1 00:00:00,126 --> 00:00:02,796 [air whooshing] 2 00:00:02,000 --> 00:00:07,000 Downloaded from YTS.MX 3 00:00:07,007 --> 00:00:09,969 [camera shutters] 4 00:00:08,000 --> 00:00:13,000 Official YIFY movies site: YTS.MX 5 00:00:10,094 --> 00:00:12,847 [ethereal music] 6 00:00:15,682 --> 00:00:18,936 [vocalist harmonizing] 7 00:00:23,107 --> 00:00:26,194 [eerie music tenses] 8 00:00:29,447 --> 00:00:31,407 - [Bear Grylls] The history of humanity 9 00:00:31,532 --> 00:00:33,867 is a history of humans seeking. 10 00:00:35,577 --> 00:00:39,039 You can go to theology, you can go to philosophy. 11 00:00:43,419 --> 00:00:46,214 But if you want to understand the actual journey, 12 00:00:46,339 --> 00:00:49,717 you have to see things in their geographical settings. 13 00:00:51,802 --> 00:00:53,471 You have to look at where they fall 14 00:00:53,596 --> 00:00:55,181 in the chronology of time. 15 00:00:56,432 --> 00:00:58,934 You have to explore archeology, 16 00:00:59,059 --> 00:01:02,354 the remains, the historical clues 17 00:01:02,481 --> 00:01:05,274 because it's all connected. 18 00:01:05,399 --> 00:01:08,611 [vocalist harmonizing] 19 00:01:14,159 --> 00:01:17,871 [ethereal music intensifies] 20 00:01:22,166 --> 00:01:25,419 [ethereal music slows] 21 00:01:27,087 --> 00:01:31,217 Understanding history is understanding ourselves. 22 00:01:32,342 --> 00:01:36,139 And every now and then, a groundbreaking discovery comes 23 00:01:36,264 --> 00:01:39,892 and shakes that understanding's very foundation. 24 00:01:41,686 --> 00:01:44,231 This story starts in a little region 25 00:01:44,356 --> 00:01:46,482 in Northern Israel, Megiddo. 26 00:01:50,736 --> 00:01:53,572 [intercom speaking indistinctly] 27 00:01:53,697 --> 00:01:58,702 [Commander Lavy speaking in foreign language] 28 00:02:03,499 --> 00:02:08,171 [Commander Lavy speaking in foreign language continues] 29 00:02:08,296 --> 00:02:09,756 - [Bear Grylls] The Megiddo Prison 30 00:02:09,881 --> 00:02:12,132 is the largest in northern Israel 31 00:02:13,509 --> 00:02:16,637 and holds the country's most dangerous inmates. 32 00:02:19,599 --> 00:02:21,351 In the early 2000s, 33 00:02:21,476 --> 00:02:24,354 the prison was running out of space so rapidly, 34 00:02:24,479 --> 00:02:27,189 the prisoners were placed in tents. 35 00:02:27,314 --> 00:02:29,107 Looking for a long-term solution, 36 00:02:29,234 --> 00:02:32,361 the prison made plans to expand the facility. 37 00:02:34,239 --> 00:02:36,282 Everywhere you step in Israel, 38 00:02:36,407 --> 00:02:39,369 you're treading on the pages of ancient history. 39 00:02:41,121 --> 00:02:45,332 Beneath your feet, layers of time whisper stories of faith, 40 00:02:45,457 --> 00:02:47,919 conflict, and resilience. 41 00:02:48,044 --> 00:02:50,922 Every rock, every ruin 42 00:02:51,047 --> 00:02:55,092 carries the weight of civilizations that shaped our world. 43 00:02:56,052 --> 00:02:58,971 Because of the vast number of archeological sites, 44 00:02:59,096 --> 00:03:01,099 anytime construction begins, 45 00:03:01,224 --> 00:03:03,851 archeologists are required to survey the site 46 00:03:03,976 --> 00:03:07,814 to assure no historical ruins will be disturbed or impacted 47 00:03:07,939 --> 00:03:09,607 under new construction. 48 00:03:09,732 --> 00:03:11,442 In the Megiddo prison courtyard, 49 00:03:11,567 --> 00:03:13,236 some ruins of a Jewish village 50 00:03:13,361 --> 00:03:16,656 dating back to early Roman times had already been discovered 51 00:03:16,781 --> 00:03:18,699 back in the 1940s. 52 00:03:18,824 --> 00:03:22,871 So in 2004, a routine excavation was conducted 53 00:03:22,996 --> 00:03:25,957 to ensure there was nothing else. 54 00:03:40,304 --> 00:03:45,309 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 55 00:03:49,981 --> 00:03:54,067 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language continues] 56 00:06:25,552 --> 00:06:28,347 [mysterious lilting music] 57 00:06:28,472 --> 00:06:33,477 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 58 00:06:57,126 --> 00:06:59,294 [rousing string music] 59 00:07:50,846 --> 00:07:55,851 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language] 60 00:08:00,022 --> 00:08:05,027 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language continues] 61 00:08:46,361 --> 00:08:49,404 - [Bear Grylls] Experts date the Megiddo Mosaic Prayer Hall 62 00:08:49,529 --> 00:08:51,824 to 230 CE. 63 00:08:52,782 --> 00:08:55,744 This structure played a key role in the Roman village 64 00:08:55,869 --> 00:08:59,122 as a public Christian prayer and worship space 65 00:08:59,247 --> 00:09:01,041 during a pivotal time period 66 00:09:01,166 --> 00:09:03,836 when Christianity was not recognized 67 00:09:03,961 --> 00:09:06,129 as a sanctioned religion. 68 00:09:06,256 --> 00:09:09,174 It's the first of its kind to be found ever 69 00:09:09,299 --> 00:09:11,009 in recorded history. 70 00:09:11,134 --> 00:09:13,721 Since its discovery in 2004, 71 00:09:13,846 --> 00:09:17,016 the mosaic has been locked inside the center 72 00:09:17,141 --> 00:09:18,767 of the Megiddo prison. 73 00:09:19,936 --> 00:09:23,981 In early 2024, it was decided that the mosaic 74 00:09:24,106 --> 00:09:27,609 would finally be re-excavated and preserved. 75 00:09:29,946 --> 00:09:32,447 [dog barking] 76 00:09:33,866 --> 00:09:37,244 [sirens blaring] 77 00:09:37,369 --> 00:09:41,999 In April 2024, the Israeli prison authority 78 00:09:42,124 --> 00:09:45,336 gave our film crew unprecedented access 79 00:09:45,461 --> 00:09:48,381 to document the re-excavation process. 80 00:09:48,506 --> 00:09:51,509 [gentle folk music] 81 00:11:43,162 --> 00:11:48,167 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language] 82 00:11:53,297 --> 00:11:58,302 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language continues] 83 00:11:58,802 --> 00:12:03,056 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 84 00:12:03,182 --> 00:12:08,187 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language] 85 00:12:13,151 --> 00:12:18,156 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language continues] 86 00:12:22,992 --> 00:12:24,369 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language continues] 87 00:12:24,494 --> 00:12:29,499 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 88 00:12:34,046 --> 00:12:39,051 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language continues] 89 00:12:44,139 --> 00:12:45,766 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language continues] 90 00:12:45,891 --> 00:12:50,896 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language] 91 00:12:55,776 --> 00:13:00,781 [Mark Avrahami speaking in foreign language continues] 92 00:13:05,994 --> 00:13:07,662 - [Scientist] So this is a aerial scan, 93 00:13:07,787 --> 00:13:09,747 this is actually a point cloud data. 94 00:13:09,874 --> 00:13:11,457 - [Jonathan Henry] Wow. Oh my gosh. 95 00:13:11,584 --> 00:13:14,921 - Yeah. So this is kind of that new tech that's really- 96 00:13:15,046 --> 00:13:17,214 - That is incredible. - Really helping shape 97 00:13:17,339 --> 00:13:19,842 how you can experience these things. 98 00:13:21,342 --> 00:13:22,386 - I am Jonathan Henry. 99 00:13:22,511 --> 00:13:25,222 I'm currently a lecturer at Princeton University. 100 00:13:25,347 --> 00:13:26,807 I teach ancient religion. 101 00:13:27,724 --> 00:13:31,394 - My name is Tom Wright or N.T. Wright in the long form. 102 00:13:31,521 --> 00:13:32,896 - Yisca Harani. 103 00:13:33,021 --> 00:13:35,982 I'm an independent scholar, educator, 104 00:13:36,107 --> 00:13:38,194 and an interface activist. 105 00:13:38,319 --> 00:13:42,156 - So many people think that a mosaic floor, it's just rocks. 106 00:13:42,281 --> 00:13:45,159 It's not very interesting. Who cares? 107 00:13:45,284 --> 00:13:48,662 But this, when you get under the skin of what it means 108 00:13:48,787 --> 00:13:50,331 is absolutely fascinating. 109 00:13:51,791 --> 00:13:54,292 - We know from historic documents 110 00:13:54,417 --> 00:13:58,506 the Christian community living under persecution 111 00:13:58,631 --> 00:14:01,341 looked for places where it could gather, 112 00:14:01,466 --> 00:14:03,802 whether it's in the catacombs, 113 00:14:03,927 --> 00:14:06,639 the burial chambers of the martyrs, 114 00:14:06,764 --> 00:14:09,849 whether it was in the homes of believers. 115 00:14:09,976 --> 00:14:11,017 But this is important 116 00:14:11,142 --> 00:14:16,022 because it describes a uniquely established place 117 00:14:16,147 --> 00:14:19,151 that was designed for the Christian assembly 118 00:14:19,276 --> 00:14:21,486 to come and worship. 119 00:14:21,612 --> 00:14:23,614 - So this is extremely huge. 120 00:14:23,739 --> 00:14:26,951 It's the most significant biblical discovery 121 00:14:27,076 --> 00:14:29,869 of the 21st century. 122 00:14:29,996 --> 00:14:31,664 And there is hunger. 123 00:14:31,789 --> 00:14:32,914 Millions of people hunger 124 00:14:33,039 --> 00:14:37,086 for these historical discoveries in these ancient writings. 125 00:14:37,211 --> 00:14:39,546 - This church in in Legio, I think what's cool about it 126 00:14:39,671 --> 00:14:41,381 is it comes at this transitional moment. 127 00:14:41,506 --> 00:14:42,382 Before Constantine, 128 00:14:42,507 --> 00:14:45,844 you still have large potential for this ethos of Jesus 129 00:14:45,969 --> 00:14:47,054 and these memories of Jesus 130 00:14:47,179 --> 00:14:49,932 to be just unfettered in many places. 131 00:14:50,849 --> 00:14:52,476 - [Yisca Harani] The fact that this is a meeting point 132 00:14:52,601 --> 00:14:55,812 between Judea and the Galilee. 133 00:14:55,937 --> 00:15:00,317 Now, these are two regions that are world known 134 00:15:00,442 --> 00:15:01,944 because of the New Testament. 135 00:15:02,069 --> 00:15:06,572 And here in between these two very dramatic regions, 136 00:15:06,699 --> 00:15:11,704 we find the transition of a society 137 00:15:12,162 --> 00:15:16,166 and the transition is from the Roman pagan world 138 00:15:16,291 --> 00:15:17,626 to Christianity. 139 00:15:17,751 --> 00:15:21,881 Something begins to grow and that is the story 140 00:15:22,006 --> 00:15:25,884 of the Roman world accepting Christianity. 141 00:15:26,009 --> 00:15:29,387 And from there on, it's gonna go all over the world. 142 00:15:32,224 --> 00:15:34,267 - With the Megiddo Mosaic, 143 00:15:34,392 --> 00:15:37,687 you have geography that is coming into play, 144 00:15:37,812 --> 00:15:40,649 you have politics and political regions 145 00:15:40,774 --> 00:15:42,567 and political divisions 146 00:15:42,692 --> 00:15:45,696 that have a lot to contribute to what's going on. 147 00:15:45,821 --> 00:15:49,074 We have international politics, 148 00:15:49,199 --> 00:15:50,826 language that's important. 149 00:15:50,951 --> 00:15:55,539 It all comes clashing in and blending together 150 00:15:55,664 --> 00:15:58,626 in its own beautiful mosaic form 151 00:15:58,751 --> 00:16:01,461 in the valley that Megiddo is located in. 152 00:16:03,046 --> 00:16:06,007 - For me as a historian, I wanna say let's go back 153 00:16:06,132 --> 00:16:08,259 and see what we actually know about the Greek world, 154 00:16:08,386 --> 00:16:10,846 about the Roman world, about the Jewish world, 155 00:16:11,931 --> 00:16:13,516 and how they converged. 156 00:16:15,351 --> 00:16:17,686 - [Jonathan Henry] Megiddo was an ancient city, 157 00:16:17,811 --> 00:16:20,731 it's just a really important defensive position 158 00:16:20,856 --> 00:16:25,277 over top of this very fertile valley, the Jezreel Valley, 159 00:16:27,779 --> 00:16:30,157 which is really what you're trying to protect. 160 00:16:30,282 --> 00:16:32,409 There was a lot of agricultural significance to it 161 00:16:32,534 --> 00:16:35,621 and it was very necessary for the prosperity of the people. 162 00:16:35,746 --> 00:16:36,997 And so this was a great position 163 00:16:37,122 --> 00:16:38,206 for defending all of your people 164 00:16:38,331 --> 00:16:41,376 and all of their agriculture up in that area. 165 00:16:41,501 --> 00:16:44,754 We're talking formative human history with old Megiddo, 166 00:16:44,879 --> 00:16:47,132 the beginnings of civilization. 167 00:16:47,257 --> 00:16:49,009 - [Dr. Parker] Because of the mountains, 168 00:16:49,134 --> 00:16:54,139 you have very few places that people can cross east to west. 169 00:16:54,347 --> 00:16:56,934 And so when you find one of those places, 170 00:16:57,059 --> 00:17:00,812 which is the Jezreel Valley connecting to the Harod Valley, 171 00:17:00,937 --> 00:17:04,316 and you have a place that is wide and open 172 00:17:04,441 --> 00:17:06,192 and a place that has a lot of water 173 00:17:06,317 --> 00:17:08,571 and has plenty of agriculture and food 174 00:17:08,696 --> 00:17:12,991 and it is almost a flat terrain, you're just begging 175 00:17:13,116 --> 00:17:16,912 for people to go east west through that valley. 176 00:17:17,037 --> 00:17:18,831 So a place like Megiddo 177 00:17:18,956 --> 00:17:23,794 is on this really crucial crossing point of the roads. 178 00:17:23,919 --> 00:17:27,297 So it is a powerhouse city. 179 00:17:27,422 --> 00:17:29,799 And the geography tells us that, 180 00:17:29,924 --> 00:17:32,386 but then we can look at the archeological record. 181 00:17:34,554 --> 00:17:38,141 In Tel Megiddo we have 26 layers of civilizations 182 00:17:38,266 --> 00:17:40,686 living all on the same spot 183 00:17:40,811 --> 00:17:45,022 because the same spot was always the crucial spot 184 00:17:45,149 --> 00:17:47,567 to try to hold onto throughout time. 185 00:17:49,736 --> 00:17:51,781 - [Bear Grylls] Infamous for its bloody past, 186 00:17:51,906 --> 00:17:56,159 Tel Megiddo lies less than a mile north of the mosaic. 187 00:17:56,284 --> 00:17:58,579 From the beginning of recorded history, 188 00:17:58,704 --> 00:18:00,789 this site has seen more warfare 189 00:18:00,914 --> 00:18:02,957 than any other in the region. 190 00:18:03,917 --> 00:18:07,337 Many have translated Megiddo as Armageddon, 191 00:18:07,462 --> 00:18:10,466 a word steeped in both ancient literature 192 00:18:10,591 --> 00:18:12,592 and enduring mystery. 193 00:18:12,717 --> 00:18:16,889 Some believe this is a literal place foretold as the setting 194 00:18:17,014 --> 00:18:19,891 for the ultimate battle of the apocalypse. 195 00:18:21,726 --> 00:18:23,186 - There are many differing opinions 196 00:18:23,311 --> 00:18:25,481 about what it means and what will be. 197 00:18:25,606 --> 00:18:28,149 There were many battles that took place right there. 198 00:18:28,274 --> 00:18:30,944 You see Joshua and you see the children of Israel, 199 00:18:31,069 --> 00:18:33,822 they come after the Megiddo king in the Book of Joshua. 200 00:18:33,947 --> 00:18:35,114 But many do believe 201 00:18:35,241 --> 00:18:37,576 that there will be one final battle there. 202 00:18:38,827 --> 00:18:41,621 You go to Revelation Chapter 16, 203 00:18:41,746 --> 00:18:46,001 Armageddon, the battle where good defeats evil 204 00:18:46,126 --> 00:18:47,544 at the end of the age. 205 00:18:48,461 --> 00:18:50,797 - [Jonathan Henry] Even if a person has no interest 206 00:18:50,922 --> 00:18:52,507 in discussing that aspect of it, 207 00:18:52,632 --> 00:18:55,009 there's still that strong historical background 208 00:18:55,134 --> 00:18:56,636 in which this place was just known 209 00:18:56,761 --> 00:19:00,974 as a battlefield throughout history up to the Roman Empire. 210 00:19:01,099 --> 00:19:02,351 So when the Romans get there, 211 00:19:02,476 --> 00:19:05,812 they didn't wanna set up shop up on the top of the mountain 212 00:19:05,937 --> 00:19:07,897 where the other fortifications had been, 213 00:19:08,022 --> 00:19:09,274 they just looked at it and said, 214 00:19:09,399 --> 00:19:11,026 "Look at those big long fields 215 00:19:11,151 --> 00:19:13,946 and look at these mountains here 216 00:19:14,071 --> 00:19:15,656 and we could put a big camp right there." 217 00:19:15,781 --> 00:19:17,782 And the camp they put down was huge. 218 00:19:18,992 --> 00:19:22,079 [otherworldly music] 219 00:19:23,162 --> 00:19:26,707 The remarkable work of Yotam Tepper back in the early 200s 220 00:19:26,832 --> 00:19:28,961 led to the discovery of this site that before, 221 00:19:29,086 --> 00:19:31,212 nobody had any idea was there. 222 00:19:31,337 --> 00:19:33,339 Legio is a fantastic discovery. 223 00:19:33,464 --> 00:19:36,634 Legio VI Ferrata was there. 224 00:19:36,759 --> 00:19:38,136 Legio just means legion. 225 00:19:38,261 --> 00:19:40,639 It's what the Romans called their different legions. 226 00:19:40,764 --> 00:19:45,727 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 227 00:19:48,564 --> 00:19:50,106 - [Bear Grylls] Legio can be found 228 00:19:50,232 --> 00:19:52,901 half a mile north of the mosaic. 229 00:19:53,026 --> 00:19:55,487 Of the entire Eastern Roman Empire, 230 00:19:55,612 --> 00:19:58,447 it is the very first military headquarters 231 00:19:58,574 --> 00:20:00,074 found from that time. 232 00:20:01,159 --> 00:20:04,954 It is yet another once in a generation discovery. 233 00:20:25,309 --> 00:20:26,851 - [Jonathan Henry] Everybody wants to talk about Armageddon 234 00:20:26,977 --> 00:20:28,771 as a word, as a theology problem 235 00:20:28,896 --> 00:20:30,856 or something to figure out and crack. 236 00:20:30,981 --> 00:20:32,816 And then the archeologist goes in there and goes, "Wow, 237 00:20:32,941 --> 00:20:36,236 actually what we're finding is also historical significance 238 00:20:36,361 --> 00:20:39,114 that was completely overlooked, completely lost." 239 00:20:39,239 --> 00:20:40,407 We lost an entire legion 240 00:20:40,532 --> 00:20:45,412 and Yotam Tepper managed to get enough literary clues 241 00:20:45,537 --> 00:20:48,957 and then also doggedly pursued this. 242 00:20:50,959 --> 00:20:53,629 Yotam did something that like, you know, 243 00:20:53,754 --> 00:20:55,756 the legendary archeologists of the past were doing. 244 00:20:55,881 --> 00:20:59,634 If you admire any archeologist, he's right there with them. 245 00:21:29,956 --> 00:21:32,376 - [Bear Grylls] In the spring of 2024, 246 00:21:32,501 --> 00:21:35,044 the Israel Antiquities Authority 247 00:21:35,169 --> 00:21:38,047 developed a plan to exhibit the mosaic 248 00:21:38,172 --> 00:21:41,717 at the Museum of the Bible In Washington D.C. 249 00:21:42,802 --> 00:21:45,347 An unveiling ceremony of the mosaic 250 00:21:45,472 --> 00:21:48,141 was held for the museum delegates. 251 00:23:10,932 --> 00:23:12,976 - [Bear Grylls] With the plan now set in place, 252 00:23:13,101 --> 00:23:16,271 the greatest challenge still lies ahead, 253 00:23:17,231 --> 00:23:20,776 to safely and securely cut the mosaic 254 00:23:20,901 --> 00:23:22,569 out of the prison grounds 255 00:23:22,694 --> 00:23:25,906 to bring the experience of the Holy Lands 256 00:23:26,031 --> 00:23:27,282 to the rest of the world. 257 00:23:29,367 --> 00:23:31,952 [dogs barking] 258 00:23:33,412 --> 00:23:37,501 [intercom speaking indistinctly] 259 00:23:39,169 --> 00:23:43,089 [dogs barking in the distance] 260 00:23:46,717 --> 00:23:49,554 [workers praying] 261 00:23:56,144 --> 00:23:58,146 [workers praying continues] 262 00:24:02,901 --> 00:24:06,029 [vocalist harmonizing] 263 00:24:06,154 --> 00:24:08,614 [discordant music] 264 00:24:24,381 --> 00:24:27,467 [rousing folk music] 265 00:24:53,034 --> 00:24:55,704 [air whooshing] 266 00:24:58,831 --> 00:25:02,167 [vocalists harmonizing] 267 00:25:29,321 --> 00:25:30,404 - [Bear Grylls] Here in the heart 268 00:25:30,529 --> 00:25:32,532 of the old city of Jerusalem, 269 00:25:32,657 --> 00:25:35,242 arguably the most sacred city on the planet, 270 00:25:37,036 --> 00:25:40,372 you'll find the origins of humanity's deepest beliefs 271 00:25:42,124 --> 00:25:44,502 and fiercest conflicts. 272 00:25:44,627 --> 00:25:47,464 [voices chanting] 273 00:25:50,174 --> 00:25:52,927 [haunting music] 274 00:25:55,512 --> 00:25:57,849 Inside these walls lie the roots 275 00:25:57,974 --> 00:26:00,017 that shaped our civilizations, 276 00:26:01,644 --> 00:26:04,439 a legacy that is echoed throughout time. 277 00:26:34,094 --> 00:26:37,431 [rousing lilting music] 278 00:27:03,456 --> 00:27:07,126 [rousing music intensifies] 279 00:27:29,024 --> 00:27:33,027 [tense rousing music continues] 280 00:27:50,044 --> 00:27:53,297 [rousing music swells] 281 00:27:56,217 --> 00:27:59,346 [rousing music slows] 282 00:28:17,822 --> 00:28:20,826 [gentle ethereal music] 283 00:28:20,951 --> 00:28:23,744 - [Bear Grylls] While Israel is an ancient place, 284 00:28:23,869 --> 00:28:26,206 it is also developing rapidly. 285 00:28:27,624 --> 00:28:30,919 Located in Jerusalem, the heart of the Holy Land, 286 00:28:31,836 --> 00:28:34,131 the Israel Antiquities Authority 287 00:28:34,256 --> 00:28:38,134 presides over all of Israel's archeological discoveries. 288 00:28:41,096 --> 00:28:44,349 [gentle lilting music] 289 00:28:45,934 --> 00:28:49,521 They steward some of history's greatest treasures 290 00:28:49,646 --> 00:28:51,731 and use cutting edge technology 291 00:28:51,856 --> 00:28:54,651 to understand and preserve them. 292 00:28:56,111 --> 00:29:00,364 [Eli speaking in foreign language] 293 00:29:05,411 --> 00:29:10,416 [Eli speaking in foreign language continues] 294 00:29:15,046 --> 00:29:18,716 [lilting music intensifies] 295 00:29:25,222 --> 00:29:28,142 [lilting music slows] 296 00:29:28,267 --> 00:29:29,727 - [Visitor] Shalom, shalom 297 00:29:29,852 --> 00:29:30,937 Hello, hello. 298 00:29:32,187 --> 00:29:34,191 - Okay, so hi. Welcome to the Metals Lab. 299 00:29:34,316 --> 00:29:37,986 This is really where all metal artifacts, including coins, 300 00:29:38,111 --> 00:29:40,822 end up after excavations. 301 00:29:40,947 --> 00:29:44,742 We treat about a thousand and or more objects a year 302 00:29:44,867 --> 00:29:48,121 and between 3,000 to 5,000 coins a year 303 00:29:48,246 --> 00:29:50,289 that archeologists and researchers 304 00:29:50,414 --> 00:29:53,334 can study and discover as much as they can. 305 00:29:56,004 --> 00:29:58,047 - [Visitor] And the objects from- 306 00:29:58,172 --> 00:29:59,341 - Is that from- 307 00:29:59,466 --> 00:30:00,716 - Megiddo- - It is from Megiddo, 308 00:30:00,842 --> 00:30:01,717 that is it? - That's it. 309 00:30:01,842 --> 00:30:02,969 - Can I take a photo? 310 00:30:13,604 --> 00:30:14,772 - [Joe Uziel] I think one of the important things 311 00:30:14,897 --> 00:30:19,902 to take away from this find, the Megiddo church is, 312 00:30:20,027 --> 00:30:21,904 archeology is gonna continue 313 00:30:22,029 --> 00:30:25,574 to make very, very, very significant discoveries 314 00:30:25,699 --> 00:30:29,077 which are going to affect the greater world. 315 00:30:29,204 --> 00:30:31,956 And this can be the Megiddo Mosaic, 316 00:30:32,081 --> 00:30:35,584 this can be the street in Jerusalem, 317 00:30:35,709 --> 00:30:37,629 which is currently being uncovered 318 00:30:37,754 --> 00:30:39,672 by the Israel Antiquities Authority, 319 00:30:39,797 --> 00:30:43,092 or this can be more fragments of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 320 00:30:45,427 --> 00:30:49,097 [low enigmatic music] 321 00:30:49,224 --> 00:30:51,601 - This is the most important laboratory. 322 00:30:51,726 --> 00:30:55,104 This is what "Times Magazine" 323 00:30:55,229 --> 00:30:57,816 defined as the most important archeological finding 324 00:30:57,941 --> 00:31:01,069 of modern era, and we are the guardians, 325 00:31:02,946 --> 00:31:04,071 the Dead Sea Scroll. 326 00:31:07,241 --> 00:31:08,826 - [Bear Grylls] The Dead Sea Scrolls 327 00:31:08,951 --> 00:31:11,037 are the most significant discovery 328 00:31:11,162 --> 00:31:15,041 of ancient biblical and historical texts ever found. 329 00:31:16,001 --> 00:31:19,296 Widely regarded as the single greatest artifact 330 00:31:19,421 --> 00:31:21,756 for understanding the ancient world, 331 00:31:21,881 --> 00:31:24,384 they stand as a powerful confirmation 332 00:31:24,509 --> 00:31:27,261 of the accuracy of biblical literature. 333 00:31:28,096 --> 00:31:29,931 What's even more fascinating, 334 00:31:30,056 --> 00:31:33,601 the bulk of these discoveries occurred between 1947 335 00:31:33,726 --> 00:31:36,312 and the 1950s. 336 00:31:36,437 --> 00:31:39,941 A reminder that so much of our past remains buried 337 00:31:40,066 --> 00:31:42,026 and is waiting to be uncovered. 338 00:31:44,362 --> 00:31:48,032 - The Dead Sea Scrolls are a group of documents 339 00:31:48,157 --> 00:31:50,284 discovered in the Judean Desert, 340 00:31:50,409 --> 00:31:54,747 which span 1,800 years of human activity. 341 00:31:57,876 --> 00:31:59,752 Most definitely the most prominent group 342 00:31:59,877 --> 00:32:02,756 are the documents which were found in the caves 343 00:32:02,881 --> 00:32:05,382 surrounding the site of Qumran. 344 00:32:08,469 --> 00:32:11,556 The Qumran Caves yielded scrolls 345 00:32:11,681 --> 00:32:15,101 dating from roughly the third century BCE 346 00:32:16,102 --> 00:32:19,229 all the way up into the first century CE. 347 00:32:19,356 --> 00:32:21,399 Within this collection of scrolls, 348 00:32:21,524 --> 00:32:24,234 we also have the earliest copies 349 00:32:24,361 --> 00:32:27,989 of the biblical text known to date. 350 00:32:28,114 --> 00:32:32,117 [enigmatic music tenses] 351 00:32:32,242 --> 00:32:36,414 Just on this one table with about eight examples 352 00:32:36,539 --> 00:32:39,917 of a huge collection of over 1,000 manuscripts, 353 00:32:40,042 --> 00:32:43,337 we have the oldest document that we have 354 00:32:43,462 --> 00:32:44,922 written in Paleo-Hebrew, 355 00:32:45,047 --> 00:32:48,384 we have one of the later documents written in Arabic. 356 00:32:48,509 --> 00:32:53,514 We have the biblical books of Psalms and Genesis, 357 00:32:53,681 --> 00:32:57,017 the first book in the Hebrew Bible, Isaiah, 358 00:32:57,142 --> 00:33:00,979 and then shift into this additional biblical book 359 00:33:01,106 --> 00:33:06,111 that is also found within this entire corpus of literature. 360 00:33:08,196 --> 00:33:11,074 We can only display a scroll for three months 361 00:33:11,199 --> 00:33:14,827 because we're minimizing its exposure to light. 362 00:33:14,952 --> 00:33:18,456 It will then be put into our vault for five years 363 00:33:18,581 --> 00:33:21,876 because although the very, very dry climate 364 00:33:22,001 --> 00:33:26,922 allowed these organic materials to survive to this day, 365 00:33:27,047 --> 00:33:30,134 they still underwent several types of damage 366 00:33:30,259 --> 00:33:34,764 including exposure to humidity, salt from the Dead Sea, 367 00:33:34,889 --> 00:33:37,976 worm holes which ate through pieces of the fragments, 368 00:33:38,101 --> 00:33:40,061 and an even bigger challenge I would say, 369 00:33:40,186 --> 00:33:43,272 is making sure that documents and scrolls, 370 00:33:43,397 --> 00:33:46,776 which survived for hundreds and thousands of years, 371 00:33:46,901 --> 00:33:48,486 continue to survive 372 00:33:48,611 --> 00:33:51,364 for hundreds and thousands of years forward. 373 00:33:52,656 --> 00:33:54,324 This area at the bottom, 374 00:33:54,451 --> 00:33:58,204 which is darkened due to the exposure of the parchment 375 00:33:58,329 --> 00:34:01,999 to moisture and the text is hidden beneath it, 376 00:34:02,124 --> 00:34:05,377 that text is brought out and you'll see that 377 00:34:05,502 --> 00:34:09,632 in the multi-spectral imaging system that we have next door 378 00:34:09,757 --> 00:34:12,426 in which using the infrared light, 379 00:34:12,551 --> 00:34:15,221 the dark parchment disappears 380 00:34:15,346 --> 00:34:18,224 and the carbon ink is brought out 381 00:34:18,349 --> 00:34:20,642 and can be read very clearly. 382 00:34:22,227 --> 00:34:23,646 This is basically taking us 383 00:34:23,771 --> 00:34:28,359 into the next stage of research on the scrolls. 384 00:34:28,484 --> 00:34:31,237 Through consultation with different experts 385 00:34:31,362 --> 00:34:34,574 of different fields, a technology that was developed 386 00:34:34,699 --> 00:34:37,659 for NASA was implemented 387 00:34:37,786 --> 00:34:41,037 and a multi-spectral imaging unit was built. 388 00:34:41,164 --> 00:34:44,834 [exhilarating music] 389 00:34:44,959 --> 00:34:47,044 The purpose of the multi-spectral imaging unit 390 00:34:47,169 --> 00:34:51,924 was to provide objective, steady images of the scrolls 391 00:34:52,049 --> 00:34:54,844 under different wavelengths and different exposures, 392 00:34:54,969 --> 00:34:57,304 which each wavelength and exposure 393 00:34:57,429 --> 00:34:59,389 brings out a different feature 394 00:34:59,516 --> 00:35:02,392 in the fragment being documented. 395 00:35:03,561 --> 00:35:07,064 - It's not only documenting color image of the collection, 396 00:35:07,189 --> 00:35:10,484 it also gives us an analysis of the chemical and mineral 397 00:35:10,609 --> 00:35:13,612 the substances that are involved in the artifact. 398 00:35:15,031 --> 00:35:16,241 For me it's fascinating. 399 00:35:16,366 --> 00:35:18,451 So the camera gives us a lot of links to history 400 00:35:18,576 --> 00:35:20,494 that we cannot see with our eyes. 401 00:35:20,619 --> 00:35:22,121 We can see things 402 00:35:22,246 --> 00:35:24,499 that are not supposed to be legible anymore. 403 00:35:24,624 --> 00:35:27,334 It teaches us a lot about the context of the text itself, 404 00:35:27,459 --> 00:35:30,671 but it also can teach us thinking in a wider spectrum 405 00:35:30,796 --> 00:35:34,091 that everything has place somewhere. 406 00:35:34,216 --> 00:35:36,302 Even things that we cannot see with our eyes, 407 00:35:36,427 --> 00:35:40,556 it's still worth to experiment, to try to understand, 408 00:35:40,681 --> 00:35:43,976 and see what is missing in our links with history. 409 00:35:46,687 --> 00:35:50,107 - We are now involved in numerous projects 410 00:35:50,232 --> 00:35:53,444 which use these images as the data set 411 00:35:53,569 --> 00:35:57,072 for we call projects within the digital humanities, 412 00:35:57,197 --> 00:36:00,701 using computer tools to take us to the next level 413 00:36:00,826 --> 00:36:04,872 of research in the world of the Dead Sea Scrolls. 414 00:36:04,997 --> 00:36:08,501 Each of these things is another piece, sort of another block 415 00:36:08,626 --> 00:36:12,504 to reconstructing our connection with the past 416 00:36:12,629 --> 00:36:15,424 and how relevant that past is to us today. 417 00:36:15,549 --> 00:36:18,552 And in that sense, advances in the sciences 418 00:36:18,677 --> 00:36:21,681 and the digital world will continue to tell a story 419 00:36:21,806 --> 00:36:23,432 because it's not just about 420 00:36:23,557 --> 00:36:25,226 the new things that you're finding, 421 00:36:25,351 --> 00:36:28,437 but things that were found several years ago 422 00:36:29,564 --> 00:36:32,649 and that we can now apply new avenues of research 423 00:36:32,774 --> 00:36:34,652 which could teach us more about them. 424 00:36:35,861 --> 00:36:38,614 [poignant music] 425 00:36:45,871 --> 00:36:47,957 - [Daniel Master] Tel Shimron is a site on the northern side 426 00:36:48,082 --> 00:36:49,499 of the Jezreel Valley. 427 00:36:49,626 --> 00:36:51,836 When we look south, we look right across the valley 428 00:36:51,961 --> 00:36:54,672 and we see the site of Legio and the site of Megiddo 429 00:36:54,797 --> 00:36:56,382 every day as we come to work. 430 00:36:57,299 --> 00:37:00,136 So one of the things that we're doing at Tel Shimron 431 00:37:00,261 --> 00:37:03,806 and you're doing with the excavations at Megiddo 432 00:37:03,931 --> 00:37:05,599 is that we're using technology 433 00:37:05,724 --> 00:37:08,102 in order to reconstruct the things that we're digging. 434 00:37:08,227 --> 00:37:11,272 - Okay, level. 435 00:37:11,397 --> 00:37:13,149 - [Daniel Master] One of the first things we're using 436 00:37:13,274 --> 00:37:14,942 that most archeologists in this region 437 00:37:15,067 --> 00:37:18,487 are using all the time is photogrammetry. 438 00:37:18,612 --> 00:37:21,491 We're using different photographs from different angles 439 00:37:21,616 --> 00:37:24,284 and using some off the shelf computer programs, 440 00:37:24,409 --> 00:37:27,662 we can reconstruct very accurate 3D models 441 00:37:27,787 --> 00:37:29,164 using these different photographs 442 00:37:29,289 --> 00:37:30,541 that we've taken from different angles. 443 00:37:30,666 --> 00:37:33,211 And then using some of our surveying equipment, 444 00:37:33,336 --> 00:37:34,629 we can place those models 445 00:37:34,754 --> 00:37:37,006 exactly where they appear on the globe 446 00:37:37,131 --> 00:37:40,509 and have a wonderful record of exactly what was there 447 00:37:40,634 --> 00:37:43,846 before we started excavating or before we remove anything. 448 00:37:46,641 --> 00:37:47,599 The second thing we're doing 449 00:37:47,724 --> 00:37:50,894 in order to record the things that we're excavating 450 00:37:51,019 --> 00:37:53,231 is to use something like LiDAR. 451 00:37:53,356 --> 00:37:55,816 LiDAR, or laser line scanning, 452 00:37:55,941 --> 00:37:58,236 use a laser that is sent out from a machine 453 00:37:58,361 --> 00:38:01,406 and we measure how long it takes for the laser to come back. 454 00:38:01,531 --> 00:38:04,951 And by measuring this, you can figure out how far away 455 00:38:05,076 --> 00:38:06,744 the thing is that it bounced off of. 456 00:38:06,869 --> 00:38:09,997 And so using this, you can get a full 3D picture 457 00:38:10,122 --> 00:38:11,289 of the world around you. 458 00:38:12,749 --> 00:38:16,587 [gentle enigmatic music] 459 00:38:16,712 --> 00:38:20,966 - Once we combine and use both technologies, 460 00:38:21,091 --> 00:38:24,552 we can use a very accurate data from the laser 461 00:38:24,679 --> 00:38:28,766 with the high photorealism from the photos. 462 00:38:28,891 --> 00:38:33,896 So we get both accuracy and visualization for this 3D model. 463 00:38:35,856 --> 00:38:40,611 In the mosaic, we used around 60 laser scans. 464 00:38:40,736 --> 00:38:44,239 We took about 3,000 images. 465 00:38:48,827 --> 00:38:52,789 In this project, the resolution was the most important. 466 00:38:52,914 --> 00:38:55,084 This is a visualization project. 467 00:38:55,209 --> 00:38:58,462 They want to see each and every detail in stone 468 00:38:58,587 --> 00:39:00,839 and really small details 469 00:39:00,964 --> 00:39:03,676 that you can't even see with your eyes. 470 00:39:06,637 --> 00:39:10,266 A lot of insights come from this kind of data. 471 00:39:12,267 --> 00:39:13,852 In 100 years from now, 472 00:39:13,977 --> 00:39:17,314 people can go back and look at this mosaic. 473 00:39:17,439 --> 00:39:20,317 It's an eternal documentation for it. 474 00:39:21,317 --> 00:39:23,196 It will be like being there. 475 00:39:23,321 --> 00:39:25,656 And we can share it globally, 476 00:39:25,781 --> 00:39:28,076 not just for the people who live here. 477 00:39:29,117 --> 00:39:31,829 [majestic music] 478 00:39:37,459 --> 00:39:39,879 - [Bear Grylls] This technology opens a door 479 00:39:40,004 --> 00:39:42,006 to new research opportunities, 480 00:39:43,091 --> 00:39:45,759 by giving archeologists around the world 481 00:39:45,884 --> 00:39:49,972 a working of real-time scaled model of the site. 482 00:39:51,139 --> 00:39:54,017 And based on other evidence from that time period, 483 00:39:54,142 --> 00:39:56,854 the digital model becomes a foundation 484 00:39:56,979 --> 00:40:00,441 for reconstructing a much more accurate picture 485 00:40:00,566 --> 00:40:05,571 of who these people were and how they existed in the space. 486 00:40:05,737 --> 00:40:08,991 [rousing string music] 487 00:40:13,912 --> 00:40:15,956 - [Daniel Master] And this is just one of the tools 488 00:40:16,081 --> 00:40:19,209 in our toolkit in order to carefully record the things 489 00:40:19,334 --> 00:40:22,754 that are being excavated and moved by archeologists. 490 00:40:24,422 --> 00:40:26,132 One of the things that you know 491 00:40:26,257 --> 00:40:28,092 from trying to understand the world today 492 00:40:28,219 --> 00:40:30,762 is how hard it is to get good information, 493 00:40:32,389 --> 00:40:35,351 how hard it is to know what's true and what's false. 494 00:40:35,476 --> 00:40:39,062 And on the excavation, we face that problem even more. 495 00:40:41,439 --> 00:40:46,277 Excavating is a way to fill in missing pieces of the past. 496 00:40:47,321 --> 00:40:49,656 And why that past is important to each one of us 497 00:40:49,781 --> 00:40:52,951 is less relevant than filling in the missing pieces 498 00:40:53,076 --> 00:40:55,746 for all of us together so that we can all see the past 499 00:40:55,871 --> 00:40:57,497 in as rich a way as possible. 500 00:41:48,131 --> 00:41:50,384 - We're dealing with little pieces of the past, 501 00:41:50,509 --> 00:41:53,887 little broken shards that tell us this story 502 00:41:54,012 --> 00:41:56,682 that we're trying to figure out together. 503 00:41:56,807 --> 00:41:59,517 When you see the conclusion of the archeologist, 504 00:41:59,642 --> 00:42:02,229 it looks to you simple because it's been done. 505 00:42:02,354 --> 00:42:05,982 The details of the chronology, what year exactly is this. 506 00:42:06,107 --> 00:42:07,567 It's all hard, but they're really trying 507 00:42:07,692 --> 00:42:09,861 to honestly show something about the past 508 00:42:10,696 --> 00:42:12,697 and it takes all of our perspectives 509 00:42:12,822 --> 00:42:14,324 and all of our hard work 510 00:42:14,449 --> 00:42:17,077 to try to tell that story of the past 511 00:42:17,202 --> 00:42:20,956 as carefully and honestly and reliably as possible 512 00:42:21,081 --> 00:42:24,792 to understand the history of this land as it happens. 513 00:42:28,129 --> 00:42:30,466 [birds chirping] 514 00:42:30,591 --> 00:42:32,634 - [Bear Grylls] In addition to using technology 515 00:42:32,759 --> 00:42:34,802 to understand these sites, 516 00:42:34,929 --> 00:42:37,014 experts go back to the remains 517 00:42:37,139 --> 00:42:40,434 and search for relics that give historical clues. 518 00:42:41,476 --> 00:42:43,937 In the case of the Megiddo Mosaic, 519 00:42:44,062 --> 00:42:46,564 coins were found that revealed more 520 00:42:46,691 --> 00:42:48,442 about the people who built it. 521 00:42:51,027 --> 00:42:53,864 - This is the IAA Coin Department. 522 00:42:53,989 --> 00:42:58,952 About 600,000 coins, 200,000 excavation coins, 340 hoards. 523 00:43:00,871 --> 00:43:04,832 Coins come from a certain context. They give a story. 524 00:43:04,959 --> 00:43:08,127 The earliest coin found in the Tel Megiddo excavations 525 00:43:08,252 --> 00:43:12,799 is a coin that was minted in the city of Ashkelon. 526 00:43:12,924 --> 00:43:17,929 And what I see is a stamp of the legion that was in Legio. 527 00:43:20,682 --> 00:43:22,392 So what happened many times 528 00:43:22,517 --> 00:43:23,977 is that there wasn't enough money. 529 00:43:24,102 --> 00:43:26,604 When there weren't enough coins, what people used to do, 530 00:43:26,731 --> 00:43:29,399 especially when these Roman legions came, 531 00:43:29,524 --> 00:43:32,694 is to re-stamp, to reissue the coin, an old coin. 532 00:43:33,987 --> 00:43:36,657 The coin sort of symbolized the transition 533 00:43:36,782 --> 00:43:40,577 of the settlement from a pagan settlement 534 00:43:40,702 --> 00:43:42,371 into the Christian period, 535 00:43:42,496 --> 00:43:46,291 how the populations changed also their religion. 536 00:43:48,292 --> 00:43:50,796 Coins are historical documents, they tell a story, 537 00:43:50,921 --> 00:43:52,047 especially when they're found 538 00:43:52,172 --> 00:43:55,259 in a historical, archeological context. 539 00:43:55,384 --> 00:43:58,637 I think that's the most powerful part of the coin. 540 00:43:58,762 --> 00:44:00,597 You can really feel the Roman camp, 541 00:44:00,722 --> 00:44:02,391 the soldiers, you know, using money. 542 00:44:02,516 --> 00:44:05,561 And you know, 50% of the coins that basically circulated 543 00:44:05,686 --> 00:44:07,729 were used by soldiers. 544 00:44:07,854 --> 00:44:09,606 That's an interesting fact. 545 00:44:09,731 --> 00:44:14,736 We found this early Christian place of worship 546 00:44:14,986 --> 00:44:18,072 near a Roman camp and that's not by coincidence 547 00:44:18,197 --> 00:44:20,742 because there were two populations in the Roman empire 548 00:44:20,867 --> 00:44:23,954 that really were attracted to Christianity. 549 00:44:24,079 --> 00:44:27,416 One was women and the other one was soldiers. 550 00:44:28,876 --> 00:44:31,586 So I think that's sort of a connection. 551 00:44:31,712 --> 00:44:33,129 There's a organic connection 552 00:44:33,254 --> 00:44:36,884 between soldiers and the start of Christianity. 553 00:44:38,927 --> 00:44:41,512 And of course, this important venue. 554 00:46:05,306 --> 00:46:08,349 - [Yisca Harani] The fact that a military man, 555 00:46:08,476 --> 00:46:09,934 which we usually associate 556 00:46:10,059 --> 00:46:11,979 with being very practical, pragmatic, 557 00:46:12,104 --> 00:46:14,147 people who are less than spiritual 558 00:46:15,022 --> 00:46:17,442 and there is somebody who cares so much 559 00:46:17,567 --> 00:46:20,946 to take from his own salary 560 00:46:21,071 --> 00:46:23,907 and to say, "For God, I do that." 561 00:46:24,991 --> 00:46:27,994 - [Dr. Parker] Gaianus, centurion, our brother, 562 00:46:28,119 --> 00:46:32,291 gave the payment of his own expense as an act of generosity. 563 00:46:33,834 --> 00:46:35,961 When we look at the physical context, 564 00:46:36,086 --> 00:46:40,716 this is a very large collection of Roman soldiers 565 00:46:40,841 --> 00:46:43,594 who are put in the Jezreel Valley 566 00:46:43,719 --> 00:46:46,429 to be guarding the interests of Rome. 567 00:46:46,554 --> 00:46:48,974 And so someone of such status 568 00:46:49,099 --> 00:46:52,602 gives money for not just a little structure, 569 00:46:52,727 --> 00:46:56,564 not just a dedication, but to an entire building 570 00:46:56,689 --> 00:47:00,486 and to the building of this incredibly detailed 571 00:47:00,611 --> 00:47:03,822 mosaic floor, this is no small thing. 572 00:47:03,947 --> 00:47:08,911 He is tying his name, his reputation, and his status 573 00:47:09,369 --> 00:47:11,956 to this building that is very public 574 00:47:12,081 --> 00:47:13,791 and in the middle of the community. 575 00:47:17,002 --> 00:47:18,294 - [N.T. Wright] We know in the New Testament 576 00:47:18,419 --> 00:47:20,004 there were centurions in the Middle East 577 00:47:20,129 --> 00:47:22,716 who built synagogues for the local Jewish communities. 578 00:47:22,841 --> 00:47:25,761 This wasn't a totally unusual thing to do. 579 00:47:25,886 --> 00:47:27,512 Somebody who's stationed there, 580 00:47:27,637 --> 00:47:30,014 who has learned to like these people 581 00:47:30,139 --> 00:47:32,559 and actually wants to do his bit 582 00:47:32,684 --> 00:47:36,646 and wants to keep the Roman peace, such as it was, 583 00:47:36,771 --> 00:47:39,649 it's not an unusual thing to do from that point of view, 584 00:47:39,774 --> 00:47:42,402 but it says that here is a Roman official 585 00:47:42,527 --> 00:47:45,656 who is not frightened to be known, to be associated 586 00:47:45,781 --> 00:47:48,407 with this extraordinary subversive movement. 587 00:47:49,492 --> 00:47:51,786 And then the fact that there are high ranking 588 00:47:51,912 --> 00:47:54,414 or well off women who are contributing. 589 00:47:58,042 --> 00:48:00,421 - [Dr. Parker] The inscription that is on the western side 590 00:48:00,546 --> 00:48:04,716 says, "The God-loving Akeptous has offered the table 591 00:48:04,841 --> 00:48:08,094 to God Jesus Christ as a memorial." 592 00:48:10,639 --> 00:48:13,684 - [Bear Grylls] The centerpiece of the mosaic is the table, 593 00:48:13,809 --> 00:48:15,561 also known as an altar, 594 00:48:17,187 --> 00:48:20,357 dedicated by a woman named Akeptous. 595 00:48:34,121 --> 00:48:36,331 - And one of the earliest rituals ever developed 596 00:48:36,456 --> 00:48:38,207 by people who believed in Jesus 597 00:48:38,332 --> 00:48:41,586 was commemoration of Jesus' life and death. 598 00:48:41,711 --> 00:48:43,296 Basically, his instruction to remember 599 00:48:43,421 --> 00:48:47,342 and you see the word "remember" even in these mosaics. 600 00:48:47,467 --> 00:48:49,094 - [Dr. Parker] The eastern side says, 601 00:48:49,219 --> 00:48:53,264 "Remember Primilla, Cyriaca, Dorothea, 602 00:48:53,389 --> 00:48:56,392 and moreover also Chreste." 603 00:48:56,517 --> 00:48:59,771 - [Yisca Harani] In the Roman world, women were marginalized 604 00:48:59,896 --> 00:49:04,526 and their role was pretty much to make the men eat, 605 00:49:04,651 --> 00:49:09,364 enjoy, and have security in their family life. 606 00:49:28,049 --> 00:49:29,801 - [Dr. Parker] The way that this inscription ends 607 00:49:29,926 --> 00:49:32,221 with the "and moreover also Chreste" 608 00:49:32,346 --> 00:49:33,764 seems to set her apart 609 00:49:33,889 --> 00:49:36,557 from the previous list and the previous women. 610 00:49:36,682 --> 00:49:40,937 This particular name Chreste might be a slave name 611 00:49:41,062 --> 00:49:45,734 and potentially could refer to Chreste being a woman 612 00:49:45,859 --> 00:49:48,402 who was once a slave but is now a freed woman. 613 00:49:48,527 --> 00:49:53,491 For one of them to have a name that could be a slave name, 614 00:49:53,742 --> 00:49:57,496 possibly suggesting that she's been a freed slave, 615 00:49:57,621 --> 00:50:01,791 means that there is some equalizing of status 616 00:50:01,916 --> 00:50:05,044 that is going on in this community. 617 00:50:05,169 --> 00:50:07,672 And this is one of the things I'm so fascinated by. 618 00:50:07,797 --> 00:50:10,759 Why on earth are there so many women who are listed, 619 00:50:10,884 --> 00:50:14,096 especially when you have a centurion who is also there, 620 00:50:14,221 --> 00:50:18,516 and what role do these women play? 621 00:50:18,641 --> 00:50:21,852 One of them is giving money for the table, 622 00:50:21,977 --> 00:50:23,479 which is probably the place 623 00:50:23,604 --> 00:50:25,774 where they're having the Lord's supper, 624 00:50:25,899 --> 00:50:29,527 but why is she the one who is given this designation 625 00:50:29,652 --> 00:50:32,156 of contributing the money for that 626 00:50:32,281 --> 00:50:35,409 and providing the blessing for the table? 627 00:50:36,534 --> 00:50:38,871 - It reminds me of Mary Magdalene of course, 628 00:50:38,996 --> 00:50:41,831 and the other women that are mentioned in the Gospel of Luke 629 00:50:41,956 --> 00:50:44,834 that pay for Jesus' ministry. 630 00:50:44,959 --> 00:50:48,046 - Interestingly, Christianity was much more favorable 631 00:50:48,171 --> 00:50:51,424 to women in the ancient world than Paganism was. 632 00:50:51,549 --> 00:50:55,721 And so some of the earlier converts among upper class Romans 633 00:50:55,846 --> 00:50:57,639 were among upper class women. 634 00:50:57,764 --> 00:51:01,226 In the ancient world, women were somebody's property. 635 00:51:01,351 --> 00:51:03,937 They didn't have independence. 636 00:51:04,062 --> 00:51:07,649 Ancient Roman men, if they'd had enough children already, 637 00:51:07,774 --> 00:51:10,986 if another girl was born, they would just throw them away, 638 00:51:11,111 --> 00:51:12,946 quite literally leave them out for the wolves 639 00:51:13,071 --> 00:51:15,156 or the gypsies or whoever to take. 640 00:51:15,281 --> 00:51:17,032 We now shudder at that, 641 00:51:17,159 --> 00:51:19,536 but we shudder because we have been influenced 642 00:51:19,661 --> 00:51:22,037 by the valuation of human life 643 00:51:22,164 --> 00:51:24,749 that the early Christians modeled. 644 00:51:24,874 --> 00:51:26,001 By the end of the second century, 645 00:51:26,126 --> 00:51:28,962 there was an increase in Christian women 646 00:51:29,087 --> 00:51:31,131 and quite often the Christian women 647 00:51:31,256 --> 00:51:33,884 would then marry Pagans and convert them 648 00:51:34,009 --> 00:51:36,052 or at least bring up their children as Christians. 649 00:51:36,177 --> 00:51:38,596 So it's a quite extraordinary story 650 00:51:38,721 --> 00:51:41,516 which goes against what we might have thought 651 00:51:41,641 --> 00:51:43,767 if we come with the assumption, as many do, 652 00:51:43,894 --> 00:51:45,937 that Christianity is bad for women. 653 00:51:46,062 --> 00:51:48,189 It certainly wasn't in the early centuries. 654 00:51:49,232 --> 00:51:53,904 - So women in general were marginalized and yet, 655 00:51:54,029 --> 00:51:56,406 we can tell from so many other inscriptions 656 00:51:56,531 --> 00:51:58,157 in churches around the country, 657 00:51:58,282 --> 00:52:03,121 they were pushing I would say the carriage of spirituality. 658 00:52:03,997 --> 00:52:06,332 - Right from the start in Paul's letters, 659 00:52:06,457 --> 00:52:09,669 we can see women taking leading roles in the church. 660 00:52:09,794 --> 00:52:13,422 In John Chapter 20, Jesus is first recognized 661 00:52:13,547 --> 00:52:15,257 by Mary Magdalene of all people. 662 00:52:16,134 --> 00:52:20,806 And Jesus says to Mary, "Go and tell my brothers 663 00:52:20,931 --> 00:52:24,184 I'm ascending to my Father and your Father to my God." 664 00:52:24,309 --> 00:52:25,476 That is the beginning 665 00:52:25,602 --> 00:52:27,521 of the proclamation of the Christian gospel. 666 00:52:27,646 --> 00:52:31,149 Paul's greatest letter written to the Roman church, 667 00:52:31,274 --> 00:52:33,817 he entrusts to a businesswoman from Corinth 668 00:52:33,944 --> 00:52:36,112 who's on her way on a business trip to Rome. 669 00:52:37,029 --> 00:52:40,157 The valuation of women was much higher, 670 00:52:40,282 --> 00:52:42,619 which this is not what feminist rhetoric 671 00:52:42,744 --> 00:52:44,121 has been trying to tell us. 672 00:52:44,954 --> 00:52:47,081 - [Yisca Harani] This is a new message, 673 00:52:47,207 --> 00:52:51,294 where women are so much involved in the prayer, 674 00:52:51,419 --> 00:52:54,089 they're involved in discussing theology. 675 00:52:54,214 --> 00:52:55,172 I think it's very natural 676 00:52:55,297 --> 00:52:59,219 that women are more drawn to spirituality, but at that age, 677 00:52:59,344 --> 00:53:02,137 they get the green light to be there 678 00:53:02,264 --> 00:53:05,057 instead of ousting them out and saying, "Go and fix the food 679 00:53:05,182 --> 00:53:08,019 because we're coming out of the prayer house in one hour," 680 00:53:08,144 --> 00:53:09,062 they are there. 681 00:53:11,314 --> 00:53:12,732 - [Jonathan Henry] There's a human dimension of this 682 00:53:12,857 --> 00:53:16,402 and so every one of us at the higher level of scholarship, 683 00:53:16,527 --> 00:53:19,531 this is really ultimately what we're trying to do, 684 00:53:19,656 --> 00:53:22,326 is gain sympathy with people in the past 685 00:53:22,451 --> 00:53:26,204 and understand in an empathetic way 686 00:53:26,329 --> 00:53:27,581 what were they going through 687 00:53:27,706 --> 00:53:30,709 that made them make that bad decision or that good decision. 688 00:53:31,667 --> 00:53:35,171 - [Yisca Harani] For me, the three inscriptions are amazing 689 00:53:35,296 --> 00:53:40,217 for specifically the people that are mentioned there. 690 00:53:41,386 --> 00:53:45,181 - So the idea of a building like this turning up, 691 00:53:45,306 --> 00:53:49,311 it's very exciting as a sign of what archeology can produce, 692 00:53:49,436 --> 00:53:54,149 but also as a sign of this is this diverse community 693 00:53:54,274 --> 00:53:56,234 which is establishing itself 694 00:53:56,359 --> 00:53:59,862 to the point of making a very attractive worship space. 695 00:54:02,616 --> 00:54:06,119 And presumably it isn't the only one. 696 00:54:06,244 --> 00:54:09,164 Who knows what the archeologists have yet to discover. 697 00:54:11,249 --> 00:54:12,751 - [Bear Grylls] While the mosaic describes 698 00:54:12,876 --> 00:54:14,461 a unique group of people, 699 00:54:15,712 --> 00:54:19,799 it also depicts a symbol of a cultural revolution. 700 00:54:21,009 --> 00:54:23,219 - In the ancient world, names were important, 701 00:54:23,344 --> 00:54:24,887 but symbols were also important. 702 00:54:25,012 --> 00:54:28,057 And as far as we can tell for the early Christians, 703 00:54:28,182 --> 00:54:30,936 something about having a symbol rather than a name 704 00:54:31,061 --> 00:54:33,771 meant it could be cross-cultural. 705 00:54:33,896 --> 00:54:38,901 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language] 706 00:54:43,822 --> 00:54:48,827 [Yotam Tepper speaking in foreign language continues] 707 00:54:51,789 --> 00:54:55,459 - [N.T. Wright] Of course, the Greek word for fish, ichthys, 708 00:54:55,584 --> 00:54:59,964 the letters spell out "Jesus Christ son of God savior." 709 00:55:00,089 --> 00:55:02,467 So it was a wonderful secret sign 710 00:55:02,592 --> 00:55:06,762 but which also hooked up with the stories about Jesus 711 00:55:06,887 --> 00:55:08,806 multiplying the loaves and the fishes. 712 00:55:10,391 --> 00:55:11,476 - [Jonathan Henry] By the time you get to Legio, 713 00:55:11,601 --> 00:55:14,354 the fish would be probably the most recognizable symbol. 714 00:55:14,479 --> 00:55:18,607 Very simple symbol, but just not common for anything else. 715 00:55:19,859 --> 00:55:24,489 - From early on, the fish became a very easy to draw symbol, 716 00:55:24,614 --> 00:55:27,241 but which actually had a power, 717 00:55:27,367 --> 00:55:29,286 the power of the name of Jesus, 718 00:55:29,411 --> 00:55:31,329 but then the power of the belief 719 00:55:31,454 --> 00:55:33,622 that he is the son of God, he is the savior, 720 00:55:33,747 --> 00:55:37,544 which then was able to translate, as symbols can, 721 00:55:37,669 --> 00:55:39,129 into other cultures. 722 00:55:40,421 --> 00:55:41,964 - [Jonathan Henry] This one abbreviated phrase 723 00:55:42,089 --> 00:55:45,176 in the mosaics, it has a line running across it, 724 00:55:45,301 --> 00:55:48,637 that's an early example of what they call nomina sacra. 725 00:55:48,762 --> 00:55:50,139 And those nomina sacra 726 00:55:50,264 --> 00:55:52,099 are used to abbreviate not just any word, 727 00:55:52,224 --> 00:55:54,144 they're used to abbreviate important words. 728 00:55:54,269 --> 00:55:57,312 Words like God, words like Jesus, and words like Christ. 729 00:55:58,356 --> 00:56:00,734 The abbreviation itself, God Jesus Christ, 730 00:56:00,859 --> 00:56:03,277 that's in this mosaic, those are not words 731 00:56:03,402 --> 00:56:06,531 that we're accustomed to seeing together in that order. 732 00:56:06,656 --> 00:56:08,741 You don't even see it in the New Testament. 733 00:56:10,911 --> 00:56:12,829 Now obviously, Christians today 734 00:56:12,954 --> 00:56:14,914 confess ever since the Nicene Creed, 735 00:56:15,039 --> 00:56:17,626 Jesus Christ is not just Lord but he's God 736 00:56:17,751 --> 00:56:19,794 and all kinds of language to go around that, 737 00:56:19,919 --> 00:56:23,089 that was not necessarily how people talked before that. 738 00:56:24,047 --> 00:56:25,132 - Was Jesus God? 739 00:56:25,967 --> 00:56:29,929 People have been arguing about this for 2,024 years, 740 00:56:30,054 --> 00:56:31,181 so it's nothing new. 741 00:56:31,306 --> 00:56:34,057 You have people that believe that Jesus 742 00:56:34,184 --> 00:56:36,477 is an offshoot from the Egyptian gods. 743 00:56:36,602 --> 00:56:39,647 You have people that say there's no historical findings 744 00:56:39,772 --> 00:56:41,732 that promote Jesus is God. 745 00:56:41,857 --> 00:56:44,236 - And this is sort of the early picture 746 00:56:44,361 --> 00:56:45,862 of what you see for the rest of church history. 747 00:56:45,987 --> 00:56:48,364 They went to town on working out these kinds of problems. 748 00:56:48,489 --> 00:56:51,159 Said Jesus Christ is God or Jesus Christ is divine. 749 00:56:51,284 --> 00:56:54,204 Not the God, but maybe in some way, yeah. 750 00:56:54,329 --> 00:56:56,497 And this is where heretics and Orthodox people 751 00:56:56,622 --> 00:56:58,916 are fighting for it for time immemorial. 752 00:56:59,041 --> 00:57:02,921 - Most groups at the time were separated from each other. 753 00:57:03,046 --> 00:57:06,757 They could take all options and views about Jesus. 754 00:57:06,882 --> 00:57:10,386 Here is just the first example to show us 755 00:57:10,511 --> 00:57:14,224 that a mixed community with Romans is choosing this path. 756 00:57:14,349 --> 00:57:15,682 It's a huge deal. 757 00:57:16,559 --> 00:57:19,102 - It starts in a lot of ways with this desire 758 00:57:19,229 --> 00:57:23,566 to tell your people what is the significance of all of this. 759 00:57:24,734 --> 00:57:26,652 The terms are significant 760 00:57:26,777 --> 00:57:28,571 because now looking back through time, 761 00:57:28,696 --> 00:57:32,199 we go, we don't have words in this order, 762 00:57:32,324 --> 00:57:35,369 in this kind of a statement that's a slam dunk, 763 00:57:35,494 --> 00:57:37,454 Nicene Creed kind of a statement 764 00:57:37,581 --> 00:57:39,457 a hundred years before the Nicene Creed 765 00:57:39,582 --> 00:57:41,417 had come to that conclusion. 766 00:57:43,086 --> 00:57:45,004 - I believe it was a strong proclamation from them, 767 00:57:45,129 --> 00:57:47,882 to say that the God Jesus Christ. 768 00:57:48,007 --> 00:57:50,217 But what does that mean for us today? 769 00:57:50,342 --> 00:57:54,137 You have people still asking the same question: 770 00:57:54,972 --> 00:57:55,806 Who is he? 771 00:57:57,307 --> 00:58:00,686 Who would've ever thought a Jewish rabbi 772 00:58:00,811 --> 00:58:04,316 from 2,000 years ago would get this much reaction? 773 00:58:05,482 --> 00:58:08,736 [gentle elusive music] 774 00:58:10,947 --> 00:58:13,949 - The early church I think does reflect Jesus 775 00:58:14,074 --> 00:58:16,327 to a very large degree 776 00:58:16,452 --> 00:58:19,456 in ways that are better than we find anywhere in writing, 777 00:58:19,581 --> 00:58:20,916 by the way that they died 778 00:58:21,041 --> 00:58:23,959 and the way that they lived with their neighbors 779 00:58:24,084 --> 00:58:27,672 and the way that they just made up their mind 780 00:58:27,797 --> 00:58:29,466 they were gonna socially cohere 781 00:58:29,591 --> 00:58:32,509 and get together and make something new work. 782 00:58:34,429 --> 00:58:37,724 - Though we today look back and we call it a religion, 783 00:58:37,849 --> 00:58:40,059 it certainly wouldn't have been seen as a religion 784 00:58:40,184 --> 00:58:41,019 in its own time. 785 00:58:41,144 --> 00:58:44,356 Ancient religions had temples, they offered sacrifices, 786 00:58:44,481 --> 00:58:46,482 people went and consulted oracles. 787 00:58:46,607 --> 00:58:48,984 The early Christians did none of those things. 788 00:58:49,109 --> 00:58:52,029 It's hard to say why people became Christians 789 00:58:52,154 --> 00:58:54,282 in the second and third centuries particularly 790 00:58:54,407 --> 00:58:57,492 when the Romans were doing their best to stamp it out. 791 00:58:57,619 --> 00:58:59,496 But one of the crucial things 792 00:58:59,621 --> 00:59:02,331 is that in the world of Greece and Rome, they had many gods 793 00:59:02,456 --> 00:59:07,461 and these were all powerful rulers in the heavenly places. 794 00:59:07,796 --> 00:59:09,589 But nobody ever said 795 00:59:09,714 --> 00:59:13,092 that Zeus or Aphrodite or Neptune loved you. 796 00:59:14,511 --> 00:59:17,471 Now the early Christians went around talking about a god 797 00:59:17,597 --> 00:59:20,891 who made the world and who loves you. 798 00:59:21,017 --> 00:59:23,269 This is a totally new conception. 799 00:59:23,394 --> 00:59:25,896 And the early Christians backed that up 800 00:59:26,022 --> 00:59:28,482 by establishing communities 801 00:59:28,607 --> 00:59:32,612 which were communities of what we can only call love. 802 00:59:34,029 --> 00:59:37,366 - It was a different kind of movement. 803 00:59:37,491 --> 00:59:39,327 It had a completely different way 804 00:59:39,452 --> 00:59:43,956 of understanding your neighbor, your community, 805 00:59:44,081 --> 00:59:46,459 than anything Rome had to offer. 806 00:59:47,501 --> 00:59:51,464 - In our heritage with our Jewish brothers and sisters, 807 00:59:51,589 --> 00:59:55,342 that religious obligation of caring for the poor 808 00:59:55,467 --> 00:59:56,802 was also present. 809 00:59:56,927 --> 00:59:58,721 In the books of the Old Testament, 810 00:59:58,846 --> 01:00:02,976 there are many admonitions that they too had an obligation 811 01:00:03,101 --> 01:00:07,521 to care for the stranger, for the immigrant, 812 01:00:07,647 --> 01:00:12,276 this obligation for social justice and social outreach. 813 01:00:13,944 --> 01:00:18,282 - The early Christians said things like Jesus is Lord 814 01:00:18,407 --> 01:00:22,829 in a world where the person who was called Lord was Caesar. 815 01:00:24,747 --> 01:00:26,874 - People who rise to the top and become so powerful 816 01:00:26,999 --> 01:00:28,292 that they seem superhuman. 817 01:00:28,417 --> 01:00:31,004 It's easy to build up a politician 818 01:00:31,129 --> 01:00:32,462 or a leader to that extent 819 01:00:32,587 --> 01:00:34,256 where when they reach the top of that pinnacle 820 01:00:34,382 --> 01:00:37,384 and they can tell a legion to go and another legion to go, 821 01:00:37,509 --> 01:00:39,429 they seem like a God. 822 01:00:39,554 --> 01:00:42,724 - But when Jesus is called Lord and God, 823 01:00:42,849 --> 01:00:44,266 this is in your face to Caesar. 824 01:00:44,392 --> 01:00:47,394 It looks as if this is a politically subversive group. 825 01:00:48,437 --> 01:00:49,772 It was an entire movement, 826 01:00:49,897 --> 01:00:52,482 which you might as well call a political movement 827 01:00:52,607 --> 01:00:53,984 or a philosophical movement. 828 01:00:55,569 --> 01:00:56,654 - [Jonathan Henry] The Roman Empire 829 01:00:56,779 --> 01:00:59,197 was very concerned about stability. 830 01:00:59,322 --> 01:01:03,036 They did not like new religious movements of any sort. 831 01:01:03,161 --> 01:01:04,202 You look at some of the letters 832 01:01:04,327 --> 01:01:06,039 that the leaders were writing to each other 833 01:01:06,164 --> 01:01:07,539 and they were first asking, 834 01:01:07,664 --> 01:01:10,834 "Is this going to be a problem or not, this new movement?" 835 01:01:10,959 --> 01:01:14,004 - Pliny writes to Trajan in the early second century to say, 836 01:01:14,129 --> 01:01:15,839 "What do I do about these Christians?" 837 01:01:15,964 --> 01:01:18,592 Had there been a law on the statute books 838 01:01:18,717 --> 01:01:20,219 saying this is what you do, Pliny would've known it 839 01:01:20,344 --> 01:01:22,387 'cause he was a good bureaucrat. 840 01:01:22,512 --> 01:01:25,599 So it looks as though persecution was sporadic 841 01:01:25,724 --> 01:01:27,309 and it tends to be the case 842 01:01:27,434 --> 01:01:29,979 that the Roman authorities go after the leadership. 843 01:01:30,104 --> 01:01:32,481 There's a sense, we can't go and kill them all. 844 01:01:32,606 --> 01:01:35,192 From time to time, we will round some of them up 845 01:01:35,317 --> 01:01:36,694 and make an example of them 846 01:01:36,819 --> 01:01:39,071 and maybe that will discourage the rest. 847 01:01:39,196 --> 01:01:41,699 But it has the exact opposite effect 848 01:01:41,824 --> 01:01:44,494 because they see these people unafraid 849 01:01:44,619 --> 01:01:46,621 to face suffering and death. 850 01:01:46,746 --> 01:01:49,707 So that is actually part of the reason 851 01:01:49,832 --> 01:01:51,334 why this movement spreads. 852 01:01:52,334 --> 01:01:55,546 In a world of violence and cynical brutality, 853 01:01:56,506 --> 01:01:58,882 Christianity is showing that there is a way through 854 01:01:59,007 --> 01:02:00,759 and out the other side. 855 01:02:00,884 --> 01:02:03,887 [low rousing music] 856 01:02:06,014 --> 01:02:08,601 - [Jonathan Henry] As Christianity spread around the world, 857 01:02:08,726 --> 01:02:10,186 early Christians stressed 858 01:02:10,311 --> 01:02:12,396 the importance of Christian set of values 859 01:02:12,521 --> 01:02:14,314 that's uniform across the world, 860 01:02:14,441 --> 01:02:17,442 a Christian sense of ethics and behaviors. 861 01:02:17,567 --> 01:02:20,362 That view was really unique in comparison 862 01:02:20,487 --> 01:02:22,322 with the other conflicting value system 863 01:02:22,447 --> 01:02:25,159 found within the broad reach of the Roman Empire. 864 01:02:26,202 --> 01:02:27,996 The book of 1 Peter says things like, 865 01:02:28,121 --> 01:02:29,872 "Make sure that if you're persecuted, 866 01:02:29,997 --> 01:02:32,249 it's not because you're doing bad things." 867 01:02:32,374 --> 01:02:34,334 When you're living under governance, 868 01:02:34,461 --> 01:02:37,212 it's not gonna persecute you just 'cause you say Jesus, 869 01:02:37,337 --> 01:02:38,172 they're gonna persecute you 870 01:02:38,297 --> 01:02:42,844 because you say Jesus and you stole, don't steal. 871 01:02:42,969 --> 01:02:45,012 And it seems like a no brainer to people now 872 01:02:45,137 --> 01:02:46,681 because character training and virtues training 873 01:02:46,806 --> 01:02:49,099 is everywhere now, but back then it wasn't. 874 01:02:50,267 --> 01:02:52,061 And so that really changed people's behaviors 875 01:02:52,186 --> 01:02:55,439 to get a sense of it was cultural critique, 876 01:02:55,564 --> 01:02:58,776 it was incisive and it was sort of socially adept. 877 01:02:58,901 --> 01:03:00,194 I don't think that was the be all end all 878 01:03:00,319 --> 01:03:01,237 of Christian faith. 879 01:03:01,362 --> 01:03:03,114 He wants people to stay safe. 880 01:03:03,239 --> 01:03:06,159 And in that culture, this is how you structure households. 881 01:03:07,242 --> 01:03:10,662 But for our Christian living in the third century, 882 01:03:10,787 --> 01:03:12,456 I don't think our centurion 883 01:03:12,581 --> 01:03:15,876 was putting himself in a huge line of fire, 884 01:03:16,001 --> 01:03:18,129 at least not when he put the mosaic in. 885 01:03:18,254 --> 01:03:20,922 Because he could point to a contemporary emperor 886 01:03:21,047 --> 01:03:22,842 ruling at this time who had devotion 887 01:03:22,967 --> 01:03:26,052 towards various kinds of figures, including Jesus. 888 01:03:26,179 --> 01:03:29,766 Emperor Severus and his family was very amenable 889 01:03:29,891 --> 01:03:32,809 and fond of many Christian aspects. 890 01:03:47,741 --> 01:03:51,036 - They are actually in this place, in the Jezreel Valley, 891 01:03:51,161 --> 01:03:54,874 taking advantage of this tolerance 892 01:03:54,999 --> 01:03:57,126 from the Roman Empire itself. 893 01:03:59,502 --> 01:04:01,547 - [Jonathan Henry] Now, was it always favorable? 894 01:04:01,672 --> 01:04:02,714 I'm not so sure. 895 01:04:04,216 --> 01:04:07,511 The same area, you have another emperor down the line, 896 01:04:07,636 --> 01:04:11,349 Diocletian, famous for being the worst persecutor, 897 01:04:11,474 --> 01:04:13,184 the most systematic persecutor. 898 01:04:14,686 --> 01:04:17,354 - This structure where these Christians 899 01:04:17,479 --> 01:04:21,526 are gathering together in Megiddo dates to 230 900 01:04:21,651 --> 01:04:24,486 and it is only 50 years later 901 01:04:24,612 --> 01:04:26,864 when Diocletian becomes the Caesar 902 01:04:26,989 --> 01:04:29,449 where we have the worst persecution 903 01:04:29,576 --> 01:04:31,702 of the Christian community. 904 01:04:31,827 --> 01:04:35,039 - Diocletian had become actually afraid of the movement 905 01:04:35,164 --> 01:04:38,084 and said we need to do something about it. 906 01:04:38,209 --> 01:04:40,211 He was also having financial issues, 907 01:04:40,336 --> 01:04:42,046 inflation was breaking out. 908 01:04:42,171 --> 01:04:46,426 He was looking to shore up any kind of loss anywhere. 909 01:04:46,551 --> 01:04:48,219 - I mean, Diocletian, he was a genius 910 01:04:48,344 --> 01:04:51,431 from a financial and military reform perspective. 911 01:04:51,556 --> 01:04:54,307 He really rebuilt the structure of the empire. 912 01:04:54,432 --> 01:04:58,062 But he made a wide attempt to bring forth a revival 913 01:04:58,187 --> 01:04:59,521 of the old gods. 914 01:04:59,647 --> 01:05:02,107 And whenever people didn't want to comply, 915 01:05:02,232 --> 01:05:04,484 he started to persecute Christians 916 01:05:04,611 --> 01:05:06,904 and it got extremely bloody. 917 01:05:07,029 --> 01:05:11,617 Diocletian kills 17,000 Christians in 30 days, 918 01:05:11,742 --> 01:05:14,954 the highest amount in recorded history. 919 01:05:15,079 --> 01:05:17,664 More than Nero. 920 01:05:17,789 --> 01:05:20,209 - So for this community in Megiddo, 921 01:05:20,334 --> 01:05:23,171 we have such a small window of time, 922 01:05:23,296 --> 01:05:26,089 they can make these loud and dramatic statements 923 01:05:26,214 --> 01:05:29,677 about the lordship of who Jesus is. 924 01:05:29,802 --> 01:05:33,139 But as soon as Diocletian comes and that persecution comes, 925 01:05:33,264 --> 01:05:35,599 they cover their floor. 926 01:05:37,642 --> 01:05:39,646 - So let's just imagine the centurion, 927 01:05:39,771 --> 01:05:41,814 he lives a long and peaceful life 928 01:05:41,939 --> 01:05:44,316 and maybe the next person who inherited this room 929 01:05:44,441 --> 01:05:46,902 is the one who had to cover it over and abandon it 930 01:05:47,027 --> 01:05:49,237 because of the Diocletian persecution. 931 01:05:50,447 --> 01:05:51,782 - It's a possibility 932 01:05:51,907 --> 01:05:55,911 this is the reason the mosaic floor is so well preserved 933 01:05:56,036 --> 01:05:59,999 is because the original community valued it enough 934 01:06:00,124 --> 01:06:02,292 to preserve it, to cover it. 935 01:06:02,417 --> 01:06:05,171 Maybe thinking at some point they'll be able to come back 936 01:06:05,296 --> 01:06:07,339 and worship in this space again. 937 01:06:10,217 --> 01:06:11,844 - This room probably was not in function 938 01:06:11,969 --> 01:06:13,596 for a very long time, 939 01:06:13,721 --> 01:06:16,516 but it does speak to the persecutions that broke out. 940 01:06:19,101 --> 01:06:21,937 And within another 15, 20, 25 years, 941 01:06:22,062 --> 01:06:24,189 things had changed yet again, 942 01:06:24,314 --> 01:06:27,109 because you go from Diocletian not too many years 943 01:06:27,234 --> 01:06:30,362 to Constantine, who was famous 944 01:06:30,487 --> 01:06:32,739 for doing the exact opposite of Diocletian, 945 01:06:32,864 --> 01:06:34,742 he Christianizes. 946 01:06:34,867 --> 01:06:36,619 He raises Christian bishops up 947 01:06:36,744 --> 01:06:40,039 to places of importance in his own court. 948 01:06:40,164 --> 01:06:43,876 - The empire was too big for its boots at that time 949 01:06:44,001 --> 01:06:47,171 and was about to split in two really, the east and the west. 950 01:06:47,296 --> 01:06:48,672 Constantine and his successors 951 01:06:48,797 --> 01:06:51,551 tried to use formal Christianity 952 01:06:51,676 --> 01:06:54,887 as a way of holding things together. 953 01:06:55,012 --> 01:06:58,014 - He had an incalculable influence 954 01:06:58,141 --> 01:07:01,394 on the evolution of the church subsequent to him. 955 01:07:01,519 --> 01:07:03,312 The whole royal organism 956 01:07:03,437 --> 01:07:05,856 started to be all about building churches 957 01:07:05,981 --> 01:07:09,902 and supporting this new way of doing things, 958 01:07:10,027 --> 01:07:12,112 new way of being a royal court. 959 01:07:13,531 --> 01:07:16,199 [cryptic music] 960 01:07:23,499 --> 01:07:27,127 [cryptic music continues] 961 01:07:27,252 --> 01:07:29,756 So Constantine is building gigantic buildings, 962 01:07:29,881 --> 01:07:33,134 the like which churches are still looking at and going, 963 01:07:33,259 --> 01:07:34,927 "How did they do that?" 964 01:07:35,052 --> 01:07:37,012 All these building and construction projects 965 01:07:37,137 --> 01:07:38,889 were done with great intent, 966 01:07:39,014 --> 01:07:41,934 you know, the placement of them was often political. 967 01:07:42,059 --> 01:07:43,644 The money was never an issue. 968 01:07:44,644 --> 01:07:47,939 Things that date back to connect an elite person 969 01:07:48,064 --> 01:07:50,859 of such magnitude with a humble fisherman 970 01:07:50,984 --> 01:07:52,736 from a couple hundred years before. 971 01:07:53,779 --> 01:07:56,699 - When it becomes the state religion, 972 01:07:56,824 --> 01:07:59,534 the state of Christianity becomes something different 973 01:07:59,659 --> 01:08:03,664 than what we see on this mosaic floor in Megiddo. 974 01:08:04,874 --> 01:08:07,667 - [Bear Grylls] The Roman Empire eventually fell 975 01:08:07,792 --> 01:08:11,964 after being the dominant world power for over 400 years. 976 01:08:13,047 --> 01:08:16,301 The most powerful empire in history was outlasted 977 01:08:16,426 --> 01:08:19,346 by the humble movement of a Jewish rabbi. 978 01:08:21,014 --> 01:08:24,601 That movement's lineage can be traced all the way back 979 01:08:24,726 --> 01:08:26,979 to this mosaic floor, 980 01:08:27,104 --> 01:08:31,107 when a small window of tolerance some 20 years was given 981 01:08:32,359 --> 01:08:34,946 and a pivotal piece of history was built 982 01:08:37,531 --> 01:08:40,159 and now exists to tell the story. 983 01:08:47,457 --> 01:08:50,127 [air whooshing] 984 01:08:57,301 --> 01:09:00,262 [gentle soaring music] 985 01:09:00,387 --> 01:09:03,349 - There is so much about looking at the history 986 01:09:03,474 --> 01:09:07,144 of who this historical figure of Jesus was, 987 01:09:07,269 --> 01:09:10,606 this Jewish rabbi who taught people 988 01:09:10,731 --> 01:09:12,941 in this very little part of the world 989 01:09:13,066 --> 01:09:16,529 for a very short amount of time, three years maybe. 990 01:09:17,529 --> 01:09:20,241 And yet, those teachings really took hold 991 01:09:20,366 --> 01:09:22,492 and humans really responded. 992 01:09:23,786 --> 01:09:24,702 - [N.T. Wright] If we believe 993 01:09:24,827 --> 01:09:26,412 as Christians have taught for a long time 994 01:09:26,539 --> 01:09:28,916 that Jesus is both fully divine and fully human, 995 01:09:29,041 --> 01:09:33,254 then the history and the theology ought to work together. 996 01:09:33,379 --> 01:09:36,256 Getting that to happen is much harder than you might imagine 997 01:09:36,381 --> 01:09:38,551 because often historians feel as if 998 01:09:38,676 --> 01:09:40,302 they're pulling the whole thing apart 999 01:09:40,427 --> 01:09:42,096 and reducing it to little fragments, 1000 01:09:42,221 --> 01:09:43,722 and the theologians often feel as though 1001 01:09:43,847 --> 01:09:45,599 they're floating in a hot air balloon 1002 01:09:45,724 --> 01:09:47,601 way above the subject somewhere 1003 01:09:47,726 --> 01:09:49,394 and never the twain shall meet. 1004 01:09:49,519 --> 01:09:52,564 - I mean, that's the journey of people seeking history 1005 01:09:52,689 --> 01:09:55,734 and that journey is taking place in a geographical context, 1006 01:09:55,859 --> 01:09:57,986 it's taking place in a chronological context, 1007 01:09:58,111 --> 01:10:00,406 it's taking place in historical context. 1008 01:10:01,741 --> 01:10:05,869 Megiddo just exemplifies how history and spirituality 1009 01:10:05,994 --> 01:10:08,331 or history and theology meet. 1010 01:10:25,056 --> 01:10:28,726 [bright exhilarating music] 1011 01:11:01,341 --> 01:11:04,302 - When we look at the inscriptions on the floor, 1012 01:11:04,427 --> 01:11:09,016 we are seeing this element of Christianity play out 1013 01:11:09,141 --> 01:11:11,769 just in the words that are written. 1014 01:11:11,894 --> 01:11:15,314 This Christian community that worshiped in this building 1015 01:11:15,439 --> 01:11:19,026 was embodying the very teachings of Jesus. 1016 01:11:19,151 --> 01:11:23,029 - Material remains, buildings, floors, inscriptions. 1017 01:11:23,154 --> 01:11:25,199 These are the ways in 1018 01:11:25,324 --> 01:11:29,244 and even the way the letters are formed in the writing, 1019 01:11:29,369 --> 01:11:31,621 there is far more to discover. 1020 01:11:33,499 --> 01:11:35,709 And the more we discover, 1021 01:11:35,834 --> 01:11:37,961 the more coherent sense it will make. 1022 01:11:45,636 --> 01:11:48,722 [indistinct chatter] 1023 01:11:55,271 --> 01:11:57,356 - [Cardinal Gregory] There are untold numbers of people 1024 01:11:57,481 --> 01:11:59,899 who have disassociated themselves 1025 01:12:00,026 --> 01:12:02,027 from their religious history. 1026 01:12:03,737 --> 01:12:06,406 No matter what faith they may have belonged to, 1027 01:12:08,451 --> 01:12:12,371 to lose contact with your history, 1028 01:12:12,496 --> 01:12:16,666 in some respects, is to lose contact with yourself. 1029 01:12:18,167 --> 01:12:22,964 How do we pursue the truth that is God 1030 01:12:23,089 --> 01:12:24,382 and how do we attain it? 1031 01:12:26,217 --> 01:12:28,929 Obviously there is a great deal of disagreement 1032 01:12:29,054 --> 01:12:31,932 on how do you attain truth. 1033 01:12:32,057 --> 01:12:34,184 - In general the world is confused 1034 01:12:34,309 --> 01:12:37,229 because there are confusing claims 1035 01:12:37,354 --> 01:12:40,607 and bits and pieces of information 1036 01:12:40,732 --> 01:12:44,236 that are being construed in a way that is oversimplified. 1037 01:12:47,364 --> 01:12:49,449 - When we are reading history, 1038 01:12:49,574 --> 01:12:52,994 we bring so many assumptions to the table. 1039 01:12:53,119 --> 01:12:55,456 We bring stories we heard as a kid, 1040 01:12:55,581 --> 01:12:59,001 maybe a story we learned in school as we were growing up, 1041 01:13:00,377 --> 01:13:02,421 but history is complex 1042 01:13:03,589 --> 01:13:07,009 and the people of history are complex. 1043 01:13:08,594 --> 01:13:10,096 - When you're looking at something ancient, 1044 01:13:10,221 --> 01:13:12,556 patience is required for this. 1045 01:13:12,681 --> 01:13:14,974 Look at the whole person as much as you can. 1046 01:13:15,101 --> 01:13:16,977 Be empathetic with the whole person. 1047 01:13:17,102 --> 01:13:20,356 You might not have much more of a person than their name, 1048 01:13:20,481 --> 01:13:21,647 but sort of the challenge is saying, 1049 01:13:21,774 --> 01:13:23,316 "I know there's a human there." 1050 01:13:23,442 --> 01:13:26,527 Human empathy and sort of the passion and patience 1051 01:13:26,652 --> 01:13:28,614 to get into that will get you everywhere 1052 01:13:28,739 --> 01:13:31,657 in learning that we're not so different from those people. 1053 01:13:32,742 --> 01:13:36,121 - Which is why it's important to be self-critical 1054 01:13:36,246 --> 01:13:39,166 just as much as we are being critical of whatever text 1055 01:13:39,291 --> 01:13:42,586 or material goods that we are looking at, 1056 01:13:42,711 --> 01:13:45,381 and this is why we have to study in community 1057 01:13:45,506 --> 01:13:48,132 so we can have lots of different perspectives. 1058 01:13:48,967 --> 01:13:52,721 - I have to acknowledge that there is an objective truth. 1059 01:13:53,597 --> 01:13:55,766 Truth is not merely what I think, 1060 01:13:55,891 --> 01:14:00,812 it is a truth that is beyond more than just my perceptions. 1061 01:14:01,729 --> 01:14:03,397 The way God fashioned us 1062 01:14:03,524 --> 01:14:07,736 is to give us the capacity to reach out 1063 01:14:07,861 --> 01:14:10,614 and search for Him and discover Him. 1064 01:14:12,074 --> 01:14:15,327 [bright rousing music] 1065 01:14:22,084 --> 01:14:25,337 [rousing music swells] 1066 01:14:27,464 --> 01:14:28,966 - [Dr. Campo] This is an exciting day 1067 01:14:29,091 --> 01:14:30,676 at the Museum of the Bible. 1068 01:14:31,551 --> 01:14:33,427 Today marks a remarkable day 1069 01:14:33,554 --> 01:14:37,141 because we are about to unveil and cut a ribbon, 1070 01:14:37,266 --> 01:14:39,184 unveil a remarkable mosaic. 1071 01:14:40,894 --> 01:14:44,231 This object really is a way for us to come together, 1072 01:14:44,356 --> 01:14:46,901 a way for us to see that these tiny little tessera, 1073 01:14:47,026 --> 01:14:48,401 these tiny little chips, 1074 01:14:48,527 --> 01:14:50,946 these beautiful pieces when placed together, 1075 01:14:51,071 --> 01:14:53,741 they tell a remarkable story of unity, 1076 01:14:53,866 --> 01:14:56,659 a remarkable story of a place that brought people in 1077 01:14:56,784 --> 01:14:59,079 from many different areas 1078 01:14:59,204 --> 01:15:01,539 and yet they shared enough in common to understand 1079 01:15:01,664 --> 01:15:05,544 that they were a people who could celebrate, 1080 01:15:05,669 --> 01:15:08,756 who could worship, who could come together in peace 1081 01:15:08,881 --> 01:15:11,466 and is what we come together to celebrate today. 1082 01:15:11,591 --> 01:15:16,012 [woman speaking in foreign language] 1083 01:15:18,641 --> 01:15:20,099 - [Audience] Amen. 1084 01:15:20,226 --> 01:15:23,896 - Blessed are You, Adonai our God, sovereign of all, 1085 01:15:24,021 --> 01:15:26,314 who has kept us alive, sustained us, 1086 01:15:26,439 --> 01:15:28,107 and brought us to this season. 1087 01:15:28,232 --> 01:15:29,067 Amen. 1088 01:15:30,026 --> 01:15:32,737 - [Audience] Three, two, one! 1089 01:15:32,862 --> 01:15:36,866 [audience cheering, applauding] 1090 01:15:39,911 --> 01:15:43,874 - [Dr. Campo] When people ask you what is the earliest place 1091 01:15:43,999 --> 01:15:46,751 that has been found, that was a place of worship 1092 01:15:46,876 --> 01:15:49,712 for Christian people ever found in history? 1093 01:15:49,837 --> 01:15:51,547 You can now boldly say to them, 1094 01:15:51,672 --> 01:15:54,342 it's often called Legio or Megiddo, 1095 01:15:54,467 --> 01:15:57,387 and I saw it at the Museum of the Bible. 1096 01:15:59,514 --> 01:16:02,476 If someone asks you, what's the earliest written form 1097 01:16:02,601 --> 01:16:05,562 that declares Jesus as God? 1098 01:16:05,687 --> 01:16:08,189 You can confidently say that up till now in 230, 1099 01:16:08,314 --> 01:16:11,317 this mosaic that was formed has an inscription 1100 01:16:11,442 --> 01:16:15,281 that refers to Jesus in that fashion, and you saw it. 1101 01:16:18,157 --> 01:16:20,911 - When you go and you see the places 1102 01:16:21,036 --> 01:16:22,454 where the text happened, 1103 01:16:22,579 --> 01:16:25,541 you now realize the things that you've assumed. 1104 01:16:25,666 --> 01:16:27,709 You start to gather more data points, 1105 01:16:27,834 --> 01:16:30,086 you start to understand the context, 1106 01:16:30,211 --> 01:16:33,214 and people become real people. 1107 01:16:33,339 --> 01:16:36,884 They become people who had to grapple with daily life 1108 01:16:37,011 --> 01:16:39,971 in a way that we often don't think of, 1109 01:16:40,096 --> 01:16:44,267 feeding their families, doing their jobs, living life. 1110 01:16:45,352 --> 01:16:47,354 - If I can be that empathetic towards people 1111 01:16:47,479 --> 01:16:49,147 I will never meet in a text, 1112 01:16:49,272 --> 01:16:52,026 I'm rubbing shoulders with people just like that every day. 1113 01:16:53,109 --> 01:16:56,279 You may not think of yourself as a historical figure, 1114 01:16:56,404 --> 01:16:57,614 but you are. 1115 01:16:57,739 --> 01:17:00,282 We all are. We all inhabit history. 1116 01:17:00,409 --> 01:17:02,036 - [Dr. Parker] So the context changes everything 1117 01:17:02,161 --> 01:17:04,496 about how we understand these historical people. 1118 01:17:04,621 --> 01:17:05,331 - [Jonathan Henry] History is absolutely 1119 01:17:05,456 --> 01:17:07,332 still speaking to us and we should support 1120 01:17:07,457 --> 01:17:10,336 the historical disciplines that are at work here. 1121 01:17:27,977 --> 01:17:31,897 - This is a huge living piece of history and it's here. 1122 01:17:32,024 --> 01:17:33,066 It's incredible to see in person 1123 01:17:33,191 --> 01:17:36,319 and just to walk around the entire exhibit itself. 1124 01:17:36,444 --> 01:17:39,447 - Young people aren't aware of the history before them 1125 01:17:39,572 --> 01:17:42,534 and how hard it was for people to get to this point. 1126 01:17:43,534 --> 01:17:48,039 - To give women this voice, mentioning Jesus Christ is God 1127 01:17:48,164 --> 01:17:50,082 for the first time ever that we have written 1128 01:17:50,207 --> 01:17:53,002 outside the scriptures, just amazing. 1129 01:17:54,462 --> 01:17:55,672 - It just shows you that God can work 1130 01:17:55,797 --> 01:17:57,882 in all sorts of different facets of life 1131 01:17:58,007 --> 01:18:01,177 and different backgrounds in history too. 1132 01:18:01,302 --> 01:18:04,389 - [Dr. Parker] This movement brought people together 1133 01:18:04,514 --> 01:18:06,599 who were not like-minded. 1134 01:18:06,724 --> 01:18:09,602 It brought people together who grew up with the scriptures 1135 01:18:09,727 --> 01:18:13,147 and people who grew up with a pagan culture 1136 01:18:14,399 --> 01:18:18,652 and yet provided a space for them to figure out 1137 01:18:18,779 --> 01:18:21,906 how to be a like-minded people. 1138 01:18:26,119 --> 01:18:29,206 [bright music fades] 1139 01:18:36,046 --> 01:18:40,341 - [N.T. Wright] The church in its unity and multiplicity 1140 01:18:40,467 --> 01:18:45,472 is designed to be the small working model of new creation, 1141 01:18:46,931 --> 01:18:51,144 to demonstrate to the world who the true God is 1142 01:18:51,269 --> 01:18:53,562 and what this true God is doing 1143 01:18:53,687 --> 01:18:55,356 and will do and will complete. 1144 01:18:57,066 --> 01:18:58,861 We see this in the mosaic. 1145 01:18:59,694 --> 01:19:01,446 And so when they said Jesus is God, 1146 01:19:01,571 --> 01:19:04,574 this wasn't an abstract philosophical proposition. 1147 01:19:04,699 --> 01:19:07,034 This was when we're with Jesus, 1148 01:19:07,161 --> 01:19:09,829 we know we are with the God who made the world 1149 01:19:09,954 --> 01:19:11,997 and who is in the process of remaking it. 1150 01:19:13,249 --> 01:19:15,126 - [Yisca Harani] Megiddo to me is a place 1151 01:19:15,251 --> 01:19:19,839 where Samaritans, Jews, Pagans and Romans lived. 1152 01:19:21,257 --> 01:19:25,344 And if they lived together, at least for one century, 1153 01:19:26,679 --> 01:19:31,517 well maybe that can be a lesson to this wounded world. 1154 01:19:32,561 --> 01:19:34,729 And I think for Megiddo, 1155 01:19:34,854 --> 01:19:37,064 this is maybe providence, I don't know. 1156 01:19:38,859 --> 01:19:41,236 - [Bear Grylls] The Megiddo Mosaic is a story 1157 01:19:41,361 --> 01:19:43,529 of an unlikely community 1158 01:19:43,654 --> 01:19:46,407 drawn together because of a shared belief. 1159 01:19:47,326 --> 01:19:51,412 That belief was a bold claim, that Jesus is God. 1160 01:19:52,414 --> 01:19:55,041 A statement that changed history. 1161 01:19:56,126 --> 01:20:00,922 And as the debate of Jesus continues even after 2,000 years, 1162 01:20:01,047 --> 01:20:04,926 one thing is certain, the story isn't over. 1163 01:20:05,051 --> 01:20:07,387 History is still speaking. 1164 01:20:07,512 --> 01:20:10,264 What will it reveal next? 1165 01:20:18,022 --> 01:20:21,442 [bright uplifting music] 1166 01:20:28,032 --> 01:20:32,287 [bright uplifting music continues] 1167 01:20:38,042 --> 01:20:42,297 [bright uplifting music continues] 1168 01:20:48,136 --> 01:20:52,391 [bright uplifting music continues] 1169 01:20:58,146 --> 01:21:02,401 [bright uplifting music continues] 1170 01:21:08,156 --> 01:21:12,369 [bright uplifting music continues] 1171 01:21:18,082 --> 01:21:22,337 [bright uplifting music continues] 1172 01:21:28,009 --> 01:21:32,264 [bright uplifting music continues] 1173 01:21:38,102 --> 01:21:42,022 [bright uplifting music slows] 1174 01:21:48,071 --> 01:21:52,284 [bright uplifting music continues] 1175 01:21:58,081 --> 01:22:02,336 [bright uplifting music continues] 1176 01:22:08,091 --> 01:22:12,346 [bright uplifting music continues] 1177 01:22:18,059 --> 01:22:22,314 [bright uplifting music continues] 1178 01:22:28,069 --> 01:22:31,989 [bright uplifting music rises] 1179 01:22:38,079 --> 01:22:42,334 [bright uplifting music continues] 1180 01:22:48,089 --> 01:22:52,344 [bright uplifting music continues] 1181 01:22:58,016 --> 01:23:02,269 [bright uplifting music continues] 1182 01:23:08,109 --> 01:23:12,364 [bright uplifting music continues] 1183 01:23:18,077 --> 01:23:22,289 [bright uplifting music continues] 1184 01:23:28,129 --> 01:23:32,884 [bright uplifting music continues] 1185 01:23:33,009 --> 01:23:36,887 [bright uplifting music fades]