08:32,822
the Jewish population finds out
that it's going to be

123
00:08:32,926 --> 00:08:35,342
confined into a ghetto.

124
00:08:35,445 --> 00:08:40,761
Half a million Jews almost
forced into this tiny area.

125
00:08:40,865 --> 00:08:43,626
Man: A few hundred people
crowd every large,

126
00:08:43,730 --> 00:08:46,249
unheated room of a synagogue,

127
00:08:46,353 --> 00:08:48,286
every hall
of a deserted factory.

128
00:08:48,389 --> 00:08:52,739
A whole family often receives
sleeping space for one.

129
00:08:52,842 --> 00:08:55,293
The walls and barbed wire
surrounding the ghetto

130
00:08:55,396 --> 00:08:58,848
completely cut off the Jews
from the outside world.

131
00:08:58,952 --> 00:09:10,826
♪

132
00:09:10,929 --> 00:09:12,517
Patt:
These are starvation rations.

133
00:09:12,621 --> 00:09:14,450
There's no way that people
can live on this.

134
00:09:14,554 --> 00:09:20,974
♪

135
00:09:21,077 --> 00:09:24,149
Man as Edelman:
Children begged everywhere.

136
00:09:24,253 --> 00:09:26,773
6-year-old boys crawled
through the walls

137
00:09:26,876 --> 00:09:30,017
and barbed wire to obtain
food on the other side.

138
00:09:30,121 --> 00:09:31,847
♪

139
00:09:31,950 --> 00:09:34,228
Patt: This was all part
of a plan which was

140
00:09:34,332 --> 00:09:37,231
going to degrade the Jews,
dehumanize them,

141
00:09:37,335 --> 00:09:40,476
force them to live in horrible,
horrible conditions

142
00:09:40,580 --> 00:09:42,651
where you have disease.

143
00:09:42,754 --> 00:09:44,169
[Rats squeaking]

144
00:09:44,273 --> 00:09:45,723
The creation of the ghetto
was exactly

145
00:09:45,826 --> 00:09:48,208
to facilitate the spread
of epidemics.

146
00:09:48,311 --> 00:09:50,659
They would bring in film crews
into the ghetto

147
00:09:50,762 --> 00:09:53,247
as part of their propaganda
effort to show

148
00:09:53,351 --> 00:09:54,801
this is how Jews live,

149
00:09:54,904 --> 00:09:57,113
this is how Jews carry disease

150
00:09:57,217 --> 00:10:00,047
and how Jews
will ultimately die.

151
00:10:00,151 --> 00:10:01,531
♪

152
00:10:01,635 --> 00:10:03,879
[Digging]

153
00:10:03,982 --> 00:10:14,441
♪

154
00:10:14,544 --> 00:10:16,995
So people often want to know
why the Jewish population

155
00:10:17,099 --> 00:10:19,619
didn't fight back immediately.

156
00:10:19,722 --> 00:10:22,725
Half a million Jews crowded
into the ghetto.

157
00:10:22,829 --> 00:10:24,658
Why didn't they take up arms
and fight back

158
00:10:24,762 --> 00:10:27,178
against the Germans?

159
00:10:27,281 --> 00:10:31,078
- Collective punishment.
- Collective punishment.

160
00:10:31,182 --> 00:10:33,011
The Jews knew that

161
00:10:33,115 --> 00:10:35,635
you can start
some resistance.

162
00:10:35,738 --> 00:10:38,016
You can aim a pistol
and shoot one person,

163
00:10:38,120 --> 00:10:40,087
two people,
whatever it is,

164
00:10:40,191 --> 00:10:43,366
but the Germans would
then arrest 2,000.

165
00:10:43,470 --> 00:11:05,837
♪

166
00:11:05,941 --> 00:11:09,151
Patt: But the truth is,
from the very beginning, right,

167
00:11:09,254 --> 00:11:11,394
once there crowded
into the ghetto,

168
00:11:11,498 --> 00:11:14,363
they did resist in the ways that
they knew best to do,

169
00:11:14,466 --> 00:11:18,539
resistance that was a type
of spiritual resistance,

170
00:11:18,643 --> 00:11:20,887
resistance that was a way
of standing up

171
00:11:20,990 --> 00:11:23,544
against the German oppressors.

172
00:11:23,648 --> 00:11:26,340
Feeding the hungry
clothing the poor,

173
00:11:26,444 --> 00:11:28,204
taking care of orphans.

174
00:11:28,308 --> 00:11:30,897
These were strategies that
Jews had used for centuries

175
00:11:31,000 --> 00:11:33,002
and which they fell back upon.

176
00:11:33,106 --> 00:11:38,214
♪

177
00:11:38,318 --> 00:11:45,635
Woman: The unarmed resistance is
called in Hebrew Amidah.

178
00:11:45,739 --> 00:11:49,778
Amidah is standing, standing up,

179
00:11:49,881 --> 00:11:51,607
or in Yiddish, I would say...

180
00:11:51,711 --> 00:11:53,574
[Speaks Yiddish]

181
00:11:53,678 --> 00:11:56,198
I'm not yielding
to the situation.

182
00:11:56,301 --> 00:11:59,615
Whatever you do that is
against the situation

183
00:11:59,719 --> 00:12:03,032
is resistance.

184
00:12:03,136 --> 00:12:07,830
Whether you sit or lie
or crawl or swim or stand up

185
00:12:07,934 --> 00:12:09,487
makes absolutely no difference.

186
00:12:09,590 --> 00:12:10,488
It's something done.

187
00:12:12,835 --> 00:12:14,009
Woman as Vladka: Life
in the ghetto

188
00:12:14,112 --> 00:12:16,114
was a chain of resistance.

189
00:12:16,218 --> 00:12:17,737
There were illegal schools.

190
00:12:17,840 --> 00:12:19,635
there were illegal
libraries, choirs,

191
00:12:19,739 --> 00:12:21,775
even theaters.

192
00:12:21,879 --> 00:12:23,466
It was an illegal life.

193
00:12:23,570 --> 00:12:25,986
♪

194
00:12:26,090 --> 00:12:28,886
Bauer: The Germans wanted
to destroy any kind

195
00:12:28,989 --> 00:12:31,785
of Jewish existence,
also cultural existence,

196
00:12:31,889 --> 00:12:36,445
and so on,
so when you educated children

197
00:12:36,548 --> 00:12:40,069
in ghettos, if they survived,

198
00:12:40,173 --> 00:12:42,762
for them to develop
after the War,

199
00:12:42,865 --> 00:12:46,800
this was
against the German idea, yeah?

200
00:12:46,904 --> 00:12:48,940
Man as Benjamin: I organized
a school in my building,

201
00:12:49,044 --> 00:12:52,012
and I became the teacher
of that school.

202
00:12:52,116 --> 00:12:54,704
I had never prepared
for being a teacher,

203
00:12:54,808 --> 00:12:56,085
but there were no schools.

204
00:12:56,189 --> 00:13:00,020
All schools were illegal.

205
00:13:00,124 --> 00:13:03,852
Man: And if you always keep
in mind that part

206
00:13:03,955 --> 00:13:07,269
of what the Germans wanted to do
was to kill the body

207
00:13:07,372 --> 00:13:10,755
but also to kill the soul,
to undermine humanity,

208
00:13:10,859 --> 00:13:13,275
the humanity of the individual,

209
00:13:13,378 --> 00:13:15,933
and therefore, if you
never lost your humanity,

210
00:13:16,036 --> 00:13:18,418
then in a very real sense
you're helping

211
00:13:18,521 --> 00:13:20,006
to defeat the Germans.

212
00:13:20,109 --> 00:13:26,012
♪

213
00:13:26,115 --> 00:13:28,566
Woman as Vladka: Although you
see today how the pictures,

214
00:13:28,669 --> 00:13:31,051
mostly from Germans,

215
00:13:31,155 --> 00:13:34,089
pictures of Jews who were
beggars and pitiful,

216
00:13:34,192 --> 00:13:36,505
and this is taken because
the Germans would like us

217
00:13:36,608 --> 00:13:38,818
only to be seen this way.

218
00:13:38,921 --> 00:13:42,200
This was only one part
of the ghetto.

219
00:13:42,304 --> 00:13:45,100
It was true there were beggars,

220
00:13:45,203 --> 00:13:48,931
but there was another kind
of life full of activities

221
00:13:49,035 --> 00:13:50,726
and spiritual resistance.

222
00:13:50,830 --> 00:14:13,853
♪

223
00:14:13,956 --> 00:14:15,509
Man as Ringelblum:
With a little peace,

224
00:14:15,613 --> 00:14:17,511
we may succeed in making sure

225
00:14:17,615 --> 00:14:20,273
that not a single fact
about Jewish life at this time

226
00:14:20,376 --> 00:14:23,759
and place
will be kept from the world.

227
00:14:23,863 --> 00:14:26,486
♪

228
00:14:26,589 --> 00:14:28,798
Freund: They were documenting
the entire life

229
00:14:28,902 --> 00:14:30,904
of the Warsaw Ghetto,

230
00:14:31,008 --> 00:14:33,320
and then they buried it,
and they buried it

231
00:14:33,424 --> 00:14:36,185
because they wanted to
make sure it survived.

232
00:14:36,289 --> 00:14:38,739
♪

233
00:14:38,843 --> 00:14:45,229
♪

234
00:14:45,332 --> 00:14:48,784
It's the equivalent
of seeing for the first time

235
00:14:48,888 --> 00:14:50,510
the Dead Sea Scrolls.

236
00:14:50,613 --> 00:14:54,307
The difference is this is
so close to our own era,

237
00:14:54,410 --> 00:14:59,450
and to know that Jews
have been documenting

238
00:14:59,553 --> 00:15:03,212
and preserved it like
a message in a bottle

239
00:15:03,316 --> 00:15:05,111
for future generations.

240
00:15:05,214 --> 00:15:08,804
♪

241
00:15:08,908 --> 00:15:12,118
"What we couldn't scream
out to the world

242
00:15:12,221 --> 00:15:14,361
"we buried in the ground.

243
00:15:14,465 --> 00:15:17,502
"I would like to live to see
the moment

244
00:15:17,606 --> 00:15:21,161
"when it will be possible to
unearth this great treasure

245
00:15:21,265 --> 00:15:23,336
"and shout out the truth.

246
00:15:23,439 --> 00:15:26,235
"May this treasure fall
into good hands.

247
00:15:26,339 --> 00:15:29,825
"May it survive
until better times.

248
00:15:29,929 --> 00:15:32,103
"May it alarm the world
to what happened

249
00:15:32,207 --> 00:15:35,589
"in the 20th century.

250
00:15:35,693 --> 00:15:37,937
"Now we can die in peace.

251
00:15:38,040 --> 00:15:40,663
"Our mission
has been accomplished.

252
00:15:40,767 --> 00:15:43,390
Let history bear
witness to that."

253
00:15:43,494 --> 00:15:58,198
♪

254
00:15:58,302 --> 00:16:00,511
Patt: So Warsaw is occupied,

255
00:16:00,614 --> 00:16:02,823
and the goal for the Jews
is to survive,

256
00:16:02,927 --> 00:16:04,377
to live to see another day,

257
00:16:04,480 --> 00:16:07,759
to live until the war is
gonna be over.

258
00:16:07,863 --> 00:16:10,900
They have no idea that
the endpoint

259
00:16:11,004 --> 00:16:14,318
of the Germans' occupation
is extermination.

260
00:16:14,421 --> 00:16:50,112
♪

261
00:16:55,428 --> 00:16:57,154
♪

262
00:16:57,257 --> 00:17:06,749
♪

263
00:17:06,853 --> 00:17:10,029
Man: This is one of the main
recreation spots in Kaunas.

264
00:17:10,132 --> 00:17:12,238
It sits up on a hill.
It's windy, it's breezy.

265
00:17:12,341 --> 00:17:14,412
People come here
for picnics, to walk their dog.

266
00:17:14,516 --> 00:17:17,070
I've seen
wedding ceremonies here,

267
00:17:17,174 --> 00:17:19,245
but what people don't know
is underneath

268
00:17:19,348 --> 00:17:22,248
where we're standing,
this is where 50,000 Jews

269
00:17:22,351 --> 00:17:24,595
were buried in 14 trenches.

270
00:17:24,698 --> 00:17:33,535
♪

271
00:17:33,638 --> 00:17:35,261
Woman: That -24.

272
00:17:35,364 --> 00:17:37,573
Bauman: This is where
the GeoSLAM is going to be.

273
00:17:37,677 --> 00:17:40,576
And--and even if they were to
try to memorialize this,

274
00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:42,820
they don't know
where the trenches are,

275
00:17:42,923 --> 00:17:44,270
and that's what...

276
00:17:44,373 --> 00:17:49,516
♪

277
00:17:49,620 --> 00:17:56,178
♪

278
00:17:56,282 --> 00:17:58,146
Freund: They thought they were
going to a labor camp,

279
00:17:58,249 --> 00:17:59,975
they were gonna be doing work,

280
00:18:00,079 --> 00:18:03,634
and that's what
the artifacts tell us.

281
00:18:03,737 --> 00:18:08,363
Passports, watches,
personal items,

282
00:18:08,466 --> 00:18:12,194
every type of button because
everyone thought

283
00:18:12,298 --> 00:18:15,059
they were coming to go to work.

284
00:18:15,163 --> 00:18:17,234
Man:
Everyone is very smart today.

285
00:18:17,337 --> 00:18:19,891
How didn't they realize?
How didn't they know?

286
00:18:19,995 --> 00:18:21,514
But you never believe.

287
00:18:21,617 --> 00:18:23,240
I mean,
you can't believe that you

288
00:18:23,343 --> 00:18:25,449
will be mistreated
and beaten and humiliated.

289
00:18:25,552 --> 00:18:27,623
You cannot imagine that
you will be simply taken...

290
00:18:27,727 --> 00:18:29,073
[Gunshots]

291
00:18:29,177 --> 00:18:30,523
led to the forest,
and killed there.

292
00:18:30,626 --> 00:18:37,426
♪

293
00:18:37,530 --> 00:18:39,704
When we take a look
at sites like this--

294
00:18:39,808 --> 00:18:42,466
and we're looking at many
Holocaust sites--

295
00:18:42,569 --> 00:18:46,055
and what's important is that
survivors have told their story

296
00:18:46,159 --> 00:18:48,575
and we believe their stories.

297
00:18:48,679 --> 00:18:51,371
What we're trying to do is bring
scientific methodology

298
00:18:51,475 --> 00:18:55,203
and scientific tools to verify
those stories.

299
00:18:55,306 --> 00:18:57,274
[Ping, ping]

300
00:18:57,377 --> 00:19:12,289
♪

301
00:19:12,392 --> 00:19:13,807
Freund, voice-over:
We really are hoping--

302
00:19:13,911 --> 00:19:17,086
and I'm not naive--
we're really hoping

303
00:19:17,190 --> 00:19:21,436
that we can diminish genocide

304
00:19:21,539 --> 00:19:25,785
when perpetrators know
they can never get away

305
00:19:25,888 --> 00:19:26,993
with their crime.

306
00:19:27,096 --> 00:19:54,331
♪

307
00:19:54,434 --> 00:19:57,334
[Baby crying]

308
00:19:57,437 --> 00:19:59,508
♪

309
00:19:59,612 --> 00:20:02,304
Man: The most horrific statistic
I think of

310
00:20:02,408 --> 00:20:05,756
is that only 11%
of European Jewish children

311
00:20:05,859 --> 00:20:10,623
who were alive in 1939
were still alive in 1945.

312
00:20:10,726 --> 00:20:16,974
♪

313
00:20:17,077 --> 00:20:21,427
My name is Dana Pomerants-
Mazurkevich--Mazurkevich.

314
00:20:21,530 --> 00:20:23,463
I'm originally from Lithuania.

315
00:20:23,567 --> 00:20:26,777
I was born in Kovno Ghetto.

316
00:20:26,880 --> 00:20:30,884
My father was
a very famous violinist.

317
00:20:30,988 --> 00:20:34,785
My mother and father
decided that somehow,

318
00:20:34,888 --> 00:20:39,168
by a miracle, somehow
they have to smuggle me

319
00:20:39,272 --> 00:20:41,585
out of ghetto.

320
00:20:41,688 --> 00:20:46,831
My mother got in touch
with Elena Zalinkevicaite.

321
00:20:46,935 --> 00:20:50,421
Was a very beautiful
drama theater artist,

322
00:20:50,525 --> 00:20:53,907
who had her own 3 children.

323
00:20:54,011 --> 00:20:58,153
My mother, she said, "I have
girl who have

324
00:20:58,257 --> 00:21:02,502
"beautiful blond hair
and has blue eyes.

325
00:21:02,606 --> 00:21:06,541
She's Jewish child.
Could you save her?"

326
00:21:06,644 --> 00:21:10,717
And that Lithuanian woman,
having her own children,

327
00:21:10,821 --> 00:21:15,653
she said, "Bring that child.
I will take her."

328
00:21:15,757 --> 00:21:19,519
They gave me a big amount
of sleeping pills

329
00:21:19,623 --> 00:21:23,972
and put me in a sack of potato,

330
00:21:24,075 --> 00:21:26,837
and it was one Lithuanian guy.

331
00:21:26,940 --> 00:21:30,254
He took me in some kind
of carriage,

332
00:21:30,358 --> 00:21:32,394
and then we passed that border,

333
00:21:32,498 --> 00:21:35,811
and German soldier
was staying there.

334
00:21:35,915 --> 00:21:39,090
Somehow, I probably didn't
have enough air,

335
00:21:39,194 --> 00:21:41,679
and I started to make
that noise.

336
00:21:41,783 --> 00:21:43,854
[Grunting]

337
00:21:43,957 --> 00:21:48,272
And that German asked,
"What is that? What is this?"

338
00:21:48,376 --> 00:21:50,826
And that Lithuanian guy,
he said,

339
00:21:50,930 --> 00:21:55,210
"This is kleine Schweine,"
little piglet.

340
00:21:55,314 --> 00:21:59,421
Somehow, they let us pass.

341
00:21:59,525 --> 00:22:04,495
It required
unbelievable courage,

342
00:22:04,599 --> 00:22:09,328
unbelievable, that they
could give me away

343
00:22:09,431 --> 00:22:12,572
and not knowing
if they will survive

344
00:22:12,676 --> 00:22:17,266
and not knowing if
I will survive.

345
00:22:17,370 --> 00:22:19,683
[Man shouting]

346
00:22:19,786 --> 00:22:24,239
I think it was a big,
big act of resistance

347
00:22:24,343 --> 00:22:27,829
because I will not let
to take my child,

348
00:22:27,932 --> 00:22:33,213
and my mother had to--oy--
had to give me away.

349
00:22:33,317 --> 00:22:39,634
This is--it--it took so much
courage for her to do that.

350
00:22:39,737 --> 00:22:42,361
♪

351
00:22:42,464 --> 00:22:45,467
I have a beautiful daughter
Milana.

352
00:22:45,571 --> 00:22:50,161
Sometimes, I think
would I be able to do?

353
00:22:50,265 --> 00:22:51,646
I don't know.

354
00:22:51,749 --> 00:23:03,623
♪

355
00:23:06,419 --> 00:23:08,248
[Bells tolling]

356
00:23:08,352 --> 00:23:11,148
♪

357
00:23:11,251 --> 00:23:19,467
♪

358
00:23:19,570 --> 00:23:24,541
Man: Vilna was called
the Jerusalem of Lithuania.

359
00:23:24,644 --> 00:23:29,408
Vilna was probably the most
Jewish city in the world.

360
00:23:29,511 --> 00:23:32,100
We consider New York
to be very Jewish.

361
00:23:32,203 --> 00:23:36,863
New York's got--15%
of the population's Jewish,

362
00:23:36,967 --> 00:23:42,248
but Vilna at its peak had 40%
of the population was Jewish.

363
00:23:42,351 --> 00:23:46,908
♪

364
00:23:47,011 --> 00:23:51,084
Man: As a child in Vilna,
I lived with a sense

365
00:23:51,188 --> 00:23:55,572
of living in paradise.

366
00:23:55,675 --> 00:23:59,023
Fishman: It was a great center
of Jewish learning.

367
00:23:59,127 --> 00:24:01,785
It was a city of the spirit,

368
00:24:01,888 --> 00:24:04,201
and that's why it got
the name Jerusalem.

369
00:24:04,304 --> 00:24:11,726
♪

370
00:24:11,829 --> 00:24:16,765
The Germans attacked
Vilna on June 22, 1941.

371
00:24:16,869 --> 00:24:20,182
That's almost two years later
than when they attacked Warsaw,

372
00:24:20,286 --> 00:24:25,153
so the Germans came late,
but they acted fast,

373
00:24:25,256 --> 00:24:26,879
and the Germans started looting

374
00:24:26,982 --> 00:24:29,882
Jewish cultural treasures
in Vilna.

375
00:24:29,985 --> 00:24:35,128
In July 1941, they realized that
there were just

376
00:24:35,232 --> 00:24:36,716
too many Jewish books and papers

377
00:24:36,820 --> 00:24:38,269
and documents and treasures
in this city.

378
00:24:38,373 --> 00:24:40,237
They couldn't handle it,

379
00:24:40,340 --> 00:24:45,173
and that's why they established
this slave labor brigade of Jews

380
00:24:45,276 --> 00:24:49,626
that would sort the material
called the Paper Brigade.

381
00:24:49,729 --> 00:24:52,663
♪

382
00:24:52,767 --> 00:24:55,804
Right here, right behind me,
is where the gate

383
00:24:55,908 --> 00:24:58,462
to the Vilna Ghetto stood.

384
00:24:58,566 --> 00:25:01,707
The members of the Paper Brigade
had to pass

385
00:25:01,810 --> 00:25:05,849
through this gate daily.

386
00:25:05,952 --> 00:25:09,508
They had books packed
underneath their clothing,

387
00:25:09,611 --> 00:25:11,337
under their shirts,
under their pants,

388
00:25:11,440 --> 00:25:13,132
under their--in their shoes,

389
00:25:13,235 --> 00:25:17,170
and they had to pass
through body searches

390
00:25:17,274 --> 00:25:19,138
of ghetto guards.

391
00:25:19,241 --> 00:25:23,660
If they were found to be
carrying books on them--

392
00:25:23,763 --> 00:25:25,420
it didn't matter if you
were carrying

393
00:25:25,524 --> 00:25:27,802
books or food or anything.

394
00:25:27,905 --> 00:25:30,287
The penalty was the same,
death...

395
00:25:30,390 --> 00:25:35,879
♪

396
00:25:35,982 --> 00:25:38,640
and many of those books,
once they were smuggled

397
00:25:38,744 --> 00:25:41,263
into the ghetto successfully,

398
00:25:41,367 --> 00:25:42,851
they brought here
to the building

399
00:25:42,955 --> 00:25:45,233
that was probably
the central address

400
00:25:45,336 --> 00:25:50,445
in the Vilna Ghetto,
the Vilna Ghetto Library.

401
00:25:50,549 --> 00:25:53,310
Reading was a kind
of moral, cultural,

402
00:25:53,413 --> 00:25:54,725
spiritual resistance.

403
00:25:54,829 --> 00:25:56,589
"You're not gonna break
my humanity.

404
00:25:56,693 --> 00:25:58,833
"I'm a human being,
and reading books is

405
00:25:58,936 --> 00:26:00,455
"integral to being
a human being,

406
00:26:00,559 --> 00:26:03,147
and I'm gonna do that."

407
00:26:03,251 --> 00:26:05,978
Bak: It was--absolutely it was
a resistance,

408
00:26:06,081 --> 00:26:09,360
and it was
as indispensable as bread,

409
00:26:09,464 --> 00:26:11,190
I would say.

410
00:26:11,293 --> 00:26:12,743
As they say in Hebrew,

411
00:26:12,847 --> 00:26:15,228
"Not only on bread can
man live."

412
00:26:15,332 --> 00:26:18,128
He needs also something
for the spirit.

413
00:26:18,231 --> 00:26:36,284
♪

414
00:26:36,387 --> 00:26:40,633
In the ghetto, where art
and writing and poetry

415
00:26:40,737 --> 00:26:44,533
were created, where people
could express themselves,

416
00:26:44,637 --> 00:26:48,952
there was a sense of dignity,

417
00:26:49,055 --> 00:26:52,749
and I think this was
a very important factor

418
00:26:52,852 --> 00:26:59,479
that kept the psyche of
the people more or less alive.

419
00:26:59,583 --> 00:27:04,277
♪

420
00:27:05,865 --> 00:27:12,458
♪

421
00:27:12,561 --> 00:27:14,356
My name is Michael Kovner.

422
00:27:14,460 --> 00:27:17,774
My parents were Abba Kovner
and Vitka Kovner--

423
00:27:17,877 --> 00:27:20,811
Kempner-Kovner.

424
00:27:20,915 --> 00:27:23,952
My father wanted to be
a painter,

425
00:27:24,056 --> 00:27:27,715
and he accepted to
the Vilna Academic of Painting.

426
00:27:27,818 --> 00:27:30,821
He was accepted to this,
but he couldn't, you know--

427
00:27:30,925 --> 00:27:32,685
the war would come,
so he couldn't

428
00:27:32,789 --> 00:27:36,206
fulfill this dream,

429
00:27:36,309 --> 00:27:40,106
but I think he always was
kind of a poet, you know.

430
00:27:40,210 --> 00:27:43,627
My mother, she--she walked
on the pavement,

431
00:27:43,731 --> 00:27:47,286
which Jewish in Poland
after Nazi occupation

432
00:27:47,389 --> 00:27:49,668
weren't allowed to walk
on the pavement...

433
00:27:49,771 --> 00:27:50,876
[Whistle blowing]

434
00:27:50,979 --> 00:27:52,532
and she went to the pavement,

435
00:27:52,636 --> 00:27:55,225
and then the officer
or soldiers, Nazi,

436
00:27:55,328 --> 00:27:56,640
came to her,
and she--

437
00:27:56,744 --> 00:27:58,642
and he asked her,
"You are Jewish?"

438
00:27:58,746 --> 00:28:00,126
And she said yes.

439
00:28:00,230 --> 00:28:02,439
"So why you are going
on the pavement?"

440
00:28:02,542 --> 00:28:03,647
She said, "Why not?"

441
00:28:03,751 --> 00:28:05,476
He said, "You are not allowed,"

442
00:28:05,580 --> 00:28:09,204
and she gave him
splash on his face

443
00:28:09,308 --> 00:28:11,172
and continued to walk.

444
00:28:11,275 --> 00:28:12,829
So that's her type.

445
00:28:12,932 --> 00:28:26,118
♪

446
00:28:26,221 --> 00:28:30,501
Porat: The youth movement
played a role in the life

447
00:28:30,605 --> 00:28:33,194
of the youngsters at the time.

448
00:28:33,297 --> 00:28:35,230
They felt belonging.

449
00:28:35,334 --> 00:28:37,992
It wasn't just a place
to which you go to be

450
00:28:38,095 --> 00:28:40,235
entertained
once or twice a week.

451
00:28:40,339 --> 00:28:43,273
You lived your life
with the members,

452
00:28:43,376 --> 00:28:45,240
you lived through them.

453
00:28:45,344 --> 00:28:49,348
It's a collective identity
of being Jewish,

454
00:28:49,451 --> 00:28:52,454
and this explains to you
the way they handled

455
00:28:52,558 --> 00:28:56,010
themselves during the war.

456
00:28:56,113 --> 00:28:57,563
Man as Abba: We had formed
our group,

457
00:28:57,666 --> 00:29:00,186
starting
from a precise ideology.

458
00:29:00,290 --> 00:29:03,293
Our fight was not
for self-preservation.

459
00:29:03,396 --> 00:29:06,537
It was not to save myself,
to save you,

460
00:29:06,641 --> 00:29:08,643
to save a neighbor.

461
00:29:08,747 --> 00:29:10,887
It was to fight the Germans.

462
00:29:10,990 --> 00:29:14,925
♪

463
00:29:15,029 --> 00:29:17,756
Fishman: In half a year,
the Jewish population of Vilna

464
00:29:17,859 --> 00:29:23,002
went down from 70,000
to 20,000 Jews.

465
00:29:23,106 --> 00:29:24,590
More than 2/3
of the Jews of Vilna

466
00:29:24,693 --> 00:29:26,385
were killed in half a year,

467
00:29:26,488 --> 00:29:32,115
and that's in 1941, well
before there were deportations

468
00:29:32,218 --> 00:29:36,188
to the death camps from Warsaw
and other cities in Poland.

469
00:29:36,291 --> 00:29:39,122
♪

470
00:29:39,225 --> 00:29:40,986
Man as Abba: One day I was
called and told to go

471
00:29:41,089 --> 00:29:42,919
to the hospital of the ghetto,

472
00:29:43,022 --> 00:29:44,644
that there was
a young girl injured

473
00:29:44,748 --> 00:29:49,097
who wanted to talk to me
and only to me.

474
00:29:49,201 --> 00:29:51,410
From her, I got
the first direct evidence

475
00:29:51,513 --> 00:29:52,963
about what was happening.

476
00:29:53,067 --> 00:29:56,277
♪

477
00:29:56,380 --> 00:29:59,832
There were 119 women.

478
00:29:59,936 --> 00:30:01,558
They were told to line up.

479
00:30:01,661 --> 00:30:03,491
[Metal clatters]

480
00:30:03,594 --> 00:30:05,113
Behind them there were ditches.

481
00:30:05,217 --> 00:30:08,047
♪

482
00:30:08,151 --> 00:30:11,671
The Lithuanians started firing
on the whole line of women...

483
00:30:11,775 --> 00:30:13,363
[Gunshots]

484
00:30:13,466 --> 00:30:15,572
and all the women fell
into the ditch...

485
00:30:15,675 --> 00:30:17,194
[Gunshot]

486
00:30:17,298 --> 00:30:18,264
dead.

487
00:30:18,368 --> 00:30:37,007
♪

488
00:30:37,111 --> 00:30:38,319
This is the burial pit.

489
00:30:40,148 --> 00:30:43,738
It was a burial pit in 1941,

490
00:30:43,842 --> 00:30:46,914
and in this forest,

491
00:30:47,017 --> 00:30:50,607
both Nazis and their
collaborators from Lithuania

492
00:30:50,710 --> 00:30:53,610
systematically shot

493
00:30:53,713 --> 00:30:58,028
about 100,000 people
in these pits.

494
00:30:58,132 --> 00:31:05,898
♪

495
00:31:06,002 --> 00:31:07,796
Man as Abba: One thing
is clear to me.

496
00:31:07,900 --> 00:31:10,696
Vilna is not just Vilna.

497
00:31:10,799 --> 00:31:13,941
Ponari is not just an episode.

498
00:31:14,044 --> 00:31:16,875
There is a system,
whose inner workings are,

499
00:31:16,978 --> 00:31:20,050
for the meantime,
hidden from us.

500
00:31:20,154 --> 00:31:23,398
♪

501
00:31:23,502 --> 00:31:26,194
Kovner: My father said,
"Nobody can escape.

502
00:31:26,298 --> 00:31:29,163
"The Jewish people
cannot escape from this,

503
00:31:29,266 --> 00:31:31,544
"so what the Jewish
people can do,

504
00:31:31,648 --> 00:31:33,167
they can fight for their honor."

505
00:31:33,270 --> 00:31:36,308
That's it.
To fight for the honor.

506
00:31:36,411 --> 00:31:47,802
♪

507
00:31:47,906 --> 00:31:49,045
Man as Abba:
They shall not take us

508
00:31:49,148 --> 00:31:51,081
like sheep to the slaughter.

509
00:31:51,185 --> 00:31:53,566
All those who were taken
away from the ghetto

510
00:31:53,670 --> 00:31:55,258
never came back.

511
00:31:55,361 --> 00:31:58,157
♪

512
00:31:58,261 --> 00:32:01,989
Porat: It is a call
to the population that was left

513
00:32:02,092 --> 00:32:05,164
not to foster illusions.

514
00:32:05,268 --> 00:32:08,098
"Those who went out of the gates
of the ghetto

515
00:32:08,202 --> 00:32:10,480
will not come back."

516
00:32:10,583 --> 00:32:13,172
Man as Abba: All the roads
of the Gestapo lead

517
00:32:13,276 --> 00:32:17,556
to Ponari,
and Ponari is death.

518
00:32:17,659 --> 00:32:20,248
♪

519
00:32:20,352 --> 00:32:23,217
Porat:
He said, "Hitler has a plot.

520
00:32:23,320 --> 00:32:29,671
"He's planning to murder
all the Jews of Europe.

521
00:32:29,775 --> 00:32:33,261
If everyone out
of the ghetto was killed"...

522
00:32:33,365 --> 00:32:35,332
♪

523
00:32:35,436 --> 00:32:39,233
"and if there is a plan
to kill the rest, as well"...

524
00:32:39,336 --> 00:32:42,201
♪

525
00:32:42,305 --> 00:32:50,347
"then there is no other
choice left but to resist."

526
00:32:50,451 --> 00:32:54,041
Man as Abba: It is true we are
weak and defenseless,

527
00:32:54,144 --> 00:32:57,734
but resistance is
the only reply.

528
00:32:57,837 --> 00:33:02,014
Brothers, it is better to
fall as free fighters

529
00:33:02,118 --> 00:33:06,294
than to live by the grace
of the murderers.

530
00:33:06,398 --> 00:33:11,299
Resist to the last breath.

531
00:33:11,403 --> 00:33:15,821
♪

532
00:33:15,924 --> 00:33:42,020
♪

533
00:33:42,123 --> 00:33:44,367
Bauer: Nobody wanted to resist
because they said,

534
00:33:44,470 --> 00:33:48,095
"If we try to resist,
they will kill everyone,"

535
00:33:48,198 --> 00:33:49,579
and the youth movement said,

536
00:33:49,682 --> 00:33:51,788
"They're going to kill
everyone anyway,"

537
00:33:51,891 --> 00:33:52,789
and we must resist.

538
00:33:54,308 --> 00:33:56,241
Woman as Korchak:
The soul was enlightened.

539
00:33:56,344 --> 00:33:58,657
The ghetto nightmare dissipated.

540
00:33:58,760 --> 00:34:03,041
Martyrdom, helplessness,
and slavery are over,

541
00:34:03,144 --> 00:34:07,631
and now the one goal
before us is rebellion.

542
00:34:07,735 --> 00:34:16,675
♪

543
00:34:16,778 --> 00:34:19,436
[Speaking Lithuanian]

544
00:34:36,281 --> 00:34:38,145
Woman as Vitka:
We were not soldiers.

545
00:34:38,248 --> 00:34:40,216
We'd never shot a gun before.

546
00:34:40,319 --> 00:34:42,149
We took a pipe,
and another boy

547
00:34:42,252 --> 00:34:43,736
got the dynamite.

548
00:34:43,840 --> 00:34:46,808
It was very primitive.

549
00:34:46,912 --> 00:34:51,710
Kovner: My mother, she went
with 2 other guys for 3 days

550
00:34:51,813 --> 00:34:54,092
outside the ghetto because
they have to go very far

551
00:34:54,195 --> 00:34:58,475
from the ghetto
that the Germans won't know

552
00:34:58,579 --> 00:35:00,339
that the Jewish people did it.

553
00:35:00,443 --> 00:35:02,445
That was the most
important thing,

554
00:35:02,548 --> 00:35:04,654
so she found the best place.

555
00:35:04,757 --> 00:35:06,518
The patrol of the Germans
is not there

556
00:35:06,621 --> 00:35:08,416
when the train is there
at that hour.

557
00:35:08,520 --> 00:35:10,108
She found the best place.

558
00:35:10,591 --> 00:35:12,144
Woman as Vitka:
1:30 in the morning,

559
00:35:12,248 --> 00:35:14,112
we planted the bomb.

560
00:35:14,215 --> 00:35:16,769
We took it, and we put it
under the rail tracks.

561
00:35:16,873 --> 00:35:18,771
We escaped very quickly.

562
00:35:18,875 --> 00:35:22,016
When the train passed over
it at 2:00, it exploded...

563
00:35:22,120 --> 00:35:23,673
[Boom]

564
00:35:23,776 --> 00:35:25,847
and from far away,
we heard the explosion.

565
00:35:25,951 --> 00:35:28,850
♪

566
00:35:28,954 --> 00:35:31,853
Kovner: Heh. She was the hero
of the oldest story.

567
00:35:31,957 --> 00:35:35,063
Like, she was the first one
who went outside the ghetto

568
00:35:35,167 --> 00:35:37,411
and bombed a German train.

569
00:35:37,514 --> 00:35:59,881
♪

570
00:35:59,985 --> 00:36:06,888
♪

571
00:36:06,992 --> 00:36:13,343
♪

572
00:36:13,447 --> 00:36:15,932
Man: One should never believe
that Warsaw and Vilna were

573
00:36:16,035 --> 00:36:18,762
the only ghettos that rose.

574
00:36:18,866 --> 00:36:21,455
Ghettos large and small
rose in resistance.

575
00:36:21,558 --> 00:36:29,394
♪

576
00:36:29,497 --> 00:36:31,913
[Speaking Latvian]

577
00:36:38,057 --> 00:36:43,028
[Singing in Yiddish]

578
00:36:43,131 --> 00:36:44,892
[Speaking Latvian]

579
00:37:22,826 --> 00:37:26,451
♪

580
00:37:26,554 --> 00:37:29,454
Lensky: If we discuss how
the Nazis reacted to resistance,

581
00:37:29,557 --> 00:37:33,492
they thought of Jews being
so inferior to them

582
00:37:33,596 --> 00:37:35,736
that they are unable to resist,

583
00:37:35,839 --> 00:37:37,082
that will actually go

584
00:37:37,185 --> 00:37:38,670
as the cattle to the slaughter,

585
00:37:38,773 --> 00:37:40,292
So we have to understand
that when we use

586
00:37:40,396 --> 00:37:43,330
this phrase
"cattle to the slaughter,"

587
00:37:43,433 --> 00:37:47,437
we use the Nazi lens.

588
00:37:47,541 --> 00:37:50,129
We look at you
through Nazi eyes.

589
00:37:50,233 --> 00:38:15,569
♪

590
00:38:15,672 --> 00:38:17,709
Man: When my mother
became a courier,

591
00:38:17,812 --> 00:38:22,576
the first task was to move
into Grodno.

592
00:38:22,679 --> 00:38:24,578
♪

593
00:38:24,681 --> 00:38:28,409
In Grodno, she was supposed to
see what's going on

594
00:38:28,513 --> 00:38:30,238
with the Jewish community

595
00:38:30,342 --> 00:38:31,757
because there were
no connections.

596
00:38:31,861 --> 00:38:33,828
You have to understand
there was no telephones.

597
00:38:33,932 --> 00:38:35,589
All telephones were cut.

598
00:38:35,692 --> 00:38:38,799
There was no mail service,
there was no Internet.

599
00:38:40,766 --> 00:38:43,113
Woman as Hazan: Each one of us
preferred to fall

600
00:38:43,217 --> 00:38:44,943
in combat than to be led

601
00:38:45,046 --> 00:38:47,842
as sheep to the slaughter.

602
00:38:47,946 --> 00:38:49,982
The movement's
leadership sought out girls

603
00:38:50,086 --> 00:38:52,675
with a Gentile appearance,
who would serve

604
00:38:52,778 --> 00:38:57,404
as liaison couriers between
the different locations.

605
00:38:57,507 --> 00:39:00,027
This role was unsuitable
for boys, who already

606
00:39:00,130 --> 00:39:02,823
from the age of 8 days
had their Jewishness marked

607
00:39:02,926 --> 00:39:04,480
on their flesh.

608
00:39:06,689 --> 00:39:08,967
I volunteered for the role
because I'd already gained

609
00:39:09,070 --> 00:39:11,728
experience and self-confidence
in impersonating

610
00:39:11,832 --> 00:39:14,213
a Gentile and going
outside the ghetto.

611
00:39:14,317 --> 00:39:17,009
♪

612
00:39:17,113 --> 00:39:19,080
Yaari: They smuggled weapons,

613
00:39:19,184 --> 00:39:22,498
guns and grenades and so on.

614
00:39:22,601 --> 00:39:25,673
This was
a very dangerous mission.

615
00:39:25,777 --> 00:39:28,055
They also smuggled people
out of the ghetto

616
00:39:28,158 --> 00:39:31,541
to put them in hiding places.

617
00:39:31,645 --> 00:39:34,855
My mother, she was
sent to Grodno.

618
00:39:34,958 --> 00:39:39,584
I must remind you again
that she was 19 years old.

619
00:39:39,687 --> 00:39:42,345
Woman as Hazan: I went to
the labor bureau in town.

620
00:39:42,449 --> 00:39:44,416
The clerk asked me whether
I knew German,

621
00:39:44,520 --> 00:39:46,763
and I answered him
in poor Yiddish.

622
00:39:46,867 --> 00:39:50,698
For "vos," I said, "was,"
and so on.

623
00:39:50,802 --> 00:39:53,321
After a few sentences from me,
he declared,

624
00:39:53,425 --> 00:39:55,531
"You speak German very well.

625
00:39:55,634 --> 00:39:58,292
"You can take a position
with us as an interpreter

626
00:39:58,396 --> 00:40:00,087
at the Gestapo."

627
00:40:00,190 --> 00:40:02,054
[Telephone rings]

628
00:40:02,158 --> 00:40:04,540
Yaari: So when she worked
in that office,

629
00:40:04,643 --> 00:40:07,543
she managed to steal
from the desk all kinds

630
00:40:07,646 --> 00:40:10,580
of papers and stamps,
and she brought them to Vilna,

631
00:40:10,684 --> 00:40:13,790
and they were used to make
false identities

632
00:40:13,894 --> 00:40:15,689
for--for--for other people,

633
00:40:15,792 --> 00:40:19,140
traveling documents and so on.

634
00:40:19,244 --> 00:40:22,420
She was several months,
almost half a year, in Grodno.

635
00:40:22,523 --> 00:40:25,595
Her two friends,
who were also couriers,

636
00:40:25,699 --> 00:40:27,597
Tema Sznajderman,
and Lonka Korzybrodska,

637
00:40:27,701 --> 00:40:29,116
came to her room.

638
00:40:29,219 --> 00:40:31,083
This was Christmas Eve,

639
00:40:31,187 --> 00:40:34,915
and my mother was invited
by the Gestapo.

640
00:40:35,018 --> 00:40:37,607
There was one officer
who was--I think was

641
00:40:37,711 --> 00:40:39,540
in love with her,

642
00:40:39,644 --> 00:40:42,094
and he invited her
to the Christmas party

643
00:40:42,198 --> 00:40:44,027
of the Gestapo,

644
00:40:44,131 --> 00:40:45,788
and she said, "I'm sorry,
I cannot come

645
00:40:45,891 --> 00:40:48,687
because I have two girlfriends,"

646
00:40:48,791 --> 00:40:52,380
and he said,
"Bring them also with you."

647
00:40:52,484 --> 00:40:54,969
He came to pick her up,
and the 3 of them,

648
00:40:55,073 --> 00:40:58,870
they dressed in the best clothes
that they had.

649
00:40:58,973 --> 00:41:02,252
They went on Christmas Eve,
December 1941,

650
00:41:02,356 --> 00:41:04,323
to this Christmas party,

651
00:41:04,427 --> 00:41:07,879
and this Gestapo officer
took a picture

652
00:41:07,982 --> 00:41:09,225
of the 3 of them.

653
00:41:09,328 --> 00:41:10,813
[Camera flash pops]

654
00:41:10,916 --> 00:41:17,682
♪

655
00:41:17,785 --> 00:41:23,135
June 1942, Lonka Korzybrodska
was sent to Warsaw.

656
00:41:23,239 --> 00:41:24,827
She was sent on a mission.

657
00:41:24,930 --> 00:41:28,347
She had to deliver
two guns to the underground

658
00:41:28,451 --> 00:41:32,628
and information,
and she was on the train

659
00:41:32,731 --> 00:41:35,596
in the middle
between Bialystok and Warsaw,

660
00:41:35,700 --> 00:41:38,772
and her luck didn't hold,

661
00:41:38,875 --> 00:41:41,429
and she was captured
by the Gestapo.

662
00:41:41,533 --> 00:41:43,846
[Steam hissing]

663
00:41:43,949 --> 00:41:46,745
So when Lonka did not
come back to Bialystok,

664
00:41:46,849 --> 00:41:49,265
my mother volunteered
to follow her steps

665
00:41:49,368 --> 00:41:51,578
and to look for her,

666
00:41:51,681 --> 00:41:55,996
so she went on the train
from Bialystok to Warsaw,

667
00:41:56,099 --> 00:41:58,964
and when the train got
to Malkinia,

668
00:41:59,068 --> 00:42:02,692
the gendarmes who were
on the train told her

669
00:42:02,796 --> 00:42:04,694
"We are waiting for you.

670
00:42:04,798 --> 00:42:07,214
Come, come with us."

671
00:42:07,317 --> 00:42:09,561
And why were they
waiting for her?

672
00:42:09,665 --> 00:42:12,322
Because Lonka, she was
very courageous

673
00:42:12,426 --> 00:42:14,359
and very self-assured.

674
00:42:14,462 --> 00:42:20,123
She carried with her
the picture of the 3 couriers,

675
00:42:20,227 --> 00:42:24,265
and this fell into
the hands of the Gestapo.

676
00:42:24,369 --> 00:42:26,474
Woman as Hazan: People
in the station looked at me

677
00:42:26,578 --> 00:42:28,546
with pitying expressions.

678
00:42:28,649 --> 00:42:31,825
Soldiers asked me,
"Little girl, what did you do

679
00:42:31,928 --> 00:42:33,965
that they're taking
you like this?"

680
00:42:34,068 --> 00:42:36,450
I tried my best to hold
my head up so that no one

681
00:42:36,554 --> 00:42:38,970
could know what was
going on in my heart.

682
00:42:39,073 --> 00:42:41,006
I knew that my chances
were gone,

683
00:42:41,110 --> 00:42:45,148
that at any moment the Germans
were likely to kill me.

684
00:42:45,252 --> 00:42:47,426
♪

685
00:42:47,530 --> 00:42:52,328
Yaari: And after 3 days of
severe tortures, broken bones,

686
00:42:52,431 --> 00:42:57,609
and a tooth was broken,
and after 3 days, they threw

687
00:42:57,713 --> 00:43:00,094
her into an isolation cell.

688
00:43:00,198 --> 00:43:03,891
For 6 weeks,
she was in darkness all alone...

689
00:43:03,995 --> 00:43:18,319
♪

690
00:43:18,423 --> 00:43:20,977
but she kept
her Polish identity.

691
00:43:21,081 --> 00:43:24,429
The Gestapo did not
suspect that she's a Jew.

692
00:43:24,532 --> 00:43:31,505
♪

693
00:43:31,609 --> 00:43:33,058
[Clang]

694
00:43:33,162 --> 00:43:35,647
[Clatter]

695
00:43:37,166 --> 00:43:50,351
♪

696
00:43:50,455 --> 00:43:52,526
[Dogs barking]

697
00:43:52,630 --> 00:43:54,217
♪

698
00:43:54,321 --> 00:43:57,117
Patt: The Germans
were masters of deceit.

699
00:43:57,220 --> 00:43:59,982
They told the Jews they
were being sent to work camps

700
00:44:00,085 --> 00:44:03,606
in the East, where
conditions would be better,

701
00:44:03,710 --> 00:44:06,609
but here at the Umschlagplatz,

702
00:44:06,713 --> 00:44:09,094
the Jews were loaded
onto trains,

703
00:44:09,198 --> 00:44:15,031
deported to the death camp
of Treblinka.

704
00:44:15,135 --> 00:44:18,932
Man as Edelman: They promised
and actually gave 3 kilograms

705
00:44:19,035 --> 00:44:22,694
of bread and 1 kilogram
of marmalade to everyone

706
00:44:22,798 --> 00:44:26,215
who voluntarily registered
for deportation.

707
00:44:26,318 --> 00:44:28,873
Do you have any idea what
bread meant

708
00:44:28,976 --> 00:44:31,013
at that time in the ghetto?

709
00:44:31,116 --> 00:44:33,222
Because if you don't,
you will never understand

710
00:44:33,325 --> 00:44:36,225
how thousands of people
would voluntarily come

711
00:44:36,328 --> 00:44:42,472
for the bread and go on
to camp at Treblinka.

712
00:44:42,576 --> 00:44:46,097
Woman: There is this diary that
someone is meeting a father

713
00:44:46,200 --> 00:44:47,823
who is walking toward
the Umschlagplatz

714
00:44:47,926 --> 00:44:50,860
with his children,
and he's asking,

715
00:44:50,964 --> 00:44:52,586
"Why are you doing that?

716
00:44:52,690 --> 00:44:54,830
Why are you obeying
the Germans' orders?"

717
00:44:54,933 --> 00:44:58,247
And the man says, "Well,
they took my wife already.

718
00:44:58,350 --> 00:45:01,906
"I have nothing to give
the kids to eat.

719
00:45:02,009 --> 00:45:04,080
"They will starve to death here
in the ghetto.

720
00:45:04,184 --> 00:45:06,013
"What can I do?

721
00:45:06,117 --> 00:45:09,776
"I prefer going there and hoping
I'll be able to work

722
00:45:09,879 --> 00:45:11,501
and provide my children.

723
00:45:13,193 --> 00:45:15,885
So it's really
choiceless choices.

724
00:45:15,989 --> 00:45:19,268
♪

725
00:45:19,371 --> 00:45:21,753
[Train whistle blowing]

726
00:45:26,033 --> 00:45:31,832
♪

727
00:45:31,936 --> 00:45:35,387
Steven: The Nazis were
single-minded about killing off

728
00:45:35,491 --> 00:45:39,633
children with as much
cruelty as possible

729
00:45:39,737 --> 00:45:43,188
as early as possible.

730
00:45:43,292 --> 00:45:46,640
Berenbaum: Janusz Korczak,
the leader of an orphanage

731
00:45:46,744 --> 00:45:49,022
who went with his orphans
to Treblinka.

732
00:45:49,125 --> 00:45:52,197
He was offered
the opportunity to survive.

733
00:45:52,301 --> 00:45:55,338
Korczak was the equivalent
of Mr. Rogers.

734
00:45:55,442 --> 00:45:59,101
Non-Jews flocked to hear
his radio broadcast.

735
00:46:00,723 --> 00:46:02,069
Are we gonna say
that he went like

736
00:46:02,173 --> 00:46:04,209
sheep to the slaughter?

737
00:46:04,313 --> 00:46:06,798
Gonna say the teachers that
stayed with their students,

738
00:46:06,902 --> 00:46:08,938
the doctors that stayed
with their patients,

739
00:46:09,042 --> 00:46:11,665
the mothers that
stayed with their children

740
00:46:11,769 --> 00:46:14,219
and didn't abandon them--

741
00:46:14,323 --> 00:46:18,154
did they go like sheep
to the slaughter,

742
00:46:18,258 --> 00:46:21,813
or did they take care of those
they were responsible to

743
00:46:21,917 --> 00:46:23,711
unto their last breath?

744
00:46:23,815 --> 00:46:27,474
[Children chattering]

745
00:46:27,577 --> 00:46:30,546
Dreifuss: Those children didn't
have anybody else

746
00:46:30,649 --> 00:46:31,961
to take care of them.

747
00:46:32,065 --> 00:46:34,343
The Jewish children during
the Holocaust

748
00:46:34,446 --> 00:46:37,311
were maybe
the most miserable victims

749
00:46:37,415 --> 00:46:41,557
if one can even class within
this horrible victimhood,

750
00:46:41,660 --> 00:46:44,249
and the fact that somebody
is walking with them

751
00:46:44,353 --> 00:46:46,942
until the end, even
when it's a bitter end,

752
00:46:47,045 --> 00:46:49,634
this is something that has
its importance.

753
00:46:49,737 --> 00:46:51,325
♪

754
00:46:51,429 --> 00:46:53,396
[Children chattering]

755
00:46:53,500 --> 00:46:56,158
♪

756
00:46:56,261 --> 00:46:58,194
Steven: When it started
to go bad,

757
00:46:58,298 --> 00:47:01,853
it was moving incredibly fast.

758
00:47:01,957 --> 00:47:05,650
The deportations were
so overwhelming

759
00:47:05,753 --> 00:47:08,066
that of those
330,000 people

760
00:47:08,170 --> 00:47:09,896
who had been
in the ghetto,

761
00:47:09,999 --> 00:47:12,312
only 60,000 were left.

762
00:47:12,415 --> 00:47:13,969
♪

763
00:47:14,072 --> 00:47:30,813
♪

764
00:47:30,917 --> 00:47:32,608
Patt: The ghetto is sealed.

765
00:47:32,711 --> 00:47:36,336
Anyone caught leaving
or entering is shot on sight.

766
00:47:36,439 --> 00:47:38,994
The walls are porous,
and the underground finds

767
00:47:39,097 --> 00:47:42,618
ways to sneak fighters
in and out to obtain weapons

768
00:47:42,721 --> 00:47:45,069
one or two at a time.

769
00:47:45,172 --> 00:47:47,485
♪

770
00:47:47,588 --> 00:47:50,798
Vladka is one of those sent
across to the Aryan side

771
00:47:50,902 --> 00:47:52,939
to try to find weapons.

772
00:47:54,906 --> 00:47:55,700
Rita: I think
she would have said

773
00:47:55,803 --> 00:47:57,288
if you asked her directly

774
00:47:57,391 --> 00:47:59,842
that she was afraid
all the time,

775
00:47:59,946 --> 00:48:01,119
but it didn't make
a difference.

776
00:48:02,396 --> 00:48:05,606
She always did what
was needed to be done.

777
00:48:05,710 --> 00:48:08,264
♪

778
00:48:08,368 --> 00:48:11,060
Woman as Vladka: It was
a great event for me

779
00:48:11,164 --> 00:48:14,443
when I managed to procure
my first revolver,

780
00:48:14,546 --> 00:48:17,895
bought from our landlord's
nephew for 2,000 zlotys.

781
00:48:19,413 --> 00:48:21,933
Man as Edelman:
At the end of December 1942,

782
00:48:22,037 --> 00:48:24,556
we received our first
transport of weapons

783
00:48:24,660 --> 00:48:26,662
from the Polish Home Army.

784
00:48:26,765 --> 00:48:28,457
It was not much.

785
00:48:28,560 --> 00:48:31,356
There were only 10 pistols
in the whole transport,

786
00:48:31,460 --> 00:48:35,636
but it enabled us to prepare
for our first major action.

787
00:48:35,740 --> 00:48:38,777
[Gunfire]

788
00:48:38,881 --> 00:48:53,551
♪

789
00:48:53,654 --> 00:48:55,622
[Indistinct chatter]

790
00:48:55,725 --> 00:48:58,107
♪

791
00:48:58,211 --> 00:49:00,075
Rita: It was
the eve of Passover.

792
00:49:00,178 --> 00:49:02,698
That's one of the things
I remember her talking about

793
00:49:02,801 --> 00:49:07,461
is standing by the window
that saw into the ghetto.

794
00:49:07,565 --> 00:49:12,225
She spoke of watching
and of wanting to be in there

795
00:49:12,328 --> 00:49:16,263
and of feeling like
she had been ordered not to.

796
00:49:16,367 --> 00:49:19,853
♪

797
00:49:19,957 --> 00:49:21,717
[Gunshot]

798
00:49:21,820 --> 00:49:25,065
Woman as Vladka: Sporadic
gunfire erupted in the ghetto.

799
00:49:25,169 --> 00:49:29,035
Powerful detonations
made the earth tremble.

800
00:49:29,138 --> 00:49:31,520
The battle had begun.

801
00:49:31,623 --> 00:49:34,833
♪

802
00:49:34,937 --> 00:49:36,352
Schudrich:
The Warsaw Ghetto Uprising

803
00:49:36,456 --> 00:49:39,873
was the first day of Passover.

804
00:49:39,977 --> 00:49:41,323
Think about it.

805
00:49:41,426 --> 00:49:43,704
They went to fight the Germans

806
00:49:43,808 --> 00:49:46,949
with a taste of matzah
still in their mouths,

807
00:49:47,053 --> 00:49:50,746
and there was matzah
made in the ghetto.

808
00:49:50,849 --> 00:49:53,266
Man as Edelman: Battle groups
barricaded at the 4 corners

809
00:49:53,369 --> 00:49:56,855
of the street opened
concentric fire on them.

810
00:49:56,959 --> 00:49:59,548
German dead
soon littered the street.

811
00:49:59,651 --> 00:50:04,311
The glorious SS therefore
called tanks into action.

812
00:50:04,415 --> 00:50:07,556
The first was burned out by one
of our incendiary bottles.

813
00:50:07,659 --> 00:50:10,628
The rest did not approach
our positions.

814
00:50:10,731 --> 00:50:16,220
Not a single German
left this area alive.

815
00:50:16,323 --> 00:50:20,086
Man: Something has happened
beyond our wildest dreams.

816
00:50:20,189 --> 00:50:23,951
The Germans had to flee
from the ghetto twice.

817
00:50:24,055 --> 00:50:27,300
The dream of my life
has become a reality.

818
00:50:27,403 --> 00:50:31,442
I have lived to see Jewish
self-defense in the ghetto

819
00:50:31,545 --> 00:50:35,446
in all of its greatness
and splendor.

820
00:50:35,549 --> 00:50:37,344
Woman as Vladka: Couriers
crisscrossed the ghetto

821
00:50:37,448 --> 00:50:41,072
to warn the Jews "Do not allow
yourselves to be taken.

822
00:50:41,176 --> 00:50:43,212
"Everyone is to hide
in their bunkers.

823
00:50:43,316 --> 00:50:44,903
We must all resist!"

824
00:50:45,007 --> 00:50:49,632
♪

825
00:50:49,736 --> 00:50:52,221
Bauer: The vast majority
of the population

826
00:50:52,325 --> 00:50:54,154
had no access to arms.

827
00:50:54,258 --> 00:50:56,743
but they identified
with the resistance,

828
00:50:56,846 --> 00:51:00,988
and they refused to hand
themselves over to the Germans.

829
00:51:01,092 --> 00:51:03,370
It was not a passive resistance.

830
00:51:03,474 --> 00:51:06,442
It was an active,
unarmed resistance,

831
00:51:06,546 --> 00:51:12,034
and that is, after all, a matter
of some 55,000 or 60,000 people.

832
00:51:12,138 --> 00:51:14,347
The Jews are hiding.
The Jews are hiding,

833
00:51:14,450 --> 00:51:17,281
and the Germans don't
succeed in finding Jews.

834
00:51:17,384 --> 00:51:19,214
It's actually unbelievable.

835
00:51:19,317 --> 00:51:20,836
They are entering
a house after house.

836
00:51:20,939 --> 00:51:23,080
There are those houses
in which hundreds of Jews

837
00:51:23,183 --> 00:51:25,772
are living there,
and they cannot find even one.

838
00:51:25,875 --> 00:51:28,050
♪

839
00:51:28,154 --> 00:51:30,328
Woman as Vladka: I reflect.

840
00:51:30,432 --> 00:51:34,574
There are so many forms
of resistance--

841
00:51:34,677 --> 00:51:38,612
the courageous ghetto fighters
firing their pistols,

842
00:51:38,716 --> 00:51:41,581
the mother trying to save
her baby,

843
00:51:41,684 --> 00:51:46,172
the father refusing to allow
his son to be separated,

844
00:51:46,275 --> 00:51:49,209
the family remaining in hiding
under the ghetto.

845
00:51:49,313 --> 00:51:52,109
These, too, are part
of the uprising.

846
00:51:52,212 --> 00:51:55,595
These, too,
are forms of resistance.

847
00:51:55,698 --> 00:51:58,977
♪

848
00:51:59,081 --> 00:52:00,600
Very soon, the Germans
understand that

849
00:52:00,703 --> 00:52:03,499
the major problem that they
have is of those Jews

850
00:52:03,603 --> 00:52:06,882
who are staying in their houses
and bunkers

851
00:52:06,985 --> 00:52:08,815
despite everything,

852
00:52:08,918 --> 00:52:11,369
and this is when
the Germans decide to fight

853
00:52:11,473 --> 00:52:14,441
the Jews
with the weapon of fire,

854
00:52:14,545 --> 00:52:17,755
and they start to set
the ghetto on fire.

855
00:52:17,858 --> 00:52:19,688
[Fire roaring]

856
00:52:19,791 --> 00:52:25,694
♪

857
00:52:25,797 --> 00:52:27,523
[Speaking Polish]

858
00:52:55,206 --> 00:52:57,035
[Wood splintering]

859
00:52:57,139 --> 00:52:59,935
♪

860
00:53:00,038 --> 00:53:02,593
Berenbaum: The Warsaw Ghetto
held out longer than the armies

861
00:53:02,696 --> 00:53:06,804
of France and Belgium
and Netherlands.

862
00:53:06,907 --> 00:53:08,737
What an achievement.

863
00:53:08,840 --> 00:53:11,222
On the other hand, as an action,
it was the end.

864
00:53:11,326 --> 00:53:13,742
It was the last act,

865
00:53:13,845 --> 00:53:16,676
but as an act of moral
resistance to it all,

866
00:53:16,779 --> 00:53:19,126
it's a matter of...

867
00:53:19,230 --> 00:53:22,268
screaming, shouting, fighting,

868
00:53:22,371 --> 00:53:25,926
deciding that I will take
the enemy down with me...

869
00:53:27,583 --> 00:53:30,690
and not go quietly
into the dark night.

870
00:53:30,793 --> 00:53:32,933
♪

871
00:53:33,037 --> 00:53:34,625
[Splashing]

872
00:53:34,728 --> 00:53:51,297
♪

873
00:53:51,400 --> 00:53:54,507
Patt: This stone, taken
from the rubble at Mila 18,

874
00:53:54,610 --> 00:53:57,613
marks the final resting place
of the brave fighters

875
00:53:57,717 --> 00:54:00,513
who died here,
and it reads,

876
00:54:00,616 --> 00:54:03,826
"Here they rest,
buried where they fell,

877
00:54:03,930 --> 00:54:08,590
to remind us that the whole
Earth is their grave."

878
00:54:08,693 --> 00:54:17,875
♪

879
00:54:17,978 --> 00:54:28,230
♪

880
00:54:28,334 --> 00:54:30,163
[Bells tolling]

881
00:54:30,267 --> 00:54:32,338
♪

882
00:54:32,441 --> 00:54:34,098
[Vehicle driving]

883
00:54:34,201 --> 00:54:45,730
♪

884
00:54:45,834 --> 00:54:47,422
Man as Abba:
The Germans' Tactics changed

885
00:54:47,525 --> 00:54:50,252
on September 23rd.

886
00:54:50,356 --> 00:54:53,911
At 1 p.m., the ghetto was
suddenly surrounded.

887
00:54:54,014 --> 00:54:56,327
They knew we were there.

888
00:54:56,431 --> 00:54:58,640
We had every reason to
believe that they'd take out

889
00:54:58,743 --> 00:55:03,265
the remaining Jews
and then shell with artillery.

890
00:55:03,369 --> 00:55:06,337
We decided to make our way out.

891
00:55:06,441 --> 00:55:09,167
The only way out was
through the sewers.

892
00:55:09,271 --> 00:55:11,549
[Splashing]

893
00:55:11,653 --> 00:55:13,482
Porat: So that's the end of it.

894
00:55:13,586 --> 00:55:15,760
♪

895
00:55:15,864 --> 00:55:18,522
They went out to the forest
with nothing,

896
00:55:18,625 --> 00:55:20,040
just the shirt on their back.

897
00:55:20,144 --> 00:55:22,698
That's it.
What do they do?

898
00:55:22,802 --> 00:55:25,805
The forest is rain and snow

899
00:55:25,908 --> 00:55:29,464
and wild animals
and nothing to eat,

900
00:55:29,567 --> 00:55:33,951
and it's a horrible
place to live in.

901
00:55:34,054 --> 00:55:35,470
[Rain falling]

902
00:55:35,573 --> 00:55:37,644
Woman as Vitka:
It was a forest,

903
00:55:37,748 --> 00:55:40,889
a forest without Nazis.

904
00:55:40,992 --> 00:55:44,341
We lived there
under the sky for two months.

905
00:55:44,444 --> 00:55:47,482
It was raining,
and it was cold,

906
00:55:47,585 --> 00:55:51,382
but it is what we had
in the beginning.

907
00:55:51,486 --> 00:55:53,488
Kovner: It was tough life.

908
00:55:53,591 --> 00:55:55,938
It's very cold,
and there was not a lot of food,

909
00:55:56,042 --> 00:55:58,976
but they were free people.

910
00:55:59,079 --> 00:56:00,771
They have honor.

911
00:56:00,874 --> 00:56:13,991
♪

912
00:56:14,094 --> 00:56:17,132
[Gunfire]

913
00:56:17,235 --> 00:56:18,996
[Train whistle blowing]

914
00:56:19,099 --> 00:57:12,394
♪

915
00:57:12,498 --> 00:57:16,640
Man: Around April 1943,

916
00:57:16,743 --> 00:57:20,229
a decision was made to escape.

917
00:57:20,333 --> 00:57:24,199
The decision
in the end was a tunnel.

918
00:57:24,302 --> 00:57:25,856
They would take turns.

919
00:57:25,959 --> 00:57:28,652
People who finished
their work would come dig.

920
00:57:28,755 --> 00:57:30,619
Some people would pretend
to be sick

921
00:57:30,723 --> 00:57:32,207
so they could dig all day,

922
00:57:32,310 --> 00:57:36,487
and there was a group
of diggers, tough people.

923
00:57:36,591 --> 00:57:38,765
[Gunfire]

924
00:57:38,869 --> 00:57:43,563
♪

925
00:57:43,667 --> 00:57:45,807
[People shouting]

926
00:57:45,910 --> 00:57:48,741
Man as Jack: When I came out
from the tunnel, it was dark.

927
00:57:48,844 --> 00:57:50,397
There was shooting,
which I could see

928
00:57:50,501 --> 00:57:52,538
lots of flashes of fire.

929
00:57:52,641 --> 00:57:55,920
I could see people being killed.

930
00:57:56,024 --> 00:57:58,613
Woman: This took place
on September 26.

931
00:57:58,716 --> 00:58:01,408
It's already cold.
There were drenched.

932
00:58:01,512 --> 00:58:03,790
Pitch black.
Didn't know where to go.

933
00:58:03,894 --> 00:58:06,241
[Thunder]

934
00:58:06,344 --> 00:58:08,381
[People shouting]

935
00:58:08,485 --> 00:58:23,569
♪

936
00:58:23,672 --> 00:58:26,641
Kagan: My father--
I remember him telling me

937
00:58:26,744 --> 00:58:28,574
that when he first arrived
in the camp

938
00:58:28,677 --> 00:58:30,299
in the middle of the forest

939
00:58:30,403 --> 00:58:32,509
and there was this man

940
00:58:32,612 --> 00:58:38,549
on a big white horse
with a gun on his shoulder.

941
00:58:38,653 --> 00:58:42,829
My father's like, "Who is that?"
Ha ha ha!

942
00:58:42,933 --> 00:58:45,418
And that was Tuvia Bielski.

943
00:58:45,522 --> 00:58:47,075
Like, just as
in the film, right?

944
00:58:47,178 --> 00:58:50,009
In the film, he has a gun
slung over his shoulder,

945
00:58:50,112 --> 00:58:53,046
and he's a warrior.

946
00:58:53,150 --> 00:58:55,497
My father wrote in his book
that when he got

947
00:58:55,601 --> 00:59:00,778
to the forests how did he feel,

948
00:59:00,882 --> 00:59:04,161
and he said,
and here I quote,

949
00:59:04,264 --> 00:59:06,991
"I'd come from a camp where
thousands of Jewish people

950
00:59:07,095 --> 00:59:09,891
"were being killed
by the Germans,

951
00:59:09,994 --> 00:59:13,860
"and now there were all
these fighters with guns.

952
00:59:13,964 --> 00:59:16,725
"I felt very, very proud.

953
00:59:16,829 --> 00:59:20,971
"There was great camaraderie
at the camp.

954
00:59:21,074 --> 00:59:22,973
"We were unhappy because
so many members

955
00:59:23,076 --> 00:59:25,700
"of our families
had been massacred,

956
00:59:25,803 --> 00:59:28,599
"but we were happy because
we were free

957
00:59:28,703 --> 00:59:30,256
and we were fighting back."

958
00:59:30,359 --> 00:59:33,570
♪

959
00:59:33,673 --> 00:59:35,813
Cohen: Tuvia Bielski
was responsible

960
00:59:35,917 --> 00:59:39,403
for saving 1,200 people's lives.

961
00:59:39,506 --> 00:59:41,094
He accepted everybody--

962
00:59:41,198 --> 00:59:44,753
small children,
old men and women,

963
00:59:44,857 --> 00:59:48,515
solitary women who couldn't
fight like my mother, everybody,

964
00:59:48,619 --> 00:59:51,760
and Tuvia said he would
rather save one Jew

965
00:59:51,864 --> 00:59:53,486
than kill 100 Germans.

966
00:59:53,590 --> 00:59:55,799
♪

967
00:59:55,902 --> 00:59:58,974
Kagan: Bielski did something
completely different,

968
00:59:59,078 --> 01:00:00,907
a completely
different philosophy

969
01:00:01,011 --> 01:00:03,565
of "We're all Jews.
We need to survive.

970
01:00:03,669 --> 01:00:05,291
That's our resistance."

971
01:00:05,394 --> 01:00:59,138
♪

972
01:00:59,241 --> 01:01:06,283
♪

973
01:01:06,386 --> 01:01:08,872
Berenbaum: Treblinka had
approximately somewhere

974
01:01:08,975 --> 01:01:13,670
in the neighborhood
of 925,000 Jews being killed.

975
01:01:13,773 --> 01:01:18,847
Some 300 people revolted
in Treblinka and escaped.

976
01:01:18,951 --> 01:01:20,538
♪

977
01:01:20,642 --> 01:01:32,240
♪

978
01:01:32,343 --> 01:01:36,140
In the end, there were
less than 100 survivors,

979
01:01:36,244 --> 01:01:39,005
but unless they had tried
to escape,

980
01:01:39,109 --> 01:01:41,698
there would not have been
100 survivors,

981
01:01:41,801 --> 01:01:43,561
and then we would have
never known anything

982
01:01:43,665 --> 01:01:47,634
about Treblinka or at least not
from the perspective

983
01:01:47,738 --> 01:01:50,223
of the victims.

984
01:01:50,327 --> 01:01:52,743
We would only know
the statistics

985
01:01:52,847 --> 01:01:55,988
from the perspective
of the perpetrators.

986
01:01:58,162 --> 01:02:00,924
Henry: There were 7 rebellions
in the death camps.

987
01:02:01,027 --> 01:02:04,617
6 of them were led by Jews,
1 by the Russians,

988
01:02:04,721 --> 01:02:07,068
so actually, even if you
only consider

989
01:02:07,171 --> 01:02:10,830
violent resistance,
the Jews look pretty good.

990
01:02:13,039 --> 01:02:35,061
♪

991
01:03:50,067 --> 01:04:04,323
♪

992
01:04:04,426 --> 01:04:11,330
♪

993
01:04:11,433 --> 01:04:14,229
[Speaking polish]

994
01:04:17,888 --> 01:04:20,201
[Footsteps]

995
01:04:20,304 --> 01:04:30,280
♪

996
01:04:30,383 --> 01:04:33,421
Freund: You can imagine that
everyone who came

997
01:04:33,524 --> 01:04:36,734
up this way,
maybe 180,000 people,

998
01:04:36,838 --> 01:04:39,806
thought they were going
to showers.

999
01:04:39,910 --> 01:04:42,602
Where they went is
the gas chambers.

1000
01:04:42,706 --> 01:04:45,329
♪

1001
01:04:45,433 --> 01:04:54,407
♪

1002
01:04:54,511 --> 01:04:56,582
[Wind blowing]

1003
01:04:56,685 --> 01:05:00,724
♪

1004
01:05:00,827 --> 01:05:02,588
♪

1005
01:05:02,691 --> 01:05:04,486
Woman as Raab: And all that
built up in me

1006
01:05:04,590 --> 01:05:10,251
such anger
and the feeling of revenge.

1007
01:05:10,354 --> 01:05:13,116
I came to the camp with a pair
of brown leather boots,

1008
01:05:13,219 --> 01:05:17,189
which not everybody had,
and I said to the group--

1009
01:05:17,292 --> 01:05:19,985
we slept together--
"With these boots,

1010
01:05:20,088 --> 01:05:23,091
"I'm going to
escape from Sobibor.

1011
01:05:23,195 --> 01:05:26,198
"Don't ask me why.
Don't ask me how,

1012
01:05:26,301 --> 01:05:30,236
"and maybe it's not--
doesn't even make sense,

1013
01:05:30,340 --> 01:05:33,343
but I'm going to
escape with these boots."

1014
01:05:33,446 --> 01:05:43,663
♪

1015
01:05:43,767 --> 01:05:48,151
Berenbaum: Alexander Pechersky
came with a military background.

1016
01:05:48,254 --> 01:05:52,500
He joined with a Jewish
prisoner from Poland,

1017
01:05:52,603 --> 01:05:55,986
who in a very real sense
was his liaison

1018
01:05:56,090 --> 01:06:00,853
with the other prisoners, who
didn't quite trust a Soviet POW

1019
01:06:00,957 --> 01:06:03,304
even if he was Jewish,

1020
01:06:03,407 --> 01:06:06,617
and they formed
a formidable team

1021
01:06:06,721 --> 01:06:09,724
to plan for how to conquer,
how to escape.

1022
01:06:09,827 --> 01:06:11,968
♪

1023
01:06:12,071 --> 01:06:14,211
Woman as Raab:
And that evening, we cried.

1024
01:06:14,315 --> 01:06:17,214
We cried very, very much,

1025
01:06:17,318 --> 01:06:19,665
and everybody said goodbye
because we figured

1026
01:06:19,768 --> 01:06:23,600
in our wildest dreams we didn't
think one of us

1027
01:06:23,703 --> 01:06:26,430
is going to survive,

1028
01:06:26,534 --> 01:06:30,193
and as I cried myself
to sleep, I dozed off,

1029
01:06:30,296 --> 01:06:32,885
and I saw my mother coming
in through the camp,

1030
01:06:32,989 --> 01:06:36,647
through the main gate,
the way I left her.

1031
01:06:36,751 --> 01:06:40,134
That's how she looked,

1032
01:06:40,237 --> 01:06:43,344
and I said, "Mom,
you know that we're

1033
01:06:43,447 --> 01:06:46,312
going to escape tomorrow,"

1034
01:06:46,416 --> 01:06:50,144
and she said, "Yes.
That's why I came."

1035
01:06:50,247 --> 01:06:52,318
[Wind blowing]

1036
01:06:52,422 --> 01:06:55,735
♪

1037
01:06:55,839 --> 01:06:59,049
Berenbaum: They lured Nazi
commanders and Nazi officials

1038
01:06:59,153 --> 01:07:02,087
who were working in the camp
into a place

1039
01:07:02,190 --> 01:07:05,573
where they could be slaughtered
one by one.

1040
01:07:05,676 --> 01:07:07,299
Woman as Raab:
The plan was at 4:00.

1041
01:07:07,402 --> 01:07:09,715
The electric wire was cut,

1042
01:07:09,818 --> 01:07:11,993
the telephone wire was cut.

1043
01:07:12,097 --> 01:07:15,583
Everybody has to kill
his SS man and his guard

1044
01:07:15,686 --> 01:07:17,585
at his place of work...

1045
01:07:17,688 --> 01:07:18,689
[Man screaming]

1046
01:07:18,793 --> 01:07:22,038
and it started working.

1047
01:07:22,141 --> 01:07:24,799
Berenbaum: They then stormed
the gates,

1048
01:07:24,902 --> 01:07:26,663
and then they went
into the woods.

1049
01:07:26,766 --> 01:07:29,942
[Siren wailing, guns firing]

1050
01:07:30,046 --> 01:07:31,633
Woman as Raab: This was
before decided--

1051
01:07:31,737 --> 01:07:35,879
in case anything goes wrong,
everybody on his own.

1052
01:07:35,982 --> 01:07:36,983
[People shouting]

1053
01:07:37,087 --> 01:07:38,882
Maybe one will survive

1054
01:07:38,985 --> 01:07:41,954
and will be able to tell
the world.

1055
01:07:42,058 --> 01:07:43,956
[Gunfire continues]

1056
01:07:44,060 --> 01:08:28,725
♪

1057
01:08:28,828 --> 01:08:30,796
[Train clattering]

1058
01:08:30,899 --> 01:08:38,010
♪

1059
01:08:38,114 --> 01:08:40,254
[Marching footsteps]

1060
01:08:40,357 --> 01:09:00,481
♪

1061
01:09:00,584 --> 01:09:02,379
Woman as Hazan: When I would go
out to the threshold

1062
01:09:02,483 --> 01:09:04,761
of the block, I could see
the smoke

1063
01:09:04,864 --> 01:09:07,695
rising from the chimneys.

1064
01:09:07,798 --> 01:09:10,663
It clouded the skies
and choked the air

1065
01:09:10,767 --> 01:09:13,632
of the entire camp.

1066
01:09:13,735 --> 01:09:17,325
I cast glances toward
the smoke-shrouded heavens,

1067
01:09:17,429 --> 01:09:21,950
where it seemed I could see
the souls of Jewish children,

1068
01:09:22,054 --> 01:09:27,232
their mouths gaping to scream.

1069
01:09:27,335 --> 01:09:30,718
Yaari: The stories that she told
are quite difficult

1070
01:09:30,821 --> 01:09:36,482
to tell because she faced
such atrocities.

1071
01:09:36,586 --> 01:09:42,730
Like...I would start crying
if I tell this, so...

1072
01:09:42,833 --> 01:09:51,187
♪

1073
01:09:51,290 --> 01:09:53,775
I cannot tell that really.

1074
01:09:53,879 --> 01:09:59,850
♪

1075
01:09:59,954 --> 01:10:03,716
[Gunfire]

1076
01:10:03,820 --> 01:10:06,961
[Explosions]

1077
01:10:10,482 --> 01:10:16,936
♪

1078
01:10:17,040 --> 01:10:23,771
♪

1079
01:10:23,874 --> 01:10:25,531
[Speaking Hebrew]

1080
01:10:41,823 --> 01:10:43,791
Berenbaum: Why were the Germans
so intent on killing

1081
01:10:43,894 --> 01:10:46,311
the Jews at that point?

1082
01:10:46,414 --> 01:10:48,347
Let's put it very clearly.

1083
01:10:48,451 --> 01:10:51,281
The Germans fought two wars,

1084
01:10:51,385 --> 01:10:52,938
the World War...

1085
01:10:54,698 --> 01:10:57,598
and the war against the Jews.

1086
01:10:57,701 --> 01:11:00,532
When push came to shove,
they wanted to succeed

1087
01:11:00,635 --> 01:11:04,467
in the war against the Jews,
even if it took

1088
01:11:04,570 --> 01:11:08,988
resources away
from the World War.

1089
01:11:09,092 --> 01:11:11,301
Sawicki: Despite
the Nazi regime knows that it

1090
01:11:11,405 --> 01:11:13,130
is coming to an end,

1091
01:11:13,234 --> 01:11:15,650
the one group that
is supposed to pay

1092
01:11:15,754 --> 01:11:18,998
the ultimate price
will be the Jews.

1093
01:11:19,102 --> 01:11:20,448
They're losing,

1094
01:11:20,552 --> 01:11:22,485
but "What can
we do before we lose?

1095
01:11:22,588 --> 01:11:24,176
We will kill more Jews."

1096
01:11:24,280 --> 01:11:30,976
♪

1097
01:11:31,079 --> 01:11:33,047
Berenbaum: When you go to
Birkenau, you see that there are

1098
01:11:33,150 --> 01:11:37,154
3 railroad tracks that go
into the innermost nature

1099
01:11:37,258 --> 01:11:38,811
of the camp.

1100
01:11:38,915 --> 01:11:41,227
Those 3 tracks were
built in anticipation

1101
01:11:41,331 --> 01:11:43,885
of the murder of Hungarian Jews.

1102
01:11:43,989 --> 01:11:49,201
Hungarian Jews constituted
about 45% of the number

1103
01:11:49,305 --> 01:11:51,652
of people who were killed
in Auschwitz.

1104
01:11:51,755 --> 01:11:54,896
That occurred not over
4 years but over 3 months.

1105
01:11:55,000 --> 01:12:07,875
♪

1106
01:12:07,978 --> 01:12:10,671
There was an entire
underground that

1107
01:12:10,774 --> 01:12:14,191
distributed these passes,
that created these passes.

1108
01:12:14,295 --> 01:12:21,509
♪

1109
01:12:21,613 --> 01:12:23,753
How important was forging?

1110
01:12:23,856 --> 01:12:27,204
It was the difference
between life and death.

1111
01:12:27,308 --> 01:12:37,387
♪

1112
01:12:37,491 --> 01:12:39,838
[Steam hisses]

1113
01:12:39,941 --> 01:12:42,150
[Indistinct chatter]

1114
01:12:42,254 --> 01:12:44,843
[Train chugging]

1115
01:12:44,946 --> 01:12:48,467
Yaari: During the transports
of Hungarian Jews,

1116
01:12:48,571 --> 01:12:50,676
which came thousands every day.

1117
01:12:50,780 --> 01:12:54,887
Every day, 10,000 people were
sent to the gas chambers,

1118
01:12:54,991 --> 01:12:59,892
and the camp of the women
bordered with the train ramp,

1119
01:12:59,996 --> 01:13:02,619
and when the people
from the train were sent

1120
01:13:02,723 --> 01:13:04,759
to Crematorium Number II,

1121
01:13:04,863 --> 01:13:07,417
which was 50 meters away
from the women's camp.

1122
01:13:07,521 --> 01:13:10,006
So all these years that she
was in Auschwitz,

1123
01:13:10,109 --> 01:13:14,113
she was just 50 meters away
from 1 of the 4 crematoria

1124
01:13:14,217 --> 01:13:16,978
in Birkenau.

1125
01:13:17,082 --> 01:13:18,808
Woman as Hazan: I suggested
digging a trench

1126
01:13:18,911 --> 01:13:21,604
under the barbed wire fence
during the nights

1127
01:13:21,707 --> 01:13:25,435
through which we would bring
young Jewish women into the camp

1128
01:13:25,539 --> 01:13:29,301
and save them
from the crematory ovens.

1129
01:13:29,405 --> 01:13:31,234
Now, today, when you go
to Birkenau,

1130
01:13:31,337 --> 01:13:32,856
everything is green and nice,

1131
01:13:32,960 --> 01:13:36,584
but at that time it was all
mud and ditches,

1132
01:13:36,688 --> 01:13:40,899
so they made some space
under the fence.

1133
01:13:41,002 --> 01:13:43,833
Woman as Hazan: Our objective
was to smuggle into our camp

1134
01:13:43,936 --> 01:13:47,595
some individuals
from within this human mass.

1135
01:13:47,699 --> 01:13:52,600
When the girls came through,
we were overcome with joy.

1136
01:13:52,704 --> 01:13:55,741
Yaari: And they bought in
from the line

1137
01:13:55,845 --> 01:13:59,331
to the gas chambers
into the camp

1138
01:13:59,435 --> 01:14:03,991
about 14 young girls
on several occasions

1139
01:14:04,094 --> 01:14:07,615
They brought them into the camp,
and they gave them

1140
01:14:07,719 --> 01:14:11,377
the dressing
of other women who died,

1141
01:14:11,481 --> 01:14:15,140
and they hid them for some time.

1142
01:14:15,243 --> 01:14:17,073
Woman as Hazan: We didn't
succeed in bringing many souls

1143
01:14:17,176 --> 01:14:18,764
into our camp.

1144
01:14:18,868 --> 01:14:22,319
There were so few
opportunities to do so.

1145
01:14:22,423 --> 01:14:24,943
However, the little that
we did gave us

1146
01:14:25,046 --> 01:14:27,324
great satisfaction.

1147
01:14:27,428 --> 01:14:30,673
We began to feel
a power rising in us,

1148
01:14:30,776 --> 01:14:33,296
awakening our will to live.

1149
01:14:33,399 --> 01:14:36,368
♪

1150
01:14:36,472 --> 01:14:38,750
[Crickets chirping]

1151
01:14:38,853 --> 01:15:03,913
♪

1152
01:15:04,016 --> 01:15:06,674
Man as Nadjari: Now we must
disappear

1153
01:15:06,778 --> 01:15:08,918
from the face of the Earth

1154
01:15:09,021 --> 01:15:12,162
because we know so much
about the unimaginable methods

1155
01:15:12,266 --> 01:15:17,133
of their abuses and reprisals.

1156
01:15:17,236 --> 01:15:21,793
The dramas my eyes have seen
are indescribable.

1157
01:15:21,896 --> 01:15:25,141
Hundreds of thousands
of Jews from Hungary

1158
01:15:25,244 --> 01:15:27,868
have passed by my eyes,

1159
01:15:27,971 --> 01:15:33,011
and why didn't I join them
and put an end to it?

1160
01:15:33,114 --> 01:15:38,085
But every time, the thirst
for revenge stopped me.

1161
01:15:38,188 --> 01:15:40,536
♪

1162
01:15:40,639 --> 01:15:43,849
Man: Nadjari--we don't
really know what motivates

1163
01:15:43,953 --> 01:15:46,093
what he puts into his letter

1164
01:15:46,196 --> 01:15:48,336
other than he wants to
tell the story,

1165
01:15:48,440 --> 01:15:50,580
he wants to see revenge,

1166
01:15:50,684 --> 01:15:52,237
and that becomes a more
compelling notion

1167
01:15:52,340 --> 01:15:55,240
than giving up and getting out
of the fight.

1168
01:15:55,343 --> 01:16:04,249
♪

1169
01:16:04,352 --> 01:16:05,733
Man: Each prisoner

1170
01:16:05,837 --> 01:16:07,424
in every squad knew exactly
what he

1171
01:16:07,528 --> 01:16:10,013
was supposed to do
and prepared for it.

1172
01:16:10,117 --> 01:16:13,085
My job was to set fire
to the crematorium building,

1173
01:16:13,189 --> 01:16:16,572
where I worked.

1174
01:16:16,675 --> 01:16:18,470
Man as Eisenschmidt: The Jews
had brought knives to the camp

1175
01:16:18,574 --> 01:16:20,265
to make kiddush.

1176
01:16:20,368 --> 01:16:23,440
Their original purpose
was to slice the challah.

1177
01:16:23,544 --> 01:16:25,615
They had the words
Le-shabbat kodesh,

1178
01:16:25,719 --> 01:16:28,584
for the Holy Sabbath,
engraved on them.

1179
01:16:28,687 --> 01:16:31,448
They were long
and had white handles.

1180
01:16:31,552 --> 01:16:34,244
My job was to make them
into bayonets

1181
01:16:34,348 --> 01:16:37,247
by honing them on all 4 sides.

1182
01:16:37,351 --> 01:16:40,803
We produced homemade mines
and hand grenades.

1183
01:16:40,906 --> 01:16:43,081
We took metal cans of food,

1184
01:16:43,184 --> 01:16:46,463
filled them with explosives,
and put in fuses.

1185
01:16:46,567 --> 01:16:51,883
♪

1186
01:16:51,986 --> 01:16:54,333
Greif: Between Auschwitz
and Birkenau,

1187
01:16:54,437 --> 01:16:59,131
there was a big munition factory
called Union-Metallwerke,

1188
01:16:59,235 --> 01:17:02,169
which many Jewish
prisoners worked.

1189
01:17:02,272 --> 01:17:06,760
and one brave, Jewish, young
prisoner Róza Robota

1190
01:17:06,863 --> 01:17:10,349
was 19 years old,
had many girlfriends

1191
01:17:10,453 --> 01:17:13,180
inside that factory,
and when she was asked to

1192
01:17:13,283 --> 01:17:16,390
recruit some of the girls
to smuggle out

1193
01:17:16,493 --> 01:17:20,394
on a daily basis a small amount
of gunpowder,

1194
01:17:20,497 --> 01:17:23,880
she did not hesitate
for a second.

1195
01:17:23,984 --> 01:17:28,057
My mother was born in Poland.

1196
01:17:28,160 --> 01:17:31,957
Her name was Ada,
maiden name Neufeld.

1197
01:17:32,061 --> 01:17:37,860
She was one of the slave
laborers at the factory.

1198
01:17:37,963 --> 01:17:40,932
Smuggling itself wasn't easy
because they had

1199
01:17:41,035 --> 01:17:44,660
the body searched on exit
from the factory

1200
01:17:44,763 --> 01:17:48,871
and then on entry to the camp.

1201
01:17:48,974 --> 01:17:52,529
My mother told me that she
hid it inside her shoe,

1202
01:17:52,633 --> 01:17:57,327
and once in camp, she would
hand it over to someone else,

1203
01:17:57,431 --> 01:17:59,605
and they bring it to Robota.

1204
01:17:59,709 --> 01:18:02,229
Róza Robota would then take
it and deliver it

1205
01:18:02,332 --> 01:18:05,542
to her friend
from the Sonderkommando.

1206
01:18:05,646 --> 01:18:12,895
♪

1207
01:18:12,998 --> 01:18:15,483
Man as Leon: On October 7, 1944,

1208
01:18:15,587 --> 01:18:18,072
they informed us that
the Germans intended to remove

1209
01:18:18,176 --> 01:18:21,627
the Sonderkommando men
from Crematorium IV.

1210
01:18:21,731 --> 01:18:23,077
We knew what that meant.

1211
01:18:23,181 --> 01:18:25,148
They were going to murder them.

1212
01:18:25,252 --> 01:18:27,703
We figured that it
was time for action.

1213
01:18:27,806 --> 01:18:30,015
[Explosion]

1214
01:18:30,119 --> 01:18:34,054
Woman: In the distance, we now
see billows of smoke burning.

1215
01:18:34,157 --> 01:18:38,265
The second
crematorium is burning.

1216
01:18:38,368 --> 01:18:41,268
Greif: The destruction
of Crematoria Number IV,

1217
01:18:41,371 --> 01:18:43,684
this is a big achievement.

1218
01:18:43,788 --> 01:18:47,446
It never functioned
anymore again.

1219
01:18:47,550 --> 01:18:51,657
Woman: The sirens began to wail,
aggravating the commotion.

1220
01:18:51,761 --> 01:18:53,349
What happened?

1221
01:18:53,452 --> 01:18:57,318
A revolution?
An uprising at the crematorium?

1222
01:18:57,422 --> 01:18:59,907
[Gunfire]

1223
01:19:00,011 --> 01:19:03,600
♪

1224
01:19:03,704 --> 01:19:08,053
Freund: This is perhaps
the single most important site

1225
01:19:08,157 --> 01:19:10,676
for the understanding
of Jewish resistance

1226
01:19:10,780 --> 01:19:12,333
during the Holocaust.

1227
01:19:12,437 --> 01:19:15,992
In the most improbable place
at Auschwitz,

1228
01:19:16,096 --> 01:19:19,409
the Sonderkommandos
destroyed a combination

1229
01:19:19,513 --> 01:19:22,965
crematorium and gas chambers.

1230
01:19:23,068 --> 01:19:27,107
Henry: It was a defiant
and wonderful act that

1231
01:19:27,210 --> 01:19:30,075
probably saved
many thousand lives

1232
01:19:30,179 --> 01:19:33,492
because they did, in fact,
destroy one of the crematoria.

1233
01:19:33,596 --> 01:19:38,670
♪

1234
01:19:38,774 --> 01:19:41,328
Greif: The uprising came
to its tragic end

1235
01:19:41,431 --> 01:19:46,954
with the killing, murdering
of 452 young, Jewish,

1236
01:19:47,058 --> 01:19:49,474
courageous, brave men.

1237
01:19:49,577 --> 01:20:25,821
♪

1238
01:20:25,924 --> 01:20:28,030
Yaari: On the night
of the 18th of January,

1239
01:20:28,133 --> 01:20:32,620
the camp was given
the order to be evacuated.

1240
01:20:32,724 --> 01:20:34,968
[Footsteps]

1241
01:20:35,071 --> 01:20:37,246
♪

1242
01:20:37,349 --> 01:20:38,868
Woman as Hazan:
We marched at a cadence,

1243
01:20:38,972 --> 01:20:41,560
practically running
on winding paths.

1244
01:20:41,664 --> 01:20:44,011
We didn't know exactly
where they were leading us.

1245
01:20:44,115 --> 01:20:46,151
We did understand
that we were fleeing

1246
01:20:46,255 --> 01:20:50,190
from the Russians,
heading for Germany.

1247
01:20:50,293 --> 01:20:53,849
After the first kilometer,
women began to fall.

1248
01:20:53,952 --> 01:20:56,437
Whoever found it hard to
walk at that quick pace

1249
01:20:56,541 --> 01:20:59,647
or who stood to rest
was shot right away.

1250
01:20:59,751 --> 01:21:01,304
[Gunshot]

1251
01:21:01,408 --> 01:21:03,375
There were moments
of despair when I thought

1252
01:21:03,479 --> 01:21:07,483
of asking those escorting us
to kill me,

1253
01:21:07,586 --> 01:21:11,176
but at those same moments,
I would see flashes

1254
01:21:11,280 --> 01:21:16,492
of rocket barrages in the sky
and hear the roar of aircraft,

1255
01:21:16,595 --> 01:21:20,876
and these inspired me
with the will to live.

1256
01:21:20,979 --> 01:21:25,052
[Airplane flying]

1257
01:21:25,156 --> 01:21:28,538
So I'm talking now
about the 18th of April.

1258
01:21:28,642 --> 01:21:32,646
The Americans was in the process
of capturing Leipzig.

1259
01:21:32,749 --> 01:21:37,168
My mother stayed behind
with the sick prisoners.

1260
01:21:37,271 --> 01:21:40,447
The SS are on the way
to kill them...

1261
01:21:40,550 --> 01:21:52,908
♪

1262
01:21:53,011 --> 01:21:57,084
and they decided to escape
with the sick people,

1263
01:21:57,188 --> 01:21:59,121
who could not walk,

1264
01:21:59,224 --> 01:22:02,262
and then when it became dark,
they actually carried

1265
01:22:02,365 --> 01:22:04,333
them by hand.

1266
01:22:04,436 --> 01:22:10,511
This was the night
between 18th and 19th of April.

1267
01:22:10,615 --> 01:22:15,033
They saved the lives
of about 140 prisoners,

1268
01:22:15,137 --> 01:22:16,483
sick prisoners,

1269
01:22:16,586 --> 01:22:19,106
and this was my
mother's liberation day.

1270
01:22:19,210 --> 01:22:31,325
♪

1271
01:22:31,429 --> 01:22:33,396
[Cheering]

1272
01:22:33,500 --> 01:24:13,117
♪

1273
01:24:13,876 --> 01:24:53,191
♪