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STEVE BACKSHALL: Late April 1975,

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Downloaded from
YTS.LT

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and young Prince Charles embarks
on a royal tour like no other...

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Official YIFY movies site:
YTS.LT

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You can't be formal here.

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Look at this.
HE CHUCKLES

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Ten days in the frozen Arctic,
taking part in extreme adventure...

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..and learning about the way of life
of local Inuit people.

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It's a trip that will shape

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the future King's lifelong passion
for the environment

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and his belief in the importance
of living in harmony with nature.

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Your Majesty, how are you, sir?
Very good to see you, Steve.

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Thank God I was younger
in those days.

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I could never have survived it now.
THEY CHUCKLE

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Now, half a century on,
we're back in the Arctic,

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following in the 26-year-old
prince's footsteps.

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The Arctic
is an extraordinary place.

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It's incredibly beautiful.
It can be brutal.

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It's somewhere where you,
as a human being,

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feel very, very small.

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But it's changing faster
than anywhere else on Earth.

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50 years to the day
since Prince Charles was here,

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I want to find out
how it's changed -

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and also see what the future is
for this fragile frozen frontier.

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Yes! We have one.

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Oh, my gosh, that's amazing.
HE GASPS

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Did you see that?

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We've kind of got to ask ourselves
whether pushing on is a good idea.

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LAUGHTER

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I blew the thing up,
see how far it would go.

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Yes. There is a slight air
of the Teletubby about that,

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if you don't mind me saying.

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LAUGHTER

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There is more than a metre of ice
above my head right now.

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This is a really dangerous place
to be.

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SOFT THROAT SINGING

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LAUGHTER

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Well, that's a surreal sight.
Giant blue obelisk.

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Inuit have always
depended on our dogs.

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They're not our pets.
They're part of us.

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Very few people
have seen this so far.

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And we just retrieved this footage.

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Are these their first steps?

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Yeah, absolutely.

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If it carries on like this,

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all of this will be gone
within a matter of decades.

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That's the tragedy now,
is that it's all going so fast.

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I'm very glad I was able to see it.

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And I just want others to be able
to witness the same things.

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It's just under a month
to our Arctic expedition

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when we receive
a very special invitation.

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King Charles III
has asked us to meet him

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at Buckingham Palace in London.

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Your Majesty, how are you, sir?

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Very good to see you, Steve.
So good to see you.

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'It's a unique opportunity
to look back

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'on the royal trip
and discuss our upcoming plans.'

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I'm riveted that you want
to do this 50 years later.

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Well, it seems so exciting.

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I kind of wanted to start with this.

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So, we found this
in the Yellowknife museum.

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It's the only copy in existence.

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And this is from your trip
back 50 years ago,

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and it's got some wonderful imagery.

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Is there anything overwhelming

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that you remember
from that expedition?

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Well, diving under the ice.

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That I vividly remember. And also...

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HE CHUCKLES

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..failing to get
the dog sledge to work

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because it had snowed overnight
before I got there.

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So there was too much powder snow,

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and the dogs couldn't...
couldn't pull it.

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So then I had to run along behind,

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which nearly killed me, dressed...
dressed like that.

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Did you find, once you actually
got started on the dog sledding,

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that it was a really
invigorating thing?

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Yes, it was fantastic.
I couldn't agree more.

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I don't know whether
they can still...

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Do they still manage that all right
up there?

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So, it's one of the things
that's changing most dramatically

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over time because now,
the season in which they can...

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It's so short.
Exactly.

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But then, I guess this opportunity
to see how things have changed

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in this 50 years since you were
there is the point of my expedition.

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Exactly, yes.

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And I presume the problem is that...

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is the wildlife
facing these huge changes

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and trying to adapt, but not
being able to do it quick enough.

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That's right, yes.

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Seeing all these images,
does it make you nostalgic at all?

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Does it make you want to go back?
These?

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Well, yes,
I think I'm too old to go back.

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But yes, absolutely.

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So thank God I was younger
in those days.

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I could never have survived it now.

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That is really quite something.

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We're flying over Baffin Island,
far north Canada.

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We're already above
the Arctic Circle,

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and below me
is an endless expanse of fjords,

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ice floes, pack ice...

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and towering granite cliff faces,

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some of the biggest
in the whole world.

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This is where
then Prince Charles came in 1975.

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And it's about
the best place on the planet

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for a big adventure.

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Heading due north from Ottawa,
we've a five-hour journey,

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flying first into Iqaluit,

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capital of the Inuit people's
territory of Nunavut,

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and then further north

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into the tiny hamlet
of Qikiqtarjuaq.

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Our base for the first week
is even more remote -

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a camp several hours' Ski-Doo ride
out of the hamlet.

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What a morning.

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We had heavy, heavy snow overnight.

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But it's settled.

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And although the going's
gonna be tough today,

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it is jaw-droppingly beautiful.

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My number-one mission
while I'm up here

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is to go looking for
Arctic wildlife.

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And always top of the wish list
is gonna be the polar bear.

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You know, it's the icon
of the North.

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And you're thinking about them
the whole time

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because how you act up here

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is sort of defined
by the possible presence of bears.

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But you rarely see them.

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Today, though, we have got
a secret weapon, which is Billy.

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Nobody knows this area
better than he does.

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So, what do you think, Billy?

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What are our chances today
of seeing a bear?

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Amazing.
Do you mind if I ride with you?

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Sure, you can.

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With the temperature
a relatively mild -12,

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we head out over the frozen sea
on a journey of around three hours.

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Our route takes us up overland
to another frozen inlet...

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..the area where Billy feels

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we have the best chance
of finding bears.

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So, it's our first few hours
on polar bear search.

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And you get a bit of a sense
of why this is such a challenge,

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looking for a white bear
in a white world,

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and an animal that specialises
in not being seen,

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evading the eyes of animals
far more sensitive than we are.

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It's just going to be about time.

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Time, patience, and...

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if it happens, it's the greatest
wildlife encounter on Earth.

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So, we're gonna try and get
a little bit of elevation

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so we can see further out
to the horizon,

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get a better chance
to spot our bear.

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Just up here, we've probably got
a fantastic vantage point.

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Get the bins out,
see what we can see.

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What do you think?

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You see seals?

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Are they likely to be
harp seals, ringed seals?

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It looks like
an endless white plain,

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like a savannah.

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The giveaway that it's not that

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is that every once in a while,
your eye gets caught

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by a little dark dot,
and they're seals.

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So this is prime stalking ground
for a polar bear.

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As yet, I haven't
spotted one of those. But...

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..they're out there.

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'We head back down
to try and get a closer view

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'of one of the seals.'

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The ringed seal
lying on the snow ahead of us

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looks so incongruous, just...

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out, exposed
on this endless field of white.

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But in front of it will be,
invisible to us, a breathing hole.

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And it will be able
to dive into that

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to escape from
any potential predators.

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So, we're gonna give it
a bit of a wide berth.

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But seeing this seal here

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is a critical part of the puzzle.

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It's the basis of
the polar bear's survival here.

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This is their
number-one prey source.

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The fat that comes from
the blubber of these seals

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is their absolute key to survival.

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Now, imagine trying to creep up
undetected on that seal.

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It is 400 metres away from us

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and is lifting up its head
because it can see, smell, hear us.

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But polar bear food is here.

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And that, for us,
is the perfect sign.

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SKI-DOO REVS

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We spend the next few hours

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urgently searching for
our elusive bear.

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But what we find
is a bit of a surprise.

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At the centre here,
this is what's drawn my attention.

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So, it's a good-sized...

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carcass.

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Erm...

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I thought that this was gonna be
seal, but that's bear.

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I really wasn't expecting that.

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I thought I was gonna come over here
and find a polar bear kill.

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But instead, this is
the remains of a polar bear.

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And...

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..in all likelihood,
this was from a confrontation

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between two bears.

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Well, that is not
how I wanted to find

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our first polar bear here on Baffin.

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We're clearly
in polar bear territory.

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But with a long journey
back to camp,

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we're running out of time.

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Nothing.

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Just these jumbled
blocks of blue ice

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stretching out to the horizon.

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What is tantalising

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is that you can just see the
floe edge where the open sea begins.

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And that's where
the majority of life is going to be.

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'Unfortunately, we're still
probably a good hour away

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'through the field of ice boulders,

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'so it looks like we might
have to call it quits today.

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'But we'll definitely
aim to be back,

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'as the floe edge
is a critical place for wildlife,

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'especially at this time of year.'

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And one of the big challenges
with our changing planet is that...

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all of this is no longer stable.

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So, the ice is forming up
later in the year,

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and it's breaking up
earlier in the year.

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And all the animals
that are reliant on those rhythms

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that have stood
since the end of the last Ice Age

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are now being thrown into turmoil.

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The bears that hunt here for seals,

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the season when they can do that
is getting shorter and shorter.

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The seals that rely on the sea ice

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for giving birth to their young,

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it's whether they can adapt
to those challenges fast enough.

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But for us, this might
be a challenge too far,

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today, at least.

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WIND HOWLS

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Reluctantly, we head back to camp.

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But any disappointment
is quickly forgotten

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as we get to witness the Arctic
at its most awe-inspiring.

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Well, that's a surreal sight.

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We've seen this from miles away...

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and come on in.

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It's kind of like
a giant blue obelisk,

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or a finger pointing up
towards the heavens,

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but it's an iceberg.

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This would have formed as ice
way up in one of the high glaciers,

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been compressed
until it eventually collapsed

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at the end of the glacier,
floated out to sea,

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and now it is fast...

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that is fastened
tight within the ice.

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It's such an intense blue
that it's hypnotic.

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It almost seems to be
lit from within.

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And the reason for that is
that this is ancient ice.

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In some cases, these bergs
can be 100,000 years old.

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As the ice is compressed,

248
00:15:49,320 --> 00:15:51,960
it drives all of the air
from the inside.

249
00:15:51,960 --> 00:15:57,800
It is rock, rock hard,
extraordinarily pure.

250
00:15:58,960 --> 00:16:01,960
Utterly, exquisitely beautiful.

251
00:16:05,960 --> 00:16:09,960
The Arctic's natural beauty left
a lasting impression on the King

252
00:16:09,960 --> 00:16:12,960
when he came here
half a century ago.

253
00:16:13,960 --> 00:16:16,960
It was amazing in those days
because it was still...

254
00:16:16,960 --> 00:16:19,960
Thank God,
I saw as it should be, really.

255
00:16:19,960 --> 00:16:21,960
So, quite a lot of this,

256
00:16:21,960 --> 00:16:24,960
I think, was showing you
some of the local customs

257
00:16:24,960 --> 00:16:26,960
and local ways of working,

258
00:16:26,960 --> 00:16:29,960
building igloos, hunting,
those sorts of things.

259
00:16:29,960 --> 00:16:32,160
Yes. And I learnt a great deal
from going there.

260
00:16:34,960 --> 00:16:36,480
'I brought to the palace

261
00:16:36,480 --> 00:16:38,960
'an unusual archive clip
we unearthed

262
00:16:38,960 --> 00:16:41,640
'about a very particular
local practice.'

263
00:16:42,960 --> 00:16:45,800
CANADIAN REPORTER: 'Prince Charles
got a real taste of the North

264
00:16:45,800 --> 00:16:48,800
'during his visit to the
Frobisher Bay elementary school.'

265
00:16:48,800 --> 00:16:53,960
You got ambushed by this
young girl... Small child, yes.

266
00:16:53,960 --> 00:16:56,960
..offering you something, which
I presume you couldn't turn down.

267
00:16:56,960 --> 00:16:57,960
I didn't think I could.

268
00:16:57,960 --> 00:16:59,960
Do you eat it raw?
Yes, you eat it raw.

269
00:16:59,960 --> 00:17:02,000
LAUGHING: It is considered...
very nice.

270
00:17:02,000 --> 00:17:05,960
'Everyone knows that
raw seal liver is a great delicacy.

271
00:17:05,960 --> 00:17:09,960
'And it was only polite to offer
some to His Royal Highness.'

272
00:17:10,960 --> 00:17:12,160
LAUGHTER

273
00:17:12,160 --> 00:17:14,960
Can we get a paper towel
for the Prince over there?

274
00:17:14,960 --> 00:17:18,320
'Raw seal meat
is an important traditional food,

275
00:17:18,320 --> 00:17:21,960
'high in vital vitamins
and other nutrients,

276
00:17:21,960 --> 00:17:25,960
'but very much an acquired taste
to many non-Indigenous palates.'

277
00:17:25,960 --> 00:17:27,960
Pretty extraordinary.
Have you ever tried it?

278
00:17:27,960 --> 00:17:28,960
I-I haven't. I'm...

279
00:17:28,960 --> 00:17:30,960
Raw seal's liver.
Yeah, I know.

280
00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:33,800
Unbelievable.

281
00:17:33,800 --> 00:17:37,160
It took some time to persuade
my gullet to work, to swallow it.

282
00:17:37,160 --> 00:17:38,960
And then all the people
who were with me,

283
00:17:38,960 --> 00:17:41,800
when I turned round to say,
why don't they come and taste them,

284
00:17:41,800 --> 00:17:42,960
they'd all disappeared.

285
00:17:42,960 --> 00:17:45,960
LAUGHTER
Never to be seen.

286
00:17:45,960 --> 00:17:47,480
I'm pretty sure
I'd have done the same.

287
00:17:47,480 --> 00:17:48,960
I'd have scarpered as well.

288
00:17:48,960 --> 00:17:51,320
So, you talk an awful lot
through your work

289
00:17:51,320 --> 00:17:53,960
about how important

290
00:17:53,960 --> 00:17:56,800
the experience and the knowledge
of local people is.

291
00:17:56,800 --> 00:17:58,960
Do you think
that's particularly true

292
00:17:58,960 --> 00:17:59,960
for people living in the Arctic?

293
00:17:59,960 --> 00:18:02,320
Absolutely. Well, they were
the ones who had to...

294
00:18:02,320 --> 00:18:06,320
who lived there in some
amazing symbiotic relationship

295
00:18:06,320 --> 00:18:07,960
with their environment.

296
00:18:07,960 --> 00:18:11,800
And, you know,
for thousands of years,

297
00:18:11,800 --> 00:18:14,960
they've developed
the most amazing knowledge

298
00:18:14,960 --> 00:18:17,480
and wisdom about that area.

299
00:18:17,480 --> 00:18:20,320
And I can see how difficult it is
for them to adapt

300
00:18:20,320 --> 00:18:22,960
because the changes are so fast.

301
00:18:22,960 --> 00:18:24,960
That's the problem, I think.

302
00:18:24,960 --> 00:18:28,960
I mean, this is what I've been
trying to warn about for years.

303
00:18:33,000 --> 00:18:35,960
Back in the Arctic, our local guides

304
00:18:35,960 --> 00:18:39,960
have another long, bone-chilling
day in prospect for us.

305
00:18:44,640 --> 00:18:48,960
We're leaving camp
on our second day,

306
00:18:48,960 --> 00:18:50,480
heading out on polar bear search.

307
00:18:51,960 --> 00:18:55,960
Saying goodbye to our nice,
warm, cosy building

308
00:18:55,960 --> 00:18:59,960
and heading out into
the great white unknown again.

309
00:19:04,960 --> 00:19:08,960
We've got at least three hours
to get out to the floe edge

310
00:19:08,960 --> 00:19:10,960
and at least three hours back.

311
00:19:10,960 --> 00:19:13,960
Then we need to spend, well,

312
00:19:13,960 --> 00:19:16,800
who knows, as long as it takes
trying to find our bear.

313
00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:22,960
'Unfortunately,
the further we travel,

314
00:19:22,960 --> 00:19:24,960
'the worse the weather.'

315
00:19:34,960 --> 00:19:37,960
Well, this is not good.

316
00:19:39,960 --> 00:19:43,160
We've come into
complete whiteout conditions.

317
00:19:43,160 --> 00:19:44,960
You can't see the horizon,

318
00:19:44,960 --> 00:19:47,960
can't tell where the sky ends
and the land starts.

319
00:19:49,960 --> 00:19:52,640
And if it wasn't
challenging enough already

320
00:19:52,640 --> 00:19:55,480
to be looking for a white bear
in a white world,

321
00:19:55,480 --> 00:19:58,800
all of a sudden,
we've got this absolutely...

322
00:19:59,960 --> 00:20:03,320
..disorientating white glare.

323
00:20:03,320 --> 00:20:08,960
We've kind of got to ask ourselves
whether pushing on is a good idea...

324
00:20:10,960 --> 00:20:12,960
..or, frankly, a bit crazy.

325
00:20:12,960 --> 00:20:16,320
We kind of know that the floe edge

326
00:20:16,320 --> 00:20:19,960
is no more than half an hour away
in that direction.

327
00:20:19,960 --> 00:20:21,960
But, I mean...

328
00:20:21,960 --> 00:20:23,960
it looks the same
in every direction.

329
00:20:25,960 --> 00:20:27,960
Oh, well.
No-one said it would be easy.

330
00:20:29,960 --> 00:20:33,960
'Our head guide, Billy, thinks
the weather will soon improve,

331
00:20:33,960 --> 00:20:35,960
'so it's safe to press on.

332
00:20:45,960 --> 00:20:48,960
'But things quickly go
from bad to worse.'

333
00:20:52,960 --> 00:20:55,960
REVVING

334
00:20:56,960 --> 00:21:01,800
'The Ski-Doos keep getting stuck
in soft, slushy snow.

335
00:21:10,960 --> 00:21:15,960
'It's well into the afternoon when,
finally, we glimpse the floe edge

336
00:21:15,960 --> 00:21:17,960
'where we hope to find
our polar bear.'

337
00:21:34,960 --> 00:21:36,640
We made it.

338
00:21:36,640 --> 00:21:40,160
Two days to make it here
to the floe edge.

339
00:21:46,960 --> 00:21:48,960
So many birds.

340
00:21:51,960 --> 00:21:53,800
We have gulls.

341
00:21:53,800 --> 00:21:56,960
We have fulmars, shearwaters...

342
00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:59,960
'But no immediate sign of a bear.

343
00:22:03,960 --> 00:22:07,320
'In the 50 years since
King Charles was in the Arctic,

344
00:22:07,320 --> 00:22:10,960
'the timing of the floe edge
ice melt and refreezing

345
00:22:10,960 --> 00:22:13,480
'has changed dramatically.'

346
00:22:14,800 --> 00:22:20,000
Are you noticing the time of year
when this happens,

347
00:22:20,000 --> 00:22:23,960
is that any different now
to when you were small?

348
00:22:39,160 --> 00:22:40,960
Do you see it
affecting the animals at all?

349
00:22:57,960 --> 00:23:00,960
Yeah, I keep scanning around,
just hoping to catch one.

350
00:23:00,960 --> 00:23:03,960
I don't think there are any
here right now.

351
00:23:06,960 --> 00:23:10,960
'After a difficult day,
time is against us once more.

352
00:23:10,960 --> 00:23:14,960
'And, frustratingly, we again
have to abandon our search.'

353
00:23:25,160 --> 00:23:28,960
We always knew finding a polar bear
was far from guaranteed.

354
00:23:28,960 --> 00:23:30,480
And the hard reality

355
00:23:30,480 --> 00:23:33,960
is that today is
our very last chance to spot one.

356
00:23:59,960 --> 00:24:00,960
Wait, wait, Billy!

357
00:24:01,960 --> 00:24:03,960
What are these tracks?

358
00:24:14,160 --> 00:24:18,480
So, they're coming through here
and leading off in that direction.

359
00:24:18,480 --> 00:24:20,960
They're probably
a couple of days old.

360
00:24:20,960 --> 00:24:23,960
This is, at last,

361
00:24:23,960 --> 00:24:27,000
our first sign
that there are bears around.

362
00:24:27,000 --> 00:24:28,960
Maybe today's the day.

363
00:24:33,480 --> 00:24:36,960
There, there, there,

364
00:24:36,960 --> 00:24:39,320
and it's gone up over this island.

365
00:24:41,960 --> 00:24:44,960
Do you think this would be
a couple of days ago? So...

366
00:24:47,960 --> 00:24:49,960
Before the big snow?
Yeah.

367
00:24:49,960 --> 00:24:50,960
OK.

368
00:24:50,960 --> 00:24:53,960
So, should we head up the top here
and see if we can get a view?

369
00:25:12,960 --> 00:25:14,960
Yes, we have one!

370
00:25:21,960 --> 00:25:23,960
Two! There's two.

371
00:25:27,000 --> 00:25:30,960
I could cry.
Mother and cub out on the ice.

372
00:25:32,960 --> 00:25:34,960
'It just keeps getting better.

373
00:25:34,960 --> 00:25:37,960
'The mum actually has
two cubs with her.'

374
00:25:38,960 --> 00:25:41,960
She is, I would say,

375
00:25:41,960 --> 00:25:43,960
a kilometre and a half away from us,

376
00:25:43,960 --> 00:25:46,960
in the most perfect position.

377
00:25:48,960 --> 00:25:52,960
Oh, I can honestly say
I don't think I've ever been

378
00:25:52,960 --> 00:25:57,960
quite so emotional to find an animal
as I am at this second.

379
00:25:59,960 --> 00:26:01,960
They're eating! They're feeding!

380
00:26:03,800 --> 00:26:04,960
So, I've got a mother and two cubs,

381
00:26:04,960 --> 00:26:06,960
and they are
in the process of feeding

382
00:26:06,960 --> 00:26:09,960
on what looks like
a relatively fresh catch,

383
00:26:09,960 --> 00:26:11,960
almost certainly seal.

384
00:26:11,960 --> 00:26:14,960
This is best, best-case scenario.

385
00:26:27,960 --> 00:26:30,960
Seeing these three
tiny dots of life

386
00:26:30,960 --> 00:26:33,960
in amongst
this endless expanse of sea ice,

387
00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:35,960
they seem so fragile.

388
00:26:35,960 --> 00:26:38,960
The cubs are tiny now.

389
00:26:38,960 --> 00:26:41,800
But when they're born,
they're, like, 600 grams,

390
00:26:41,800 --> 00:26:43,960
you know, the size
of a bag of sugar.

391
00:26:43,960 --> 00:26:47,640
And so now, this period of time
is the most critical in their lives.

392
00:26:47,640 --> 00:26:48,960
If they don't feed now,

393
00:26:48,960 --> 00:26:50,960
if they don't fatten themselves up
and grow,

394
00:26:50,960 --> 00:26:52,960
they have no chance of survival.

395
00:26:54,960 --> 00:26:57,960
What we do know
is that now the females,

396
00:26:57,960 --> 00:27:00,960
due to the fact that
the ice is breaking up quicker,

397
00:27:00,960 --> 00:27:02,960
are spending more time swimming.

398
00:27:02,960 --> 00:27:05,960
They are in poorer condition,
have less body weight

399
00:27:05,960 --> 00:27:08,640
and less chance
of their cubs succeeding

400
00:27:08,640 --> 00:27:09,960
and growing to adulthood.

401
00:27:16,960 --> 00:27:18,960
Oh, no, there, there.

402
00:27:22,960 --> 00:27:24,800
Oh, my gosh. That's amazing.

403
00:27:24,800 --> 00:27:25,960
HE GASPS
Did you see that?

404
00:27:31,960 --> 00:27:36,480
So, right now,
do they only eat the blubber,

405
00:27:36,480 --> 00:27:37,960
or will they eat everything?

406
00:27:42,320 --> 00:27:43,960
Yeah.

407
00:27:47,960 --> 00:27:51,000
And quite often,
them feeding on a seal carcass

408
00:27:51,000 --> 00:27:53,960
will leave enough behind
for the Arctic foxes

409
00:27:53,960 --> 00:27:55,960
and for the ravens and the gulls.

410
00:27:55,960 --> 00:27:56,960
Yeah.

411
00:28:08,960 --> 00:28:11,960
Her behaviour is changing.

412
00:28:11,960 --> 00:28:12,960
Can you see? She's...

413
00:28:12,960 --> 00:28:17,960
She's standing right up
with her snout in the air. Yeah.

414
00:28:29,960 --> 00:28:31,960
I mean, I haven't had a shower
since we got here,

415
00:28:31,960 --> 00:28:33,960
so it's not that surprising.
BILLY CHUCKLES

416
00:28:40,800 --> 00:28:43,960
Well, Billy,
you did promise us a bear.

417
00:28:43,960 --> 00:28:45,160
BILLY CHUCKLES
You've given us three.

418
00:28:45,160 --> 00:28:48,160
That's pretty good.
Yeah.

419
00:28:48,160 --> 00:28:50,000
It's been a lot of miles.

420
00:29:06,960 --> 00:29:09,960
Since Prince Charles
came here 50 years ago,

421
00:29:09,960 --> 00:29:11,960
the Arctic has warmed by an average

422
00:29:11,960 --> 00:29:13,960
of over two degrees Celsius,

423
00:29:13,960 --> 00:29:18,960
around three times faster
than the rest of the planet.

424
00:29:20,960 --> 00:29:22,960
Global warming is largely caused

425
00:29:22,960 --> 00:29:26,160
by the burning of fossil fuels
like oil and gas.

426
00:29:26,160 --> 00:29:30,960
But as for why this remote region
is affected so badly,

427
00:29:30,960 --> 00:29:33,160
well, that's
a bit of a vicious circle.

428
00:29:34,960 --> 00:29:39,960
So, today, it's probably
around about -15.

429
00:29:39,960 --> 00:29:42,960
But even so,
I'm still caked in sunblock

430
00:29:42,960 --> 00:29:44,960
and wearing my sunglasses.

431
00:29:44,960 --> 00:29:47,960
All of this white acts like
a mirror, reflecting the sun up.

432
00:29:47,960 --> 00:29:49,960
And on a bigger scale,

433
00:29:49,960 --> 00:29:53,800
what that does
is reflect heat back out into space.

434
00:29:53,800 --> 00:29:55,960
It's called the albedo effect.

435
00:29:55,960 --> 00:29:57,800
But in a few weeks' time,

436
00:29:57,800 --> 00:29:59,960
all of this sea ice around me
is gonna melt.

437
00:29:59,960 --> 00:30:01,960
And that is gonna be
the Arctic Ocean...

438
00:30:01,960 --> 00:30:03,960
deep, deep blue.

439
00:30:03,960 --> 00:30:06,960
That does the opposite,
so that acts like a heat sponge.

440
00:30:06,960 --> 00:30:08,960
It soaks up the sun's rays

441
00:30:08,960 --> 00:30:12,960
and leads to an increase in heating
across the Arctic Ocean.

442
00:30:12,960 --> 00:30:17,960
This whole scenario creates
what's called feedback loops,

443
00:30:17,960 --> 00:30:21,960
a cascade where an increase
in warming leads to less sea ice,

444
00:30:21,960 --> 00:30:23,960
less reflection, more warming.

445
00:30:23,960 --> 00:30:26,960
Over time,
it increases and increases.

446
00:30:26,960 --> 00:30:30,960
And that is one of
the most catastrophic effects

447
00:30:30,960 --> 00:30:32,640
of climate change
here in the Arctic.

448
00:30:38,960 --> 00:30:43,000
An important way scientists monitor
the impact of this change

449
00:30:43,000 --> 00:30:46,960
is by studying
the Arctic's spectacular glaciers.

450
00:30:56,960 --> 00:31:01,480
So, today, our mission is
to head to the Coronation Glacier.

451
00:31:01,480 --> 00:31:04,960
It's a very, very special
and beautiful place.

452
00:31:06,480 --> 00:31:10,320
And it is an environment
that is changing so quickly.

453
00:31:12,960 --> 00:31:14,960
Heading down a frozen fjord,

454
00:31:14,960 --> 00:31:18,960
the first glimpse of the glacier
is simply breathtaking.

455
00:31:30,960 --> 00:31:34,960
This massive blue wall
cutting right across the fjord

456
00:31:34,960 --> 00:31:38,800
is the end, or terminus,
of the mighty glacier,

457
00:31:38,800 --> 00:31:41,960
which extends back
over 20 miles up the valley.

458
00:31:45,960 --> 00:31:50,960
And as we get close, it reveals
another stunning feature.

459
00:31:52,960 --> 00:31:55,960
I have to admit,
I'm completely sideswiped.

460
00:31:55,960 --> 00:31:58,960
I spend a lot of time on glaciers,
and I've never seen this before.

461
00:31:59,960 --> 00:32:03,960
Due to some completely
unique circumstance,

462
00:32:03,960 --> 00:32:05,960
the condition between
the thaw and the freeze,

463
00:32:05,960 --> 00:32:10,960
these incredible
great, long icicles have formed,

464
00:32:10,960 --> 00:32:14,960
each one like a five- or six-metre
ice harpoon,

465
00:32:14,960 --> 00:32:17,960
hanging down in their hundreds.

466
00:32:19,960 --> 00:32:21,960
'They're as deadly as they're rare.

467
00:32:21,960 --> 00:32:24,960
'But even without them,
the terminus of a glacier

468
00:32:24,960 --> 00:32:27,960
'is an inherently dangerous
place to be.'

469
00:32:27,960 --> 00:32:30,960
All of these big chunks of ice
that are scattered around here

470
00:32:30,960 --> 00:32:33,960
have fallen off
the end of the glacier.

471
00:32:33,960 --> 00:32:36,160
It's always moving, it's breaking.
It's falling apart.

472
00:32:36,160 --> 00:32:37,960
And some of the chunks
that will fall off

473
00:32:37,960 --> 00:32:42,960
can be the size of office blocks
and weigh thousands of tonnes.

474
00:32:45,960 --> 00:32:48,960
Coronation Glacier
has been studied extensively.

475
00:32:48,960 --> 00:32:52,960
And a top glaciologist
shows me the extraordinary change

476
00:32:52,960 --> 00:32:55,960
that's taken place since
Prince Charles was in the Arctic.

477
00:32:57,960 --> 00:33:01,960
So, Luke, having been at the
terminus of the Coronation Glacier,

478
00:33:01,960 --> 00:33:04,320
it's clear that there's a lot
of change been happening there.

479
00:33:04,320 --> 00:33:07,960
And you've been studying
that change over time, right?

480
00:33:07,960 --> 00:33:09,960
Yeah, that's true.
When we look at this glacier,

481
00:33:09,960 --> 00:33:13,960
it's undergone dramatic changes
in the last 50 years and longer.

482
00:33:13,960 --> 00:33:16,960
But at the terminus,
it's retreated about a kilometre,

483
00:33:16,960 --> 00:33:19,640
a kilometre and a half,
in the last 50 years.

484
00:33:19,640 --> 00:33:21,960
And that rate of retreat
has really accelerated

485
00:33:21,960 --> 00:33:23,960
in the last ten, 20 years or so.

486
00:33:23,960 --> 00:33:27,960
So, how have you managed
to measure that?

487
00:33:27,960 --> 00:33:29,000
Yeah, we look at it in several ways.

488
00:33:29,000 --> 00:33:30,960
We can look at satellite images.

489
00:33:30,960 --> 00:33:32,960
So, here we see outlines

490
00:33:32,960 --> 00:33:36,160
from a series of satellite images
back to the 1970s.

491
00:33:36,160 --> 00:33:40,960
'These images are taken by
Landsat environmental satellites.

492
00:33:40,960 --> 00:33:44,960
'And they provide cast-iron evidence
of that dramatic retreat

493
00:33:44,960 --> 00:33:48,480
'since the royal trip in 1975,

494
00:33:48,480 --> 00:33:50,960
'losing almost a mile in length.'

495
00:33:54,960 --> 00:33:57,960
As it's retreated,
it's also revealed

496
00:33:57,960 --> 00:34:01,960
something completely novel
inside the fjord.

497
00:34:01,960 --> 00:34:04,960
Yeah, what's been kind of amazing
and really a surprise for us

498
00:34:04,960 --> 00:34:06,800
is that we have a whole new island

499
00:34:06,800 --> 00:34:08,960
that's appeared
right at the glacier terminus.

500
00:34:13,000 --> 00:34:14,960
'It feels a little surreal,

501
00:34:14,960 --> 00:34:17,960
'but I'm able to walk
to the top of this new island

502
00:34:17,960 --> 00:34:19,000
'with our guide, Billy,

503
00:34:19,000 --> 00:34:21,960
'who's been coming to the area
for many years.'

504
00:34:23,960 --> 00:34:26,960
Billy, this is
a pretty unique place.

505
00:34:36,960 --> 00:34:39,960
This island
that we're standing on right now,

506
00:34:39,960 --> 00:34:42,960
when was the first time
that this became visible?

507
00:34:58,960 --> 00:35:00,160
How do you feel about the fact

508
00:35:00,160 --> 00:35:02,960
that the glacier
has lost so much ice

509
00:35:02,960 --> 00:35:04,960
since you've been coming here?

510
00:35:28,960 --> 00:35:31,800
One of the big problems
with trying to...

511
00:35:31,800 --> 00:35:34,960
tell the stories of climate change
is that, for the most part,

512
00:35:34,960 --> 00:35:37,960
it's this massive, big, woolly idea

513
00:35:37,960 --> 00:35:41,960
that you never really see and feel.

514
00:35:41,960 --> 00:35:46,960
The only place that climate change
becomes an absolute reality

515
00:35:46,960 --> 00:35:48,800
is a glacier like this.

516
00:35:49,960 --> 00:35:53,960
Where I'm standing right now,
within a decade or so,

517
00:35:53,960 --> 00:35:55,960
all of this ice
is going to be gone.

518
00:35:55,960 --> 00:35:58,960
And this mighty glacier,

519
00:35:58,960 --> 00:36:02,960
one of the most beautiful places
you could ever see,

520
00:36:02,960 --> 00:36:07,960
is being affected by our world,
our life, our choices.

521
00:36:09,960 --> 00:36:13,960
Scientists warn we ignore these
melting glaciers at our peril.

522
00:36:15,960 --> 00:36:17,960
These are way up
in the Arctic Circle there,

523
00:36:17,960 --> 00:36:19,960
and very few people
are ever gonna see them.

524
00:36:19,960 --> 00:36:23,960
So how is that likely
to impact the world?

525
00:36:23,960 --> 00:36:27,960
On a global basis, the big impact
is really sea level rise.

526
00:36:27,960 --> 00:36:29,960
Cities that are well away
from the coast,

527
00:36:29,960 --> 00:36:31,960
there's perhaps not such
a major impact immediately.

528
00:36:31,960 --> 00:36:34,000
But for cities
that are right on the coast,

529
00:36:34,000 --> 00:36:35,960
so London is a good example,

530
00:36:35,960 --> 00:36:39,960
you start rising sea levels
by a few tens of centimetres,

531
00:36:39,960 --> 00:36:41,960
and you have a storm surge,
and you have a high tide,

532
00:36:41,960 --> 00:36:44,960
well, that's enough
to start flooding large areas.

533
00:36:46,960 --> 00:36:49,320
When I met King Charles in London,

534
00:36:49,320 --> 00:36:52,960
he told me Indigenous peoples
have a critical role to play

535
00:36:52,960 --> 00:36:56,960
in helping ensure
the future of the planet.

536
00:36:56,960 --> 00:36:59,160
Their knowledge
is absolutely crucial now

537
00:36:59,160 --> 00:37:01,960
for helping
to rescue the situation,

538
00:37:01,960 --> 00:37:05,640
whether it's in terms of
climate change or biodiversity loss.

539
00:37:05,640 --> 00:37:08,960
But we've forgotten, I think,
that we are,

540
00:37:08,960 --> 00:37:12,960
as well, totally interconnected
with nature.

541
00:37:12,960 --> 00:37:16,960
And the problem
is trying to rediscover

542
00:37:16,960 --> 00:37:21,960
that connected link
between everything.

543
00:37:21,960 --> 00:37:23,480
And we've been told that, you know,

544
00:37:23,480 --> 00:37:26,960
whatever we do is somehow
separate from what happens

545
00:37:26,960 --> 00:37:28,960
in the natural world, but it's not.

546
00:37:28,960 --> 00:37:30,960
What we do to nature is...

547
00:37:30,960 --> 00:37:33,640
is fundamentally
a disaster for ourselves.

548
00:37:36,320 --> 00:37:38,960
The King was concerned as to
whether traditional activities

549
00:37:38,960 --> 00:37:41,960
like dog sledding
are still surviving.

550
00:37:41,960 --> 00:37:44,960
And so, today,
we've come to Iqaluit,

551
00:37:44,960 --> 00:37:47,000
the capital of the Inuit territory
of Nunavut,

552
00:37:47,000 --> 00:37:49,960
to check out a dog sled operation.

553
00:37:49,960 --> 00:37:52,960
DOGS WHIMPERING

554
00:37:52,960 --> 00:37:56,960
For me, this is one of my favourite
things to do in the world.

555
00:37:56,960 --> 00:38:00,960
The energy of it,
the synergy between man and dog,

556
00:38:00,960 --> 00:38:03,960
is an ancient thing,
a primal thing.

557
00:38:03,960 --> 00:38:05,960
DOG HOWLS

558
00:38:05,960 --> 00:38:08,960
And I love that excitement
as you approach,

559
00:38:08,960 --> 00:38:11,480
the dogs in full voice,

560
00:38:11,480 --> 00:38:12,960
knowing they're about to run.

561
00:38:12,960 --> 00:38:15,480
DOGS HOWLING

562
00:38:15,480 --> 00:38:17,960
Ullaakkut!
Ullaakkut. Ullaakkut.

563
00:38:17,960 --> 00:38:19,960
I'm Steve.
Aliqa.

564
00:38:19,960 --> 00:38:22,000
Aliqa. Steve.
Jovan.

565
00:38:22,000 --> 00:38:24,960
Nice to meet you, Jovan.
Nice to meet you.

566
00:38:24,960 --> 00:38:26,640
So, this is your team.

567
00:38:27,960 --> 00:38:28,960
DOG WHINES

568
00:38:28,960 --> 00:38:32,960
They are so excited, aren't they?
They are desperate to run.

569
00:38:32,960 --> 00:38:34,960
DOG HOWLS

570
00:38:34,960 --> 00:38:36,960
Can we meet your lead dog?

571
00:38:36,960 --> 00:38:37,960
Yes, for sure.

572
00:38:37,960 --> 00:38:39,960
This is our lead dog, Che.

573
00:38:39,960 --> 00:38:41,960
Hey there, Che.

574
00:38:41,960 --> 00:38:44,960
Hello. Oh, my gosh,
you are utterly beautiful.

575
00:38:44,960 --> 00:38:46,960
Look at those eyes!

576
00:38:46,960 --> 00:38:48,640
Whoa.

577
00:38:49,960 --> 00:38:51,960
So, what are the characteristics

578
00:38:51,960 --> 00:38:54,960
that you breed for
in the Inuit sled dog?

579
00:38:54,960 --> 00:38:57,960
So, it all depends on
what you're going to use them for.

580
00:38:57,960 --> 00:39:01,960
So, you can breed them to have
really good hunting instincts.

581
00:39:01,960 --> 00:39:04,960
So, these dogs are natural hunters,

582
00:39:04,960 --> 00:39:06,480
just like wolves are.

583
00:39:06,480 --> 00:39:08,960
But our dogs,
we breed them for speed.

584
00:39:08,960 --> 00:39:11,960
So our dogs are bred to have, like,

585
00:39:11,960 --> 00:39:16,320
the long legs
and very strong characteristics.

586
00:39:16,320 --> 00:39:17,960
I'm so sorry.
THEY LAUGH

587
00:39:17,960 --> 00:39:20,960
The lead dog just took a wee
on our camera guys.

588
00:39:20,960 --> 00:39:22,960
Yeah.
LAUGHTER

589
00:39:22,960 --> 00:39:26,960
He's claiming his territory.
That's what they do.

590
00:39:26,960 --> 00:39:29,960
They're like wild animals.

591
00:39:29,960 --> 00:39:33,960
So, I noticed that Che has quite
a lot of scarring to the muzzle.

592
00:39:33,960 --> 00:39:34,960
Yeah.
What's that from?

593
00:39:34,960 --> 00:39:37,960
Fighting within the pack.

594
00:39:37,960 --> 00:39:41,960
They're always figuring out
or asserting their role

595
00:39:41,960 --> 00:39:43,320
within the dog team.

596
00:39:43,320 --> 00:39:46,960
So, like, you can see
one of the dogs right now

597
00:39:46,960 --> 00:39:49,960
actually have a big gash
on the cheek

598
00:39:49,960 --> 00:39:52,480
because there was a big fight
the other day

599
00:39:52,480 --> 00:39:54,960
because there's been
a lot of misbehaving.

600
00:39:56,960 --> 00:40:01,960
In 1975, then Prince Charles
had his own experience

601
00:40:01,960 --> 00:40:04,000
of unruly dogs.

602
00:40:04,000 --> 00:40:05,960
Most of the time, the dogs all...

603
00:40:05,960 --> 00:40:09,640
all got caught up in a kind of
cat's cradle in the harness.

604
00:40:09,640 --> 00:40:10,960
Unbelievable.

605
00:40:14,320 --> 00:40:15,960
Half of them were in season.

606
00:40:15,960 --> 00:40:19,960
So half the dogs went berserk
about the other, the bitches.

607
00:40:19,960 --> 00:40:21,960
It was chaos most of the time.

608
00:40:21,960 --> 00:40:24,000
DOGS BARKING,
WHINING

609
00:40:27,960 --> 00:40:28,960
This leg.

610
00:40:28,960 --> 00:40:30,480
Oh, you're beautiful.

611
00:40:30,480 --> 00:40:31,960
Oh, I think you might be
my favourite.

612
00:40:31,960 --> 00:40:34,960
Then do the same with the last dog.

613
00:40:34,960 --> 00:40:36,960
DOGS BARKING

614
00:40:40,960 --> 00:40:42,960
Hey, hey, hey, hey!

615
00:40:44,960 --> 00:40:46,800
Hey, hey!

616
00:40:48,960 --> 00:40:49,960
Hey!

617
00:40:49,960 --> 00:40:53,960
I love how the energy changes as
soon as you start moving... Yeah.

618
00:40:53,960 --> 00:40:56,960
..from them all being
so frantic and noisy

619
00:40:56,960 --> 00:40:58,960
to all of a sudden, the job is on

620
00:40:58,960 --> 00:41:00,960
and they're just silent,
heads down.

621
00:41:00,960 --> 00:41:02,960
They're focused.
Yeah.

622
00:41:02,960 --> 00:41:05,960
Yeah. They love it.
I see why you love it so much. Yeah.

623
00:41:05,960 --> 00:41:08,960
Especially being out on the land.

624
00:41:08,960 --> 00:41:12,640
Let's go! Let's go!

625
00:41:12,640 --> 00:41:15,480
'The experience is a world apart

626
00:41:15,480 --> 00:41:18,960
'from our frenetic days
spent on Ski-Doos.'

627
00:41:18,960 --> 00:41:20,960
With dogs, as you can see,

628
00:41:20,960 --> 00:41:22,960
you're more intimate
with the environment.

629
00:41:22,960 --> 00:41:26,160
But it's a different connection
to the natural world.

630
00:41:26,160 --> 00:41:30,960
Whereas a Ski-Doo is very loud,
and it breaks down,

631
00:41:30,960 --> 00:41:31,960
dogs don't break down.

632
00:41:31,960 --> 00:41:35,160
Inuit used to say
that people started dying

633
00:41:35,160 --> 00:41:36,960
from falling through thin ice

634
00:41:36,960 --> 00:41:38,960
when they started
using snowmobiles.

635
00:41:38,960 --> 00:41:41,320
Because dogs know
and they can sense it,

636
00:41:41,320 --> 00:41:45,960
whereas with a snowmobile,
you have to trust the human, right?

637
00:41:45,960 --> 00:41:48,960
And as humans, we're not
as connected to the environment

638
00:41:48,960 --> 00:41:49,960
as animals are.

639
00:41:49,960 --> 00:41:52,960
'As we head further out
into the frozen bay,

640
00:41:52,960 --> 00:41:55,960
'the snow gets heavier and heavier.

641
00:41:55,960 --> 00:41:59,160
'But the dogs seem completely
at one with the conditions.'

642
00:42:01,960 --> 00:42:04,160
So, when did you
first start doing this,

643
00:42:04,160 --> 00:42:05,800
running with the dogs?

644
00:42:05,800 --> 00:42:07,960
With my dad,
when I was young, young.

645
00:42:10,960 --> 00:42:14,320
My dad had a big team.

646
00:42:14,320 --> 00:42:17,480
And he used them for hunting
and checking nets and everything,

647
00:42:17,480 --> 00:42:19,960
so he would often take me with him.

648
00:42:19,960 --> 00:42:24,960
And, like, it's always the kid's job
to socialise the puppies and stuff.

649
00:42:24,960 --> 00:42:29,480
That whole way of using dogs
in the traditional way,

650
00:42:29,480 --> 00:42:30,960
does that still exist?

651
00:42:30,960 --> 00:42:32,960
Yes, it does.

652
00:42:32,960 --> 00:42:35,960
Not so much here in Iqaluit.
We use them more for leisure.

653
00:42:35,960 --> 00:42:37,960
But in smaller communities,

654
00:42:37,960 --> 00:42:40,960
there's still a lot of hunters
that use them for hunting

655
00:42:40,960 --> 00:42:45,960
and for camping,
for looking for polar bears.

656
00:42:45,960 --> 00:42:50,000
It's so heartening to see
that that's still existing.

657
00:42:50,000 --> 00:42:52,960
Yeah. There's not a time
in Inuit history

658
00:42:52,960 --> 00:42:56,960
where dogs and Inuit
don't co-exist together, you know?

659
00:42:56,960 --> 00:42:58,960
Yeah.

660
00:42:58,960 --> 00:43:01,960
So dogs have always been
a part of our family.

661
00:43:01,960 --> 00:43:05,960
They're not our pets.
They're part of us, you know?

662
00:43:05,960 --> 00:43:09,960
DOGS BARKING,
ALIQA SHOUTING

663
00:43:11,960 --> 00:43:14,960
Much as Prince Charles
loved dog sledding,

664
00:43:14,960 --> 00:43:16,960
the adventurous side of him

665
00:43:16,960 --> 00:43:19,480
also took to
a relatively newfangled machine

666
00:43:19,480 --> 00:43:22,320
that was to transform
life in the Arctic.

667
00:43:23,960 --> 00:43:25,800
I've got one piece
that I need to show you,

668
00:43:25,800 --> 00:43:28,480
which, I have to admit,
I was flabbergasted when I saw it.

669
00:43:29,640 --> 00:43:31,480
This is you out on a Ski-Doo...

670
00:43:31,480 --> 00:43:33,480
A Ski-Doo, yes.

671
00:43:33,480 --> 00:43:35,960
Travelling, apparently,
at 50 miles an hour

672
00:43:35,960 --> 00:43:37,960
out across the ice floes.

673
00:43:37,960 --> 00:43:40,000
Can you remember the sensation?

674
00:43:40,000 --> 00:43:42,960
Absolutely frozen solid!
STEVE LAUGHS

675
00:43:42,960 --> 00:43:46,960
I lost all sensation of feeling
in my hands and everything.

676
00:43:46,960 --> 00:43:48,960
But, yeah, it was quite exciting.

677
00:43:48,960 --> 00:43:51,800
There was no point
in going too slowly, I suppose.

678
00:43:56,160 --> 00:43:57,960
ENGINE TURNS OVER

679
00:44:03,960 --> 00:44:05,960
'I'm going to try
and check out the scale

680
00:44:05,960 --> 00:44:09,960
'of the young prince's
achievement all that time ago.'

681
00:44:09,960 --> 00:44:13,000
I am not by nature a petrolhead.

682
00:44:13,000 --> 00:44:15,960
But I have to admit,
this is pretty exhilarating.

683
00:44:18,960 --> 00:44:20,960
Even on a day like today,
which is only,

684
00:44:20,960 --> 00:44:23,960
I guess, about -15,

685
00:44:23,960 --> 00:44:25,960
you're creating your own wind.

686
00:44:25,960 --> 00:44:30,960
And the windchill
makes it feel like -30 or -40.

687
00:44:30,960 --> 00:44:35,160
So every exposed body part
just freezes in an instant.

688
00:44:36,960 --> 00:44:40,800
I can barely talk because
my entire face is freezing.

689
00:44:45,960 --> 00:44:50,800
It kind of blows my mind
that the man who would be king

690
00:44:50,800 --> 00:44:53,960
was allowed to go
racing across the ice floes

691
00:44:53,960 --> 00:44:55,960
at that sort of speed.

692
00:44:55,960 --> 00:45:00,960
So, he was skimming across the snow
at 50 miles an hour,

693
00:45:00,960 --> 00:45:03,480
and not on a modern version
like this,

694
00:45:03,480 --> 00:45:06,960
but what looked like a bright yellow
fairground dodgem car

695
00:45:06,960 --> 00:45:09,000
mounted on skis.

696
00:45:09,000 --> 00:45:11,960
But I guess it shows
the nature of the man

697
00:45:11,960 --> 00:45:14,960
that he just wanted
to give it a crack.

698
00:45:17,960 --> 00:45:20,000
'So, I'm going to see
if I can beat his speed

699
00:45:20,000 --> 00:45:23,960
'on my much more advanced machine.

700
00:45:23,960 --> 00:45:24,960
'50 miles an hour is the equivalent

701
00:45:24,960 --> 00:45:28,960
'of around 80 kilometres an hour
on this speedo.

702
00:45:32,960 --> 00:45:36,160
'The frozen sea is often
nowhere near as flat as it looks.

703
00:45:36,160 --> 00:45:39,960
'And as I get towards
60 kilometres an hour,

704
00:45:39,960 --> 00:45:42,960
'it starts to feel like
extreme off-road racing.

705
00:45:44,960 --> 00:45:48,480
'I clock a maximum
of 61 kilometres an hour,

706
00:45:48,480 --> 00:45:50,960
'not even 40 miles an hour.'

707
00:45:50,960 --> 00:45:52,960
This is more than fast enough
for me.

708
00:45:54,800 --> 00:45:58,960
'It's a good ten miles an hour
below the Prince's top speed.

709
00:45:58,960 --> 00:46:00,960
'Hats off to the future King.'

710
00:46:10,960 --> 00:46:12,960
Back in 1975,

711
00:46:12,960 --> 00:46:14,960
when then Prince Charles
came here to Baffin Island,

712
00:46:14,960 --> 00:46:18,960
the number one thing he did
on his expedition was an ice dive.

713
00:46:18,960 --> 00:46:22,160
They cut a hole in the sea ice,
went down through it.

714
00:46:24,960 --> 00:46:26,960
We're gonna try
and recreate that today.

715
00:46:26,960 --> 00:46:30,960
You could cut your hole in the ice
pretty much anywhere.

716
00:46:30,960 --> 00:46:34,800
But then we saw this iceberg
and kind of figured,

717
00:46:34,800 --> 00:46:35,960
why not do it here?

718
00:46:42,960 --> 00:46:46,000
'Digging the hole
is a major operation.

719
00:46:46,000 --> 00:46:49,960
'Even though it's now spring,
the ice remains pretty solid.'

720
00:46:49,960 --> 00:46:52,000
Is it OK to stand here, Jacob?

721
00:46:52,000 --> 00:46:53,800
Yeah.
Yeah.

722
00:46:54,960 --> 00:46:57,960
It's much deeper than I expected.

723
00:46:57,960 --> 00:46:59,960
It's well over a metre thick.

724
00:47:05,800 --> 00:47:07,640
Woohoo!

725
00:47:07,640 --> 00:47:09,960
There she blows!

726
00:47:16,960 --> 00:47:18,960
That's it, completed.

727
00:47:18,960 --> 00:47:20,960
Our gateway into the underworld.

728
00:47:20,960 --> 00:47:23,960
It's kind of a little bit
unsettling, standing on the edge.

729
00:47:23,960 --> 00:47:25,960
It's almost like
being on a cliff edge...

730
00:47:25,960 --> 00:47:27,960
with the abyss below you.

731
00:47:27,960 --> 00:47:30,480
It's kind of hypnotic,

732
00:47:30,480 --> 00:47:32,960
inviting and terrifying
in equal measure.

733
00:47:36,960 --> 00:47:39,960
When I met the King,
the extreme ice dive

734
00:47:39,960 --> 00:47:43,960
was understandably top of his list
of memorable activities.

735
00:47:44,960 --> 00:47:46,960
Many of the things that you did

736
00:47:46,960 --> 00:47:50,960
must have given your security detail
a headache or two.

737
00:47:50,960 --> 00:47:53,000
And definitely,
the one of those, I think,

738
00:47:53,000 --> 00:47:55,480
is going to most
take people by surprise

739
00:47:55,480 --> 00:47:58,320
is you diving under the ice.

740
00:47:58,320 --> 00:48:01,480
Yes, I know.
That I vividly remember.

741
00:48:01,480 --> 00:48:04,160
But I'm afraid I've always
tended to live life dangerously.

742
00:48:04,160 --> 00:48:05,960
Well, yes.

743
00:48:05,960 --> 00:48:08,960
Prince Charles learned to scuba dive
in the Royal Navy,

744
00:48:08,960 --> 00:48:12,960
but had never previously
done a dive in the Arctic.

745
00:48:14,160 --> 00:48:16,960
The problem was, it took hours
to get into this suit.

746
00:48:16,960 --> 00:48:17,960
And wondering...

747
00:48:17,960 --> 00:48:20,960
And then you wonder
where the leaks are going to be

748
00:48:20,960 --> 00:48:22,960
cos it actually gets extremely
kind of... Have you done it?

749
00:48:22,960 --> 00:48:24,480
Yes, yeah.
You have.

750
00:48:24,480 --> 00:48:27,960
And we will be aiming
to redo what you did as well.

751
00:48:27,960 --> 00:48:29,960
And even now, it's still...

752
00:48:29,960 --> 00:48:32,960
something that puts your heart
in your mouth. Yes.

753
00:48:32,960 --> 00:48:35,960
How was it when you actually sat
on that ice ledge at the beginning?

754
00:48:35,960 --> 00:48:38,960
How did it feel,
that moment before plunging in?

755
00:48:38,960 --> 00:48:43,960
Well, "take a deep breath and try"
is the only answer I found.

756
00:48:44,960 --> 00:48:48,000
Tasked with overseeing
the young Prince's dive

757
00:48:48,000 --> 00:48:51,960
was Joe MacInnis, one of
the world's top Arctic divers.

758
00:48:54,960 --> 00:48:58,960
Now 88, I visit him
at his home in Toronto.

759
00:49:01,960 --> 00:49:03,960
So, you had phenomenal experience.

760
00:49:03,960 --> 00:49:07,960
But even so, I can imagine
few more intimidating things

761
00:49:07,960 --> 00:49:11,480
than having the heir to the throne

762
00:49:11,480 --> 00:49:15,800
rock up in your patch
to do something that was...

763
00:49:15,800 --> 00:49:18,960
just staggeringly dangerous!

764
00:49:18,960 --> 00:49:22,960
I mean, can you take us back
to that moment and how you felt?

765
00:49:22,960 --> 00:49:23,960
Erm...

766
00:49:23,960 --> 00:49:26,960
We went up a week in advance,

767
00:49:26,960 --> 00:49:29,960
made practice dive, rehearsed.

768
00:49:29,960 --> 00:49:33,960
We planned, we practised,
and there were some prayers.

769
00:49:33,960 --> 00:49:35,960
THEY LAUGH

770
00:49:35,960 --> 00:49:40,960
Because the prayer was,
"Please don't let me screw up!"

771
00:49:40,960 --> 00:49:42,960
THEY LAUGH

772
00:49:42,960 --> 00:49:47,960
And so here I am, taking the future
King of England underwater.

773
00:49:47,960 --> 00:49:49,960
And I'm carrying
this kind of burden of...

774
00:49:49,960 --> 00:49:53,960
of knowledge
of what the hell can go wrong.

775
00:49:53,960 --> 00:49:55,960
And there are a long list of things.

776
00:49:55,960 --> 00:49:57,960
Do you think his security detail

777
00:49:57,960 --> 00:50:00,960
knew that long list
of things that could go wrong? No.

778
00:50:00,960 --> 00:50:03,960
No. I think we were very lucky.

779
00:50:03,960 --> 00:50:05,960
They... They were not divers.

780
00:50:05,960 --> 00:50:07,160
They didn't realise the risks.

781
00:50:07,160 --> 00:50:11,480
I mean, they had an intuitive sense.

782
00:50:11,480 --> 00:50:13,960
But no, I don't think they did.

783
00:50:15,960 --> 00:50:18,000
But at the same time, to give him

784
00:50:18,000 --> 00:50:21,960
that transcendent experience,

785
00:50:21,960 --> 00:50:24,960
which has been so huge in his life,

786
00:50:24,960 --> 00:50:26,960
I mean, what an opportunity.

787
00:50:26,960 --> 00:50:28,480
It was for me.

788
00:50:28,480 --> 00:50:32,000
I just felt a huge privilege

789
00:50:32,000 --> 00:50:35,480
to give this
extraordinary human being,

790
00:50:35,480 --> 00:50:37,960
who was 26 at the time,

791
00:50:37,960 --> 00:50:41,960
a close-up,
intimate look at this world,

792
00:50:41,960 --> 00:50:44,960
this universe underneath the ice.

793
00:50:44,960 --> 00:50:47,960
He wanted to see this alien place.

794
00:50:47,960 --> 00:50:50,960
He wanted to test himself.

795
00:50:50,960 --> 00:50:52,960
He was very keen to...

796
00:50:52,960 --> 00:50:55,960
to see how he could
deal with the stress.

797
00:50:59,960 --> 00:51:01,640
Ooh!

798
00:51:01,640 --> 00:51:03,960
It's getting cold out.

799
00:51:09,320 --> 00:51:12,160
Wow. It's so much more forbidding
with a little bit of wind.

800
00:51:19,960 --> 00:51:23,960
I'm going to put a little bit of
my hot tea into my gloves

801
00:51:23,960 --> 00:51:27,960
in the vain hope that that
is gonna make any difference.

802
00:51:29,960 --> 00:51:31,960
Oh, they're starting
to freeze already.

803
00:51:31,960 --> 00:51:33,160
That's not good.

804
00:52:01,960 --> 00:52:03,960
Oh, my gosh!

805
00:52:04,960 --> 00:52:05,960
Wow!

806
00:52:10,960 --> 00:52:13,800
I love the way that
your bubbles form a mirror,

807
00:52:13,800 --> 00:52:16,960
constantly shifting
on the underside of the ice.

808
00:52:16,960 --> 00:52:19,160
It's incredibly beautiful.

809
00:52:19,160 --> 00:52:21,960
But at the same time,
it's a reminder

810
00:52:21,960 --> 00:52:25,960
that there is more than a metre
of ice above my head right now.

811
00:52:28,960 --> 00:52:30,960
This is a really dangerous
place to be.

812
00:52:32,960 --> 00:52:35,960
'And as if to emphasise
just how dangerous,

813
00:52:35,960 --> 00:52:39,960
'our diving cameraman
suddenly has a serious issue

814
00:52:39,960 --> 00:52:41,960
'and has to quickly resurface.

815
00:52:43,960 --> 00:52:48,960
'His air regulator has frozen open,
and he's losing all his air.'

816
00:52:48,960 --> 00:52:52,960
Turn it off?
Yeah, turn it off.

817
00:52:59,640 --> 00:53:01,640
You run the hot water there?
Try it.

818
00:53:02,960 --> 00:53:05,320
'Fortunately,
he's able to thaw it out,

819
00:53:05,320 --> 00:53:07,800
'and he gets the OK to continue.

820
00:53:12,960 --> 00:53:17,320
'There was no underwater cameraman
to film the Prince's dive in 1975.

821
00:53:19,960 --> 00:53:21,800
'But we've been given access

822
00:53:21,800 --> 00:53:23,960
'to photos in
the King's private collection.'

823
00:53:23,960 --> 00:53:28,960
There are images here
of you actually under the ice.

824
00:53:28,960 --> 00:53:31,640
And this is almost the definition
of anxiety for most people,

825
00:53:31,640 --> 00:53:33,960
just that sense of claustrophobia,
of not being able to get out,

826
00:53:33,960 --> 00:53:35,960
of the ice over your head.

827
00:53:35,960 --> 00:53:38,960
I mean, wasn't that intimidating?

828
00:53:38,960 --> 00:53:41,480
Well, slightly. Cos you don't
quite know what to expect

829
00:53:41,480 --> 00:53:42,960
till you get under there.

830
00:53:42,960 --> 00:53:47,960
The problem with diving like this
is getting your ballast right.

831
00:53:47,960 --> 00:53:49,960
And even though
I had these buttons to press,

832
00:53:49,960 --> 00:53:51,960
which either inflate you
or deflate you,

833
00:53:51,960 --> 00:53:53,960
didn't make any difference at all

834
00:53:53,960 --> 00:53:56,320
because Joe MacInnis
went down to the bottom -

835
00:53:56,320 --> 00:53:57,800
which you could see

836
00:53:57,800 --> 00:53:59,960
cos it's so clear,
the water, incredible -

837
00:53:59,960 --> 00:54:02,320
and he kept going like this.

838
00:54:02,320 --> 00:54:04,480
And I was literally bob...

839
00:54:04,480 --> 00:54:06,960
bobbing up against
the underside of the ice.

840
00:54:06,960 --> 00:54:10,960
And whatever I did,
I went straight back up again.

841
00:54:10,960 --> 00:54:13,960
But no,
it was a fascinating experience.

842
00:54:13,960 --> 00:54:15,480
I wouldn't have missed it
for anything.

843
00:54:17,960 --> 00:54:20,320
In Toronto,
dive master Joe MacInnis

844
00:54:20,320 --> 00:54:22,960
has quite a surprise in store.

845
00:54:24,000 --> 00:54:25,960
I feel like
I'm about to be subjected

846
00:54:25,960 --> 00:54:27,640
to some kind of test or game, Joe.

847
00:54:27,640 --> 00:54:30,960
No, I dug into the archive,
and guess what I found?

848
00:54:30,960 --> 00:54:33,960
No! Oh, my gosh. You're joking?

849
00:54:34,960 --> 00:54:36,000
This is...

850
00:54:36,000 --> 00:54:39,960
This is the suit that he wore.

851
00:54:39,960 --> 00:54:41,960
You're not serious?

852
00:54:41,960 --> 00:54:42,960
I am very serious.

853
00:54:42,960 --> 00:54:45,960
I've seen this
on 50-year-old newsreel.

854
00:54:45,960 --> 00:54:49,960
That's incredible.
This is it, 50-year-old unisuit.

855
00:54:49,960 --> 00:54:53,960
Essential part of it is,
it has a low pressure valve,

856
00:54:53,960 --> 00:54:56,960
which air goes into the suit,
into the arms, into the legs,

857
00:54:56,960 --> 00:55:02,640
and creates a kind of insulation
to keep warm.

858
00:55:02,640 --> 00:55:04,960
So, when you dive, you add air.

859
00:55:04,960 --> 00:55:06,960
And when you come back up
to the surface,

860
00:55:06,960 --> 00:55:08,960
you press the exhaust button.

861
00:55:09,960 --> 00:55:12,960
You've got him
into this remarkable suit.

862
00:55:12,960 --> 00:55:15,960
Talk me through
how the dive progressed.

863
00:55:15,960 --> 00:55:18,960
The first thing he had to do
was to test his buoyancy.

864
00:55:18,960 --> 00:55:21,960
And he had trouble.
He struggled with it.

865
00:55:21,960 --> 00:55:24,320
He added too much air to the suit.

866
00:55:24,320 --> 00:55:29,960
I'm looking up, and he's hitting,
gently, his head against the ice.

867
00:55:29,960 --> 00:55:32,960
He was uncomfortable at first,
but then he got it.

868
00:55:32,960 --> 00:55:36,960
So, I motioned for him to follow me.

869
00:55:36,960 --> 00:55:40,960
And we swam under the ice, west,

870
00:55:40,960 --> 00:55:43,960
headed towards the shore-fast ice,

871
00:55:43,960 --> 00:55:48,960
where, as you know,
the ice from the polar pack

872
00:55:48,960 --> 00:55:52,000
eventually rams against the shore,

873
00:55:52,000 --> 00:55:58,960
and it breaks up into these huge
blocks that are at weird angles.

874
00:55:58,960 --> 00:56:01,960
And they're cracked and fissured.

875
00:56:01,960 --> 00:56:04,960
This stopped us
because of the beauty.

876
00:56:04,960 --> 00:56:06,960
The light is kind of like
a twilight,

877
00:56:06,960 --> 00:56:09,960
strange light in the ice itself.

878
00:56:09,960 --> 00:56:14,960
And I realised
that he saw first-hand

879
00:56:14,960 --> 00:56:17,960
the power of the ice

880
00:56:17,960 --> 00:56:20,960
that could penetrate
the wooden hull

881
00:56:20,960 --> 00:56:24,960
of a 19th-century British ship
and sink it.

882
00:56:24,960 --> 00:56:27,960
And, of course, there were
lots of ships that went down.

883
00:56:27,960 --> 00:56:32,960
It was ice... as malevolent
as beauty can be.

884
00:56:39,960 --> 00:56:42,640
'I'm about to experience
something very similar

885
00:56:42,640 --> 00:56:45,960
'as I search out the iceberg
close to our dive hole.'

886
00:56:48,960 --> 00:56:51,800
That is utterly extraordinary!

887
00:56:58,960 --> 00:57:01,960
I mean,
I was expecting it to be cool.

888
00:57:01,960 --> 00:57:04,000
But that is just mind-blowing!

889
00:57:05,960 --> 00:57:08,960
Like an alien spaceship that's
crashed down through the ice,

890
00:57:08,960 --> 00:57:10,320
lit from within.

891
00:57:11,960 --> 00:57:16,960
Below us, it just drops off
into infinity.

892
00:57:17,960 --> 00:57:20,320
It gives you vertigo,
looking down at it,

893
00:57:20,320 --> 00:57:22,320
all these scalloped markings

894
00:57:22,320 --> 00:57:24,960
where the waves
have been washing against it.

895
00:57:26,960 --> 00:57:28,960
Hypnotically beautiful.

896
00:57:32,960 --> 00:57:34,960
'Just like the royal party,

897
00:57:34,960 --> 00:57:36,960
'I have only around
30 minutes' worth of air

898
00:57:36,960 --> 00:57:38,320
'before I have to resurface.

899
00:57:44,960 --> 00:57:46,960
'Towards the end of their dive,

900
00:57:46,960 --> 00:57:49,960
'Joe MacInnis
had a surreal last experience

901
00:57:49,960 --> 00:57:50,960
'for the future King.'

902
00:57:52,960 --> 00:57:54,960
So, I'd like you to turn around.

903
00:57:55,960 --> 00:58:02,160
And I swam up behind the Prince.

904
00:58:02,160 --> 00:58:03,960
And...

905
00:58:03,960 --> 00:58:08,800
I tapped him on the shoulder, and...

906
00:58:10,160 --> 00:58:11,960
..and this is what he saw.

907
00:58:11,960 --> 00:58:15,000
THEY LAUGH

908
00:58:15,000 --> 00:58:21,960
And he took the hat
and the umbrella.

909
00:58:21,960 --> 00:58:24,960
And it was amazing. At first...

910
00:58:24,960 --> 00:58:27,960
When he first saw me,
his eyes widened.

911
00:58:27,960 --> 00:58:29,960
He thought I'd gone mad.

912
00:58:29,960 --> 00:58:31,960
And then he started to laugh.

913
00:58:31,960 --> 00:58:34,640
And I could see the mirth lines.

914
00:58:34,640 --> 00:58:36,960
I could hear this "Hm, hm, hm"

915
00:58:36,960 --> 00:58:38,960
And I thought,
"Oh, my God, he's gonna...

916
00:58:38,960 --> 00:58:40,960
"he's gonna swallow
the whole ocean!"

917
00:58:40,960 --> 00:58:42,960
But no, he got into the spirit.

918
00:58:42,960 --> 00:58:45,960
He took the hat, put it on,
put the umbrella on.

919
00:58:45,960 --> 00:58:48,960
And he floated up
towards the dive hole,

920
00:58:48,960 --> 00:58:53,800
very slowly,
trailing a stream of bubbles,

921
00:58:53,800 --> 00:58:57,160
like Mary Poppins
in the flying nanny scene.

922
00:58:57,160 --> 00:59:03,800
And it was a glorious thing
to see him disappear in that way.

923
00:59:03,800 --> 00:59:04,960
Is this... Is this the actual hat?

924
00:59:04,960 --> 00:59:07,960
That's the hat.
The actual hat? Yes.

925
00:59:08,960 --> 00:59:13,960
One picture here that
I'd love you to tell us about...

926
00:59:13,960 --> 00:59:15,960
Isn't that a bowler hat?
That is a bowler hat.

927
00:59:15,960 --> 00:59:17,960
So it is. We had some laughs.

928
00:59:17,960 --> 00:59:19,480
Anyway, I thought
it would be rather fun

929
00:59:19,480 --> 00:59:21,960
coming back up with the hat on.

930
00:59:21,960 --> 00:59:25,960
And I thought,
"A chance to fool around."

931
00:59:25,960 --> 00:59:27,960
Do you know what? We have...
We have the evidence of that.

932
00:59:27,960 --> 00:59:29,960
Can I show you?
Yes, yes, yes.

933
00:59:33,960 --> 00:59:35,960
So, this is you coming up
to the surface with Joe.

934
00:59:35,960 --> 00:59:38,960
With a rather
collapsed-looking bowler. Yes!

935
00:59:39,960 --> 00:59:41,320
CHARLES CHUCKLES

936
00:59:41,320 --> 00:59:43,960
LAUGHTER

937
00:59:43,960 --> 00:59:46,000
THEY LAUGH

938
00:59:46,000 --> 00:59:49,960
'I blew the thing up,
see how far it would go.'

939
00:59:49,960 --> 00:59:52,800
'Yes. There is a slight air
of the Teletubby about that,

940
00:59:52,800 --> 00:59:53,960
'if you don't mind me saying.'

941
00:59:53,960 --> 00:59:56,160
MAN: Can you tell us how it was?
It was... It was splendid.

942
00:59:56,160 --> 00:59:58,960
It was very, very interesting
indeed, I must say.

943
00:59:58,960 --> 01:00:01,960
'Bloody cold.'
LAUGHTER

944
01:00:01,960 --> 01:00:03,960
What?
What's happened to you?

945
01:00:03,960 --> 01:00:05,960
Well, I tell you,
we put the air in here, you see.

946
01:00:05,960 --> 01:00:07,960
And if you now do
an amazing thing...

947
01:00:07,960 --> 01:00:09,960
AIR HISSING

948
01:00:09,960 --> 01:00:12,960
LAUGHTER

949
01:00:16,960 --> 01:00:19,960
CHEERING AND APPLAUSE

950
01:00:19,960 --> 01:00:21,960
HE CHUCKLES

951
01:00:21,960 --> 01:00:23,960
Look around this side here.

952
01:00:23,960 --> 01:00:25,480
Look, do you see...

953
01:00:25,480 --> 01:00:28,000
Yes, it was a silly joke, really.

954
01:00:42,960 --> 01:00:44,960
While in the Arctic,

955
01:00:44,960 --> 01:00:47,960
Prince Charles gained
a much greater understanding

956
01:00:47,960 --> 01:00:51,960
of how Inuit peoples use Arctic
animals sustainably for food...

957
01:00:52,960 --> 01:00:54,960
..and for much else besides.

958
01:00:56,960 --> 01:00:59,320
It's a connection
that's increasingly under threat

959
01:00:59,320 --> 01:01:01,960
as the climate warms.

960
01:01:02,960 --> 01:01:05,640
And nothing symbolises this more

961
01:01:05,640 --> 01:01:09,800
than the plight of one particular
population of caribou.

962
01:01:11,960 --> 01:01:13,960
The Dolphin and Union caribou
are so named

963
01:01:13,960 --> 01:01:19,160
because they migrate north in spring
over the Dolphin and Union Strait

964
01:01:19,160 --> 01:01:22,960
to their summer feeding grounds
on Victoria Island,

965
01:01:22,960 --> 01:01:25,480
returning south to the mainland
in the autumn.

966
01:01:29,960 --> 01:01:31,960
But now, with global warming,

967
01:01:31,960 --> 01:01:34,800
the population
has declined disastrously.

968
01:01:35,960 --> 01:01:37,960
Historically,
it's been well into May

969
01:01:37,960 --> 01:01:39,960
when this special type of deer

970
01:01:39,960 --> 01:01:42,960
gather to migrate
over the frozen strait.

971
01:01:42,960 --> 01:01:46,000
But this year, they've been arriving
around a month earlier.

972
01:01:48,960 --> 01:01:50,960
Filming these remote animals for us

973
01:01:50,960 --> 01:01:54,320
is local cameraman and biologist
Mathieu Dumond.

974
01:01:55,960 --> 01:01:58,960
He's 1,000 miles
to the west of our location,

975
01:01:58,960 --> 01:02:02,960
and I catch up with him
on a satellite video link.

976
01:02:02,960 --> 01:02:03,960
Mathieu, hello.

977
01:02:03,960 --> 01:02:05,960
Good morning.

978
01:02:05,960 --> 01:02:09,960
It's so, so nice to speak to you.
Thank you for giving us the time.

979
01:02:09,960 --> 01:02:11,960
Oh, my pleasure.

980
01:02:12,960 --> 01:02:15,960
So, what can you tell me
about what you're seeing right now

981
01:02:15,960 --> 01:02:17,960
with the caribou in your area?

982
01:02:51,960 --> 01:02:54,960
That is obviously
a catastrophic decline

983
01:02:54,960 --> 01:02:56,960
over such a relatively
short period of time.

984
01:02:56,960 --> 01:03:00,960
What are your thoughts on
the main drivers of that decline?

985
01:04:05,960 --> 01:04:09,960
So they go through
the whole energy expenditure

986
01:04:09,960 --> 01:04:11,960
of making the migration.

987
01:04:11,960 --> 01:04:13,960
They possibly fall through the ice.

988
01:04:13,960 --> 01:04:14,960
And then they arrive in a place

989
01:04:14,960 --> 01:04:18,960
where there simply isn't the food
to revitalise themselves.

990
01:04:21,960 --> 01:04:23,960
WOLF HOWLS

991
01:04:26,960 --> 01:04:28,960
Indigenous peoples have always had

992
01:04:28,960 --> 01:04:32,320
a special, almost spiritual,
connection with caribou.

993
01:04:32,320 --> 01:04:35,000
So the decline
of the Dolphin and Union population

994
01:04:35,000 --> 01:04:36,960
has been felt very deeply.

995
01:04:39,640 --> 01:04:40,960
Mathieu's wife, Amanda,

996
01:04:40,960 --> 01:04:43,960
manages the local
hunters' organisation.

997
01:04:43,960 --> 01:04:47,800
All caribou have been
a really, like,

998
01:04:47,800 --> 01:04:49,960
a vital part of Inuit culture.

999
01:04:49,960 --> 01:04:53,960
We rely on the whole animal
for survival.

1000
01:04:53,960 --> 01:04:56,640
And it has been like that for...

1001
01:04:56,640 --> 01:04:58,960
for generations and generations,

1002
01:04:58,960 --> 01:05:02,960
from eating the meat
to preserving it for the winter use,

1003
01:05:02,960 --> 01:05:03,960
from the hide,

1004
01:05:03,960 --> 01:05:08,960
from the bones and antlers
for tools and equipment.

1005
01:05:08,960 --> 01:05:12,960
But now Amanda's hunting association
is taking the lead

1006
01:05:12,960 --> 01:05:15,960
in limiting the taking of caribou
in the region

1007
01:05:15,960 --> 01:05:18,960
as part of efforts
to help numbers grow again.

1008
01:05:19,960 --> 01:05:21,960
It's been difficult.

1009
01:05:21,960 --> 01:05:27,960
For my family, we haven't harvested
a Dolphin and Union caribou in...

1010
01:05:27,960 --> 01:05:29,960
got to be 13, 14 years,

1011
01:05:29,960 --> 01:05:32,960
definitely since
before my son was born.

1012
01:05:34,000 --> 01:05:35,960
You know, it is our way of life.

1013
01:05:35,960 --> 01:05:36,960
We grew up being out there.

1014
01:05:36,960 --> 01:05:40,160
We grew up hunting and fishing.

1015
01:05:40,160 --> 01:05:42,960
I remember a couple of years ago,

1016
01:05:42,960 --> 01:05:46,960
we were at the spring camp,
and we saw a caribou.

1017
01:05:46,960 --> 01:05:50,960
And, you know, my niece said,
"We should go and get it."

1018
01:05:50,960 --> 01:05:52,320
And I said, "We can't."

1019
01:05:52,320 --> 01:05:55,960
It broke my heart
to say that. And...

1020
01:05:58,960 --> 01:06:00,960
You know, like,
I get really emotional

1021
01:06:00,960 --> 01:06:02,960
thinking about it because...

1022
01:06:02,960 --> 01:06:05,160
that would have been
an opportunity for...

1023
01:06:05,160 --> 01:06:08,800
for us to teach our young children

1024
01:06:08,800 --> 01:06:11,320
about all of our
traditional practices.

1025
01:06:11,320 --> 01:06:13,960
If I can't teach him,

1026
01:06:13,960 --> 01:06:17,960
then he won't be able
to teach his kids and his grandkids.

1027
01:06:17,960 --> 01:06:21,960
And that worries me because,

1028
01:06:21,960 --> 01:06:24,960
all of a sudden,
parts of our culture is gone.

1029
01:06:24,960 --> 01:06:27,960
In such an extreme environment,

1030
01:06:27,960 --> 01:06:30,960
Inuit peoples have always
been proud of their ability

1031
01:06:30,960 --> 01:06:32,960
to adapt to change.

1032
01:06:32,960 --> 01:06:35,320
But they've never
had to cope with a threat

1033
01:06:35,320 --> 01:06:37,960
as big as global warming.

1034
01:06:37,960 --> 01:06:39,960
In one part, I am very optimistic

1035
01:06:39,960 --> 01:06:42,160
because of all the things
that we are doing,

1036
01:06:42,160 --> 01:06:45,960
all the sacrifices
that we are making today

1037
01:06:45,960 --> 01:06:48,960
in hopes that, you know,
my son and his kids

1038
01:06:48,960 --> 01:06:51,960
will have caribou
or other animals in the future.

1039
01:06:51,960 --> 01:06:56,960
But when you throw in things
that's kind of out of your control,

1040
01:06:56,960 --> 01:06:58,960
like climate change,
it is worrisome.

1041
01:06:58,960 --> 01:07:00,960
Because, you know,

1042
01:07:00,960 --> 01:07:04,960
will the sea ice -
someday, will it not freeze?

1043
01:07:04,960 --> 01:07:06,960
And it scares me a lot.

1044
01:07:06,960 --> 01:07:10,960
You know, will we see
the end of the caribou?

1045
01:07:10,960 --> 01:07:15,000
And that will be
such a loss to our people.

1046
01:07:19,960 --> 01:07:21,960
Helping come
to the aid of the caribou

1047
01:07:21,960 --> 01:07:24,800
is some of the latest AI technology.

1048
01:07:25,960 --> 01:07:27,960
A project called IceNet
is predicting

1049
01:07:27,960 --> 01:07:31,640
when the Arctic sea ice
will form and melt each year.

1050
01:07:33,960 --> 01:07:37,960
And it's over 90% accurate
up to three months in advance.

1051
01:07:37,960 --> 01:07:40,960
IceNet scientists are working
with the Nunavut government

1052
01:07:40,960 --> 01:07:45,960
and environment group WWF
to help with the caribou migration.

1053
01:07:47,640 --> 01:07:51,960
So, my research, I looked at linking
the tracking data from the caribou

1054
01:07:51,960 --> 01:07:53,960
with satellite observations
of sea ice.

1055
01:07:53,960 --> 01:07:57,480
And we found this
really strong link, actually,

1056
01:07:57,480 --> 01:07:58,960
between the two data types.

1057
01:07:58,960 --> 01:08:00,160
And so, in this animation,

1058
01:08:00,160 --> 01:08:03,480
the red dots show
the caribou which were collared,

1059
01:08:03,480 --> 01:08:05,480
so the government of Nunavut data.

1060
01:08:05,480 --> 01:08:09,320
And the grid cells here
show sea ice concentration.

1061
01:08:09,320 --> 01:08:11,160
So, blue means open water,

1062
01:08:11,160 --> 01:08:13,960
and it gets more yellow
as it's frozen up.

1063
01:08:13,960 --> 01:08:16,000
So, you can see in this area,
the gulf freezes from east to west.

1064
01:08:16,000 --> 01:08:18,960
And you can even see a caribou
makes an early crossing there.

1065
01:08:18,960 --> 01:08:21,960
But in general,
the majority of the herd

1066
01:08:21,960 --> 01:08:23,960
wait for these really high
concentration values

1067
01:08:23,960 --> 01:08:27,160
before they make this sort of
big push across the sea ice.

1068
01:08:27,160 --> 01:08:30,640
So, what we found is
there was a strong link

1069
01:08:30,640 --> 01:08:33,000
between high concentration
in our data

1070
01:08:33,000 --> 01:08:35,960
of 90%-plus concentration,

1071
01:08:35,960 --> 01:08:38,960
and most of the herd
starting to migrate then.

1072
01:08:38,960 --> 01:08:40,960
Such an accurate prediction

1073
01:08:40,960 --> 01:08:43,640
of when the caribou will migrate
is invaluable

1074
01:08:43,640 --> 01:08:46,960
in a world where
it's a different date each year.

1075
01:08:46,960 --> 01:08:48,960
For example,
a big issue for the animals

1076
01:08:48,960 --> 01:08:50,960
is ships ploughing through
the strait

1077
01:08:50,960 --> 01:08:53,640
as soon as the ice starts thinning,

1078
01:08:53,640 --> 01:08:55,960
completely destroying
their migration route.

1079
01:08:58,640 --> 01:08:59,960
For local decision-makers,

1080
01:08:59,960 --> 01:09:01,960
that means
that they have better information,

1081
01:09:01,960 --> 01:09:04,960
so they can communicate
to vessel operators and say,

1082
01:09:04,960 --> 01:09:07,960
"We think the caribou are
going to cut across in three weeks.

1083
01:09:07,960 --> 01:09:08,960
"Please avoid that area."

1084
01:09:08,960 --> 01:09:11,960
To try and stop them
disrupting the caribou.

1085
01:09:11,960 --> 01:09:13,960
And now the IceNet team

1086
01:09:13,960 --> 01:09:17,000
are looking at developing
other wildlife conservation apps

1087
01:09:17,000 --> 01:09:19,960
for the powerful AI tech.

1088
01:09:19,960 --> 01:09:21,960
One example is looking at
whether we could

1089
01:09:21,960 --> 01:09:23,960
give early warning
of when polar bears

1090
01:09:23,960 --> 01:09:25,960
are gonna come off the land
near to communities.

1091
01:09:25,960 --> 01:09:27,960
That could give
really valuable information

1092
01:09:27,960 --> 01:09:31,640
on when we might see increased
human-polar bear conflict.

1093
01:09:39,800 --> 01:09:42,960
Another piece of technology
helping manage increased risk

1094
01:09:42,960 --> 01:09:44,640
is SmartICE,

1095
01:09:44,640 --> 01:09:47,800
supporting local people
as the ice gets thinner.

1096
01:09:49,960 --> 01:09:53,960
So, we're now out of town
and on the sea ice.

1097
01:09:53,960 --> 01:09:55,960
The measurements we're taking now

1098
01:09:55,960 --> 01:10:00,960
can add to the thousands of years
of local knowledge and experience

1099
01:10:00,960 --> 01:10:02,160
to give a better understanding

1100
01:10:02,160 --> 01:10:04,960
of when the sea ice
is OK to travel across.

1101
01:10:04,960 --> 01:10:08,480
Sometimes in the spring
and the fall,

1102
01:10:08,480 --> 01:10:10,960
it might look solid, but
a person could plunge through it.

1103
01:10:10,960 --> 01:10:14,960
So these readings
are hugely important,

1104
01:10:14,960 --> 01:10:19,960
especially now, as global warming
changes everything.

1105
01:10:21,960 --> 01:10:24,960
Inside the orange box
is a radar device,

1106
01:10:24,960 --> 01:10:27,960
which constantly measures
how thick the ice is

1107
01:10:27,960 --> 01:10:30,320
and relays the reading
to the screen up front.

1108
01:10:31,320 --> 01:10:34,960
Operator Akeesho
does regular SmartICE runs

1109
01:10:34,960 --> 01:10:37,480
and uploads the results
to the local community.

1110
01:10:38,960 --> 01:10:40,960
But first,
he cross-checks the readings

1111
01:10:40,960 --> 01:10:44,960
by taking a physical measurement
of the ice thickness.

1112
01:10:45,960 --> 01:10:47,960
So, we're gonna do it
the old-fashioned way, yeah?

1113
01:10:47,960 --> 01:10:50,960
Oh, yes, old-fashioned way.
Good old muscles.

1114
01:10:50,960 --> 01:10:52,960
Good old muscles.
Yeah.

1115
01:10:52,960 --> 01:10:54,960
That I can do.
Yeah.

1116
01:11:00,960 --> 01:11:02,960
When it pops through,
we can check this

1117
01:11:02,960 --> 01:11:05,480
against the measurements
you're getting from the machine?

1118
01:11:05,480 --> 01:11:07,960
Yes, yes.
That might have just gone through.

1119
01:11:07,960 --> 01:11:08,960
Yeah, gone through.

1120
01:11:08,960 --> 01:11:11,160
Woohoo!
Yes.

1121
01:11:11,160 --> 01:11:12,960
There's a plumb line.
Yeah.

1122
01:11:16,960 --> 01:11:18,800
Reading three feet, seven inches.

1123
01:11:18,800 --> 01:11:21,960
Three feet seven,
so that's just over a metre.

1124
01:11:21,960 --> 01:11:25,320
Yeah. And the snow
is about one feet.

1125
01:11:25,320 --> 01:11:27,960
'On this occasion,
the SmartICE reading

1126
01:11:27,960 --> 01:11:30,960
'gives exactly the same
ice thickness.

1127
01:11:30,960 --> 01:11:32,960
'But Akeesho calibrates it
slightly lower

1128
01:11:32,960 --> 01:11:34,960
'to build in a safety margin.'

1129
01:11:34,960 --> 01:11:38,960
If it's reading three feet,
seven inches... Yeah.

1130
01:11:38,960 --> 01:11:41,960
..I'm gonna have to put it on...

1131
01:11:41,960 --> 01:11:43,960
three feet, six inches,

1132
01:11:43,960 --> 01:11:45,960
give that extra inch safety.

1133
01:11:47,800 --> 01:11:50,160
As soon as we arrive
back in Iqaluit,

1134
01:11:50,160 --> 01:11:53,960
Akeesho uploads all the day's data
to a local app.

1135
01:11:53,960 --> 01:11:56,960
We just go on to the SIKU app here.

1136
01:11:56,960 --> 01:11:58,960
Anybody thinking of doing
a similar journey

1137
01:11:58,960 --> 01:12:01,960
can simply log in
and see the thickness of the ice

1138
01:12:01,960 --> 01:12:03,960
at any point on the route.

1139
01:12:03,960 --> 01:12:05,960
This is so amazing, though,

1140
01:12:05,960 --> 01:12:07,960
that someone could
just have their phone out,

1141
01:12:07,960 --> 01:12:11,000
be able to move it around
along the line they want to go on

1142
01:12:11,000 --> 01:12:14,320
and see that it's gonna be OK,
just like that, in a second.

1143
01:12:14,320 --> 01:12:15,960
Yeah.
Very strong.

1144
01:12:20,960 --> 01:12:21,960
Throughout his life,

1145
01:12:21,960 --> 01:12:25,320
Canada has been one of
the King's favourite destinations.

1146
01:12:26,960 --> 01:12:28,480
He's visited the country 20 times,

1147
01:12:28,480 --> 01:12:31,960
from his recent trip
to open Canada's parliament,

1148
01:12:31,960 --> 01:12:34,160
his first as head of state...

1149
01:12:34,160 --> 01:12:37,960
Pray be seated.
Veuillez vous asseoir.

1150
01:12:37,960 --> 01:12:40,960
..to many less formal visits
over the years,

1151
01:12:40,960 --> 01:12:42,960
such as here in 2017,

1152
01:12:42,960 --> 01:12:45,960
when he enjoyed
the ancient Inuit tradition

1153
01:12:45,960 --> 01:12:46,960
of throat singing.

1154
01:12:46,960 --> 01:12:50,960
THROAT SINGING

1155
01:12:50,960 --> 01:12:53,960
He first witnessed
this unusual entertainment

1156
01:12:53,960 --> 01:12:55,960
during his solo trip 50 years ago.

1157
01:12:55,960 --> 01:12:56,960
And to find out more,

1158
01:12:56,960 --> 01:12:59,160
I arranged to meet
two throat singers

1159
01:12:59,160 --> 01:13:00,960
in the centre of Iqaluit.

1160
01:13:00,960 --> 01:13:03,000
How are you? My name's Mary.
Very good.

1161
01:13:03,000 --> 01:13:04,960
Hi, Mary. How are you? I'm Steve.

1162
01:13:04,960 --> 01:13:06,960
Hi. Alassua.
Hi, hi.

1163
01:13:06,960 --> 01:13:10,960
THROAT SINGING

1164
01:13:13,960 --> 01:13:14,960
'It turns out,

1165
01:13:14,960 --> 01:13:18,960
'throat singing is far from
some sort of sacred ritual.'

1166
01:13:18,960 --> 01:13:20,960
THROAT SINGING CONTINUES

1167
01:13:20,960 --> 01:13:23,800
LAUGHTER

1168
01:13:23,800 --> 01:13:26,960
'It actually evolved
as a way to have a lot of fun.

1169
01:13:26,960 --> 01:13:29,960
'And it's practiced
almost exclusively by women.'

1170
01:13:46,480 --> 01:13:48,960
So, if it's competitive,

1171
01:13:48,960 --> 01:13:50,960
how do you win, and how do you lose?

1172
01:14:01,960 --> 01:14:03,960
If you laugh first?
BOTH: Yeah.

1173
01:14:09,160 --> 01:14:11,960
So you're deliberately
trying to throw each other off?

1174
01:14:11,960 --> 01:14:13,960
Yeah. Exactly.
Make the other one laugh first?

1175
01:14:13,960 --> 01:14:14,960
Yeah.

1176
01:14:14,960 --> 01:14:16,960
It's kind of...
It's a little bit like a rap battle.

1177
01:14:16,960 --> 01:14:18,640
Kind of, yeah!

1178
01:14:18,640 --> 01:14:20,320
LAUGHTER
Marginally, sure.

1179
01:14:20,320 --> 01:14:24,960
THROAT SINGING

1180
01:14:24,960 --> 01:14:28,960
'Throat songs often imitate
the sounds of nature -

1181
01:14:28,960 --> 01:14:30,960
'in this case, an Arctic bird.'

1182
01:14:30,960 --> 01:14:33,000
SHORT, CHIRPING NOTES

1183
01:14:37,960 --> 01:14:39,640
LAUGHTER

1184
01:14:39,640 --> 01:14:41,000
That's wonderful.
I can hear it. I can...

1185
01:14:41,000 --> 01:14:43,800
The little sound
that comes from back here

1186
01:14:43,800 --> 01:14:44,960
is exactly like the sound.

1187
01:14:44,960 --> 01:14:46,960
It's exactly like the sound.

1188
01:14:46,960 --> 01:14:48,960
BREATHY THROAT SINGING

1189
01:14:48,960 --> 01:14:51,960
'Alassua and Mary also show me
a traditional song

1190
01:14:51,960 --> 01:14:54,160
'inspired by the walrus.'

1191
01:14:54,160 --> 01:14:57,480
BREATHY THROAT SINGING

1192
01:15:14,960 --> 01:15:16,960
Oops.
LAUGHTER

1193
01:15:16,960 --> 01:15:18,960
That was absolutely wonderful -

1194
01:15:18,960 --> 01:15:21,960
to see you keeping alive
something that has

1195
01:15:21,960 --> 01:15:25,960
so much of the story of the region
embedded in it.

1196
01:15:25,960 --> 01:15:26,960
It's just beautiful.

1197
01:15:31,640 --> 01:15:32,960
50 years ago,

1198
01:15:32,960 --> 01:15:36,960
Prince Charles also came here,
to a hamlet called Pangnirtung,

1199
01:15:36,960 --> 01:15:38,960
where he was shown another way

1200
01:15:38,960 --> 01:15:41,960
Inuit women
are keeping their history alive,

1201
01:15:41,960 --> 01:15:45,480
weaving intricate tapestries
representing Indigenous life.

1202
01:15:47,960 --> 01:15:50,960
While the workshop he visited
has long since been rebuilt,

1203
01:15:50,960 --> 01:15:52,960
remarkably, we find Kawtysie,

1204
01:15:52,960 --> 01:15:57,960
one of the weavers he met,
still working hard at her loom.

1205
01:16:00,960 --> 01:16:03,000
Through a sign language
interpreter,

1206
01:16:03,000 --> 01:16:04,960
she tells me she remembers

1207
01:16:04,960 --> 01:16:06,960
the Prince's plane
landed on the sea ice

1208
01:16:06,960 --> 01:16:08,960
as there was no airport
in those days.

1209
01:16:12,960 --> 01:16:14,960
When the royal party came in,

1210
01:16:14,960 --> 01:16:17,960
Kawtysie was weaving
a small tapestry.

1211
01:16:17,960 --> 01:16:21,800
But she was very shy,
so she just kept her head down.

1212
01:16:21,800 --> 01:16:23,160
LAUGHTER

1213
01:16:30,960 --> 01:16:33,960
SPEAKING INUKTITUT

1214
01:16:33,960 --> 01:16:37,160
Rosie was only eight in 1975,

1215
01:16:37,160 --> 01:16:39,960
but remembers clearly
the special day

1216
01:16:39,960 --> 01:16:41,960
Prince Charles
came to her village school.

1217
01:16:42,960 --> 01:16:47,000
Every student had to be present.

1218
01:16:47,000 --> 01:16:52,960
And we had to wear
our traditional children's parka.

1219
01:16:52,960 --> 01:16:55,960
That was the first time
I saw a prince.

1220
01:16:55,960 --> 01:16:58,640
He looked... scary.

1221
01:16:58,640 --> 01:17:01,960
What, scary? Why scary?

1222
01:17:01,960 --> 01:17:03,960
Maybe because he was a prince.

1223
01:17:03,960 --> 01:17:04,960
I mean, fair enough.

1224
01:17:04,960 --> 01:17:06,960
HE LAUGHS

1225
01:17:06,960 --> 01:17:11,960
He was shaking hands,
and he was all smiles, excited.

1226
01:17:11,960 --> 01:17:13,960
He was happy to be here.

1227
01:17:13,960 --> 01:17:16,960
Is there any message you'd like me
to pass on from Pang?

1228
01:17:16,960 --> 01:17:20,960
People have never forgotten him
for coming here.

1229
01:17:21,960 --> 01:17:23,960
I think that will mean a lot to him.
Yes.

1230
01:17:23,960 --> 01:17:24,960
I think it will.

1231
01:17:24,960 --> 01:17:30,800
I talk about it to my children
and my grandchildren, so...

1232
01:17:30,800 --> 01:17:32,960
I won't let them forget it.

1233
01:17:35,960 --> 01:17:37,960
When the King heard
we were making this film

1234
01:17:37,960 --> 01:17:39,960
exactly 50 years on,

1235
01:17:39,960 --> 01:17:41,960
he told me he was especially keen

1236
01:17:41,960 --> 01:17:45,160
that it communicated
the urgency of taking action.

1237
01:17:47,800 --> 01:17:50,800
Well, I mean, I think
to try and bring the message

1238
01:17:50,800 --> 01:17:52,960
to as many people as possible

1239
01:17:52,960 --> 01:17:56,960
of how much it has changed
and what this actually means,

1240
01:17:56,960 --> 01:18:00,960
in terms of, you know,
the collective human future,

1241
01:18:00,960 --> 01:18:03,960
let alone
the rest of the natural world.

1242
01:18:03,960 --> 01:18:08,320
We're prejudicing their chances
of any kind of survival.

1243
01:18:11,480 --> 01:18:14,960
As a frequent visitor to the Arctic
in recent years,

1244
01:18:14,960 --> 01:18:17,960
there's something
that I find especially upsetting.

1245
01:18:20,960 --> 01:18:23,960
It's quite a sight,
standing here at the floe edge

1246
01:18:23,960 --> 01:18:26,960
and seeing maybe half a dozen
different species of birds.

1247
01:18:26,960 --> 01:18:32,960
And we are so far away
from people here. You know?

1248
01:18:32,960 --> 01:18:36,640
We are a day and a half,
two days away

1249
01:18:36,640 --> 01:18:38,960
from the nearest small town.

1250
01:18:38,960 --> 01:18:41,960
It would seem that
we are at the final frontier,

1251
01:18:41,960 --> 01:18:46,640
as wild as you can get
in the modern world.

1252
01:18:46,640 --> 01:18:47,960
But yet even here,

1253
01:18:47,960 --> 01:18:51,960
these birds are deeply affected
by our actions.

1254
01:18:53,960 --> 01:18:56,800
The shocking fact
is that plastic pollution

1255
01:18:56,800 --> 01:18:58,000
from elsewhere on the planet

1256
01:18:58,000 --> 01:19:01,960
is reaching even this
incredibly remote spot.

1257
01:19:02,960 --> 01:19:06,320
Jennifer Provencher
is a leading research scientist

1258
01:19:06,320 --> 01:19:08,960
into pollution in Arctic sea birds.

1259
01:19:08,960 --> 01:19:10,960
And I join her in the lab

1260
01:19:10,960 --> 01:19:12,960
at Canada's Museum of Nature
in Ottawa.

1261
01:19:14,800 --> 01:19:17,960
So, should we see what our
shearwater was eating or not eating?

1262
01:19:17,960 --> 01:19:18,960
Absolutely.

1263
01:19:19,960 --> 01:19:22,640
'Today, she's examining
the stomach contents

1264
01:19:22,640 --> 01:19:24,960
'of two short-tailed shearwaters,

1265
01:19:24,960 --> 01:19:28,960
'long-distance migrants that spend
most of their life at sea.'

1266
01:19:28,960 --> 01:19:32,960
There's at least one little piece
of plastic in there that we can see.

1267
01:19:32,960 --> 01:19:34,960
Certainly,
this is not what I would call

1268
01:19:34,960 --> 01:19:38,960
a normal, healthy-looking
sea bird stomach.

1269
01:19:38,960 --> 01:19:42,320
Would you expect to be finding
little bits of krill carapace?

1270
01:19:42,320 --> 01:19:43,960
Yeah, exactly.

1271
01:19:43,960 --> 01:19:45,160
Maybe fish bones.
Exactly.

1272
01:19:46,960 --> 01:19:49,960
So, we can take these
over to our microscope now

1273
01:19:49,960 --> 01:19:51,960
and actually start to take a look.

1274
01:19:51,960 --> 01:19:54,480
Kind of got this grouping
down here that look like plastics.

1275
01:19:54,480 --> 01:19:56,960
And of course, we can
test them to make sure

1276
01:19:56,960 --> 01:19:58,960
what type of polymer we are.

1277
01:19:58,960 --> 01:20:01,960
And probably just as important
is what's not there.

1278
01:20:01,960 --> 01:20:03,320
Exactly.

1279
01:20:03,320 --> 01:20:06,960
Nothing from the marine environment,
really, at all,

1280
01:20:06,960 --> 01:20:08,960
you know, except for
these plastic pieces,

1281
01:20:08,960 --> 01:20:12,960
which were probably ingested
at sea, in the ocean,

1282
01:20:12,960 --> 01:20:15,320
and really just got
stuck in the stomach.

1283
01:20:15,320 --> 01:20:17,960
And it couldn't pass it
through its intestine,

1284
01:20:17,960 --> 01:20:18,960
so they can feel full

1285
01:20:18,960 --> 01:20:21,960
and basically be malnourished
all at the same time.

1286
01:20:21,960 --> 01:20:26,960
'The second shearwater appears
to contain even more plastic.'

1287
01:20:26,960 --> 01:20:29,960
Now, that, my friend,
would be a nurdle, probably.

1288
01:20:29,960 --> 01:20:30,960
Oh, really?

1289
01:20:30,960 --> 01:20:33,800
So, you can see
how it's really circular.

1290
01:20:33,800 --> 01:20:37,640
Again, we'll have to wash it up
and test it to really make sure.

1291
01:20:37,640 --> 01:20:42,960
But at least a few of these
are looking very nurdle-esque.

1292
01:20:42,960 --> 01:20:44,960
And so, what is a nurdle?

1293
01:20:44,960 --> 01:20:47,960
So, nurdles
are stock pieces of plastic

1294
01:20:47,960 --> 01:20:50,960
that are different colours,
have different additives to it.

1295
01:20:50,960 --> 01:20:53,960
And then companies that make
children's toys or computers

1296
01:20:53,960 --> 01:20:57,960
would melt it down
and make different items out of it.

1297
01:20:57,960 --> 01:21:00,960
And then, I would say,
at least one piece

1298
01:21:00,960 --> 01:21:05,960
of kind of plastic rope
or fragment fibre here

1299
01:21:05,960 --> 01:21:07,960
that we can see.

1300
01:21:08,960 --> 01:21:11,000
Sadly, this is nothing unusual.

1301
01:21:11,000 --> 01:21:14,320
Over three quarters
of some types of Arctic sea birds

1302
01:21:14,320 --> 01:21:16,960
are found to have plastic
in their stomachs.

1303
01:21:18,960 --> 01:21:23,800
Another piece, you can see that's
a very probably likely fragment.

1304
01:21:23,800 --> 01:21:25,960
The results are disturbing.

1305
01:21:25,960 --> 01:21:28,960
But the research
can lead to positive outcomes.

1306
01:21:28,960 --> 01:21:31,160
By gathering evidence
of different pollutants

1307
01:21:31,160 --> 01:21:33,960
in birds over many years,

1308
01:21:33,960 --> 01:21:38,960
Jennifer's team have helped turn
the tide on several toxic products.

1309
01:21:38,960 --> 01:21:41,800
Having that good understanding
of the problem,

1310
01:21:41,800 --> 01:21:44,960
working with policy-makers
to see those changes through

1311
01:21:44,960 --> 01:21:46,960
and following the evidence
and science along,

1312
01:21:46,960 --> 01:21:48,960
we can start to see
really good changes.

1313
01:21:49,960 --> 01:21:52,960
While primary research like this
provides a ray of hope,

1314
01:21:52,960 --> 01:21:55,960
I detected a hint of frustration
from King Charles

1315
01:21:55,960 --> 01:21:58,960
that humanity
isn't acting on it more quickly.

1316
01:22:00,480 --> 01:22:01,960
This is the problem, isn't it?

1317
01:22:01,960 --> 01:22:03,960
Why is it taking so long?

1318
01:22:03,960 --> 01:22:06,960
By which time, it's almost
too late to... to rectify.

1319
01:22:06,960 --> 01:22:08,960
That's my great worry about it.

1320
01:22:08,960 --> 01:22:10,960
Because you get to a tipping point,

1321
01:22:10,960 --> 01:22:13,960
which is what all the scientists
have been talking about.

1322
01:22:13,960 --> 01:22:15,960
These things are rescue-able,

1323
01:22:15,960 --> 01:22:19,960
but seems very peculiar to me
that in other areas,

1324
01:22:19,960 --> 01:22:24,960
everybody takes what the scientists
are saying as absolute, vital truth.

1325
01:22:24,960 --> 01:22:29,960
But in this case, for some reason,
it's not so, apparently, simple.

1326
01:22:29,960 --> 01:22:31,960
In the meantime,

1327
01:22:31,960 --> 01:22:34,960
dedicated scientists
and conservationists

1328
01:22:34,960 --> 01:22:36,960
are gaining as much knowledge
as possible

1329
01:22:36,960 --> 01:22:39,800
to help Arctic animals survive.

1330
01:22:40,960 --> 01:22:43,960
The charity
Polar Bears International, PBI,

1331
01:22:43,960 --> 01:22:47,480
has undertaken a remarkable
long-term research programme

1332
01:22:47,480 --> 01:22:50,960
that is unlocking critical secrets
of polar bear reproduction.

1333
01:22:52,480 --> 01:22:54,000
The project started in Alaska

1334
01:22:54,000 --> 01:22:56,960
and now operates in Svalbard,
in Norway,

1335
01:22:56,960 --> 01:23:00,960
using remote cameras
to observe polar bear behaviour.

1336
01:23:02,960 --> 01:23:04,960
Ah, who's this?
Yeah.

1337
01:23:04,960 --> 01:23:06,960
Polar bear skeleton.

1338
01:23:06,960 --> 01:23:09,800
'Back at Canada's Museum of Nature,

1339
01:23:09,800 --> 01:23:12,960
'I meet PBI scientist Alysa McCall

1340
01:23:12,960 --> 01:23:15,960
'to look at some of the charity's
latest camera footage.'

1341
01:23:15,960 --> 01:23:19,800
So, it's a way
to monitor these moms and cubs

1342
01:23:19,800 --> 01:23:20,960
without disturbing them at all.

1343
01:23:20,960 --> 01:23:23,480
We can get our teams
to sneak in on skis,

1344
01:23:23,480 --> 01:23:25,960
quietly set these cameras up
and get out of there.

1345
01:23:25,960 --> 01:23:28,960
And then, months later,
we can go retrieve those cameras

1346
01:23:28,960 --> 01:23:32,960
and watch the very first moments
of a polar bear's life

1347
01:23:32,960 --> 01:23:34,960
as it kind of sees
what's outside the den.

1348
01:23:34,960 --> 01:23:36,800
Is that what you got here?
I do.

1349
01:23:36,800 --> 01:23:37,960
Can I see?
Yes, yes.

1350
01:23:37,960 --> 01:23:39,960
Very few people
have seen this so far.

1351
01:23:39,960 --> 01:23:41,960
So, this is just from
our last field season,

1352
01:23:41,960 --> 01:23:43,960
that just occurred
a month or two ago,

1353
01:23:43,960 --> 01:23:45,960
and we just retrieved this footage.

1354
01:23:45,960 --> 01:23:48,960
So, you can kind of see
some footprints there.

1355
01:23:48,960 --> 01:23:50,960
And then we can see...

1356
01:23:50,960 --> 01:23:52,480
kind of who shows up.

1357
01:23:55,960 --> 01:23:57,480
ALYSA LAUGHS
That looks... Is she...

1358
01:23:57,480 --> 01:24:00,000
Is she clearing away the snow
with those giant paws?

1359
01:24:00,000 --> 01:24:01,960
I believe so, yeah.

1360
01:24:01,960 --> 01:24:04,960
Making a nice little exit path
for her family.

1361
01:24:06,960 --> 01:24:08,960
There's a little tiny head!

1362
01:24:08,960 --> 01:24:10,960
ALYSA LAUGHS

1363
01:24:13,000 --> 01:24:16,960
Are these their first steps
out in the real world?

1364
01:24:16,960 --> 01:24:17,960
Yeah, absolutely.

1365
01:24:17,960 --> 01:24:20,960
So, we know every family
does things a little differently.

1366
01:24:20,960 --> 01:24:23,960
Some really like to hang out
at the den site for a few days,

1367
01:24:23,960 --> 01:24:25,960
and some just go to the ice.

1368
01:24:25,960 --> 01:24:27,960
But, yeah, this mom has decided

1369
01:24:27,960 --> 01:24:30,480
"This is the day
we're gonna use your legs."

1370
01:24:30,480 --> 01:24:31,960
So, here they go.

1371
01:24:31,960 --> 01:24:33,800
And so this is probably
the first hill

1372
01:24:33,800 --> 01:24:35,480
these cubs have ever climbed.

1373
01:24:37,960 --> 01:24:41,960
Polar bear mums
spend the entire winter in dens,

1374
01:24:41,960 --> 01:24:44,960
giving birth around
December or January,

1375
01:24:44,960 --> 01:24:48,960
before emerging with their cubs
at the start of spring.

1376
01:24:48,960 --> 01:24:52,960
During this period
that she's in the maternity den,

1377
01:24:52,960 --> 01:24:54,960
what sort of percentage
of her body weight

1378
01:24:54,960 --> 01:24:56,960
is she going to lose?

1379
01:24:56,960 --> 01:24:57,960
That's a great question.

1380
01:24:57,960 --> 01:25:01,160
We know she loses
potentially hundreds of pounds

1381
01:25:01,160 --> 01:25:03,960
while she is just
relying on her own body fat,

1382
01:25:03,960 --> 01:25:06,960
resting in that den,
and then nursing her cubs.

1383
01:25:06,960 --> 01:25:09,160
So she can, you know,
easily lose a quarter or more

1384
01:25:09,160 --> 01:25:10,960
of her body mass
while she's in there.

1385
01:25:10,960 --> 01:25:13,960
It's extraordinary that she can

1386
01:25:13,960 --> 01:25:16,000
feed those youngsters
when she herself is...

1387
01:25:16,000 --> 01:25:18,480
is absolutely running on empty.

1388
01:25:18,480 --> 01:25:19,960
Oh, I can't imagine.

1389
01:25:19,960 --> 01:25:22,960
The nursing part is so important

1390
01:25:22,960 --> 01:25:26,960
when we're looking at modelling
and the future for moms and cubs.

1391
01:25:34,960 --> 01:25:37,960
PBI is building up
invaluable research footage

1392
01:25:37,960 --> 01:25:40,960
of the behaviour
of mums and their cubs.

1393
01:25:42,160 --> 01:25:45,960
In an environment
that is changing so quickly

1394
01:25:45,960 --> 01:25:47,960
with climate change,

1395
01:25:47,960 --> 01:25:50,960
is being a polar bear mum
harder these days?

1396
01:25:50,960 --> 01:25:53,960
Yes, I would say, absolutely,
being a polar bear mom is harder.

1397
01:25:53,960 --> 01:25:55,640
As the sea ice breaks up,

1398
01:25:55,640 --> 01:25:58,960
you don't have as much access
to your seal blubber.

1399
01:25:58,960 --> 01:26:00,160
That's kind of
their energy currency.

1400
01:26:00,160 --> 01:26:01,960
So it's harder to find.

1401
01:26:01,960 --> 01:26:04,960
And then, as the ice thins out
a little bit, it's moving more.

1402
01:26:04,960 --> 01:26:07,960
So now she's walking
on a treadmill, kind of.

1403
01:26:07,960 --> 01:26:09,480
So she's burning more energy

1404
01:26:09,480 --> 01:26:11,960
to consume the same or less
amount of energy.

1405
01:26:11,960 --> 01:26:14,960
And that's not even considering
more pollution,

1406
01:26:14,960 --> 01:26:16,960
more human disturbance
and more shipping,

1407
01:26:16,960 --> 01:26:18,960
and all these other things
that are going on.

1408
01:26:18,960 --> 01:26:21,960
I'm not gonna lie,
this is sounding pretty bleak.

1409
01:26:21,960 --> 01:26:24,960
The good news is that polar bears
are not yet endangered.

1410
01:26:24,960 --> 01:26:28,960
We still have
25,000 to 26,000 of them.

1411
01:26:28,960 --> 01:26:31,800
There's a lot of work being done
to monitor them,

1412
01:26:31,800 --> 01:26:33,960
and there's a lot of interest
in keeping them around.

1413
01:26:33,960 --> 01:26:36,640
And also, the best things
we can do for polar bears

1414
01:26:36,640 --> 01:26:38,640
are the best things
we can do for ourselves -

1415
01:26:38,640 --> 01:26:40,640
shifting to cleaner energy,

1416
01:26:40,640 --> 01:26:43,640
working on climate change,
producing fewer emissions.

1417
01:26:43,640 --> 01:26:44,960
So we do have a lot of hope.

1418
01:26:46,960 --> 01:26:50,320
This faith in our ability
to turn things around

1419
01:26:50,320 --> 01:26:53,480
is shared by
some leading conservationists.

1420
01:26:53,480 --> 01:26:58,000
We're losing between 12% and 13%
of sea ice per decade

1421
01:26:58,000 --> 01:27:00,960
across the Arctic,
so that's a huge loss.

1422
01:27:00,960 --> 01:27:03,640
And that's really challenging
for Arctic wildlife.

1423
01:27:03,640 --> 01:27:05,960
It's evolved over millennia

1424
01:27:05,960 --> 01:27:08,160
to live around the sea ice
and under the sea ice.

1425
01:27:08,160 --> 01:27:09,960
But I am optimistic.

1426
01:27:09,960 --> 01:27:12,960
I'm optimistic
because of the resilience

1427
01:27:12,960 --> 01:27:16,000
and the strength of Arctic people
to manage their own lands.

1428
01:27:16,000 --> 01:27:19,480
I'm also optimistic
because we know,

1429
01:27:19,480 --> 01:27:20,960
you know, the science tells us,

1430
01:27:20,960 --> 01:27:23,960
that when areas of the ocean
are protected

1431
01:27:23,960 --> 01:27:26,960
and are effectively set aside,

1432
01:27:26,960 --> 01:27:29,800
wildlife comes back,
and it regenerates.

1433
01:27:37,960 --> 01:27:41,960
'It's been an extraordinary journey
across the Arctic...'

1434
01:27:41,960 --> 01:27:43,960
Yes! We have one.

1435
01:27:45,960 --> 01:27:47,960
'..rediscovering
the young Prince Charles's

1436
01:27:47,960 --> 01:27:49,960
'extreme sense of adventure...'

1437
01:27:51,960 --> 01:27:53,480
That is just mind-blowing!

1438
01:27:53,480 --> 01:27:56,960
'..enjoying the warmth and spirit
of the peoples who live here...

1439
01:27:56,960 --> 01:27:58,960
LAUGHTER

1440
01:27:58,960 --> 01:28:02,640
'..and finding out
how much has changed 50 years on.

1441
01:28:04,960 --> 01:28:07,960
'And while there's certainly
major cause for concern,

1442
01:28:07,960 --> 01:28:10,480
'I've also found great determination

1443
01:28:10,480 --> 01:28:15,480
'to ensure this stunning land
and, ultimately, the planet itself,

1444
01:28:15,480 --> 01:28:17,800
'has a healthy future.'

1445
01:28:18,960 --> 01:28:22,480
We have to believe
that it is still possible

1446
01:28:22,480 --> 01:28:23,960
because you have to have hope.

1447
01:28:23,960 --> 01:28:25,960
But...

1448
01:28:26,960 --> 01:28:30,160
..to provide that hope,
you have to take the action.

1449
01:28:30,160 --> 01:28:32,960
I mean, what I can do
is behind the scenes.

1450
01:28:32,960 --> 01:28:34,800
But, I mean, it...

1451
01:28:34,800 --> 01:28:37,960
It can get very frustrating.

1452
01:28:37,960 --> 01:28:39,640
To say the least.

1453
01:28:39,640 --> 01:28:42,800
I think for a lot of people,
their hope will be the fact

1454
01:28:42,800 --> 01:28:44,640
that this is such a big thing to you

1455
01:28:44,640 --> 01:28:46,960
and that you continue to speak out
on these issues.

1456
01:28:46,960 --> 01:28:49,960
You know, there's a lot of people
in the conservation community

1457
01:28:49,960 --> 01:28:52,320
who would want to say a massive
thank you to you for all you do.

1458
01:28:52,320 --> 01:28:53,960
You're very kind.

1459
01:28:53,960 --> 01:28:55,640
You have to just go on trying,
I find,

1460
01:28:55,640 --> 01:28:59,960
because I mind, for what it's worth,
about the younger generations.

1461
01:28:59,960 --> 01:29:02,960
To me, it's not fair
to leave them something

1462
01:29:02,960 --> 01:29:06,000
in a far worse state than
I found it. You know what I mean?

1463
01:29:06,000 --> 01:29:09,960
The whole point, I've always felt,
is to improve it for people,

1464
01:29:09,960 --> 01:29:13,960
so they don't have
a ghastly legacy of horror

1465
01:29:13,960 --> 01:29:15,960
to have to deal with.

1466
01:29:15,960 --> 01:29:18,960
That's why
I've spent all these years,

1467
01:29:18,960 --> 01:29:20,960
because I don't want
to be accused by my grandchildren

1468
01:29:20,960 --> 01:29:22,640
of not doing anything about it.

1469
01:29:22,640 --> 01:29:24,640
That's the key.

1470
01:29:24,640 --> 01:29:26,800
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