1 00:00:11,344 --> 00:00:16,015 l hope the United States will keep out of this war. 2 00:00:16,099 --> 00:00:19,101 l believe that it will. 3 00:00:19,185 --> 00:00:22,521 And l give you assurance and reassurance 4 00:00:22,605 --> 00:00:28,736 that every effort of your government will be directed toward that end. 5 00:00:28,820 --> 00:00:34,825 As long as it remains within my power to prevent, 6 00:00:34,909 --> 00:00:40,706 there will be no blackout of peace in the United States. 7 00:01:38,098 --> 00:01:42,518 Affer World War l there was a surge of isolationism, 8 00:01:42,602 --> 00:01:47,106 a feeling we had no reason to become involved in World War l 9 00:01:47,190 --> 00:01:49,066 and we'd made a mistake 10 00:01:49,150 --> 00:01:53,862 and there were a lot of debts owed by European countries, 11 00:01:53,947 --> 00:01:56,198 and the country went isolationist. 12 00:01:56,282 --> 00:02:00,077 l haven't the slightest idea of European affairs. 13 00:02:00,161 --> 00:02:02,955 - Let Europe fight their own battles. - War? Not for me. 14 00:02:03,039 --> 00:02:05,916 This time America should keep out - and l know l will. 15 00:02:06,000 --> 00:02:07,668 lf war breaks out in Europe, 16 00:02:07,752 --> 00:02:11,421 this country should heed the advice of its first president 17 00:02:11,506 --> 00:02:13,966 and avoid all foreign entanglement. 18 00:02:15,176 --> 00:02:19,930 (narrator) ln early 1940, Britain's ambassador in Washington reported 19 00:02:20,014 --> 00:02:21,807 that nine out of ten Americans 20 00:02:21,891 --> 00:02:24,768 were determined to keep America out of the war. 21 00:02:24,853 --> 00:02:27,479 A few, like the American Nazi Party, 22 00:02:27,564 --> 00:02:30,149 even wanted America to aid Britain's enemies. 23 00:02:30,275 --> 00:02:33,443 (speaking German) 24 00:02:33,528 --> 00:02:36,238 (man shouts) 25 00:02:47,959 --> 00:02:50,836 (man) The country was enormously divided. 26 00:02:50,920 --> 00:02:55,257 There was the America First movement, which was advocating isolationism; 27 00:02:55,341 --> 00:02:57,593 on the other hand there was 28 00:02:57,677 --> 00:03:02,347 the Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies. 29 00:03:02,432 --> 00:03:04,057 We had these curious voices 30 00:03:04,142 --> 00:03:07,686 such as Charles Lindbergh's, the voices of isolationism. 31 00:03:07,770 --> 00:03:13,442 ln the past, we have dealt with a Europe dominated by England and France. 32 00:03:13,526 --> 00:03:18,614 ln the future, we may have to deal with a Europe dominated by Germany. 33 00:03:18,698 --> 00:03:22,576 (Ball) Charles Lindbergh, thanks to his extraordinary exploit, 34 00:03:22,660 --> 00:03:26,163 was a very popular figure - he was almost a folk hero. 35 00:03:26,247 --> 00:03:28,207 So he would have influence. 36 00:03:28,333 --> 00:03:32,252 l suppose that celebrities of all characters have influence, 37 00:03:32,337 --> 00:03:35,756 otherwise they wouldn't be endorsing products all the time. 38 00:03:35,840 --> 00:03:40,093 (Lindhergn) ..but it should not involve the internal affairs of Europe. 39 00:03:40,178 --> 00:03:46,475 They never were, and never will be, carried on according to our desires. 40 00:03:46,559 --> 00:03:49,937 (applause) 41 00:03:50,021 --> 00:03:52,648 There was a strong anti-British antipathy 42 00:03:52,774 --> 00:03:54,691 in certain parts of the country. 43 00:03:54,776 --> 00:03:56,693 lt was felt that Britain 44 00:03:56,778 --> 00:04:00,197 was trying very hard to drag us into its war. 45 00:04:00,281 --> 00:04:03,951 (marching band music) 46 00:04:08,373 --> 00:04:12,251 (narrator) 1940 was presidential election year in the United States 47 00:04:12,335 --> 00:04:16,546 and Roosevelt's main concern that summer was to get himself re-elected. 48 00:04:20,426 --> 00:04:22,469 Ladies and gentlemen, 49 00:04:22,553 --> 00:04:29,559 the 22nd convention of the Republican Party will now come to order. 50 00:04:29,644 --> 00:04:35,524 Even as we meet, lights are going out in Europe. 51 00:04:35,650 --> 00:04:37,401 Blackouts of dictators 52 00:04:37,485 --> 00:04:41,905 take the place of lighthouses of free men. 53 00:04:41,990 --> 00:04:49,371 Ours is the grave responsibility to preserVe the lighthouses of liberty. 54 00:04:49,455 --> 00:04:51,665 ln the name... 55 00:04:51,791 --> 00:04:54,042 of the people... 56 00:04:54,127 --> 00:04:57,462 of the whole United States... 57 00:04:57,547 --> 00:05:01,091 l place in nomination... 58 00:05:01,175 --> 00:05:04,720 that valiant American... 59 00:05:04,804 --> 00:05:08,765 Franklin Delano Roosevelt! 60 00:05:10,143 --> 00:05:11,977 (narrator) Affer France's fall, 61 00:05:12,061 --> 00:05:15,188 most Americans were disposed to aid Britain in some way, 62 00:05:15,273 --> 00:05:19,609 but still more were strongly opposed to entering the war on Britain's side. 63 00:05:19,694 --> 00:05:22,237 (Willkie) ..third-term candidate 64 00:05:22,322 --> 00:05:25,490 has not kept faith with the American people. 65 00:05:25,575 --> 00:05:29,119 (narrator) Roosevelt's opponent in the election that autumn 66 00:05:29,203 --> 00:05:33,582 was an out-and-out anti-war candidate, Wendell Willkie. 67 00:05:34,500 --> 00:05:39,546 (Willkie) lf his promise to keep our boys out of foreign wars 68 00:05:39,672 --> 00:05:43,842 is no better than his promise to balance the budget, 69 00:05:43,926 --> 00:05:48,263 they're already almost on the transports. 70 00:05:51,100 --> 00:05:54,436 (narrator) But with the Nazis triumphant everywhere, 71 00:05:54,520 --> 00:05:57,439 Roosevelt couldn't afford to wait to be re-elected 72 00:05:57,523 --> 00:06:01,068 before putting America on some sort of war footing. 73 00:06:01,152 --> 00:06:05,572 (Roosevelt) The Congress has debated without partisanship 74 00:06:05,656 --> 00:06:08,200 and has now enacted a law 75 00:06:08,284 --> 00:06:13,997 establishing a selective method of augmenting our armed forces. 76 00:06:14,082 --> 00:06:20,295 We must, and we will, marshal our great potential strength 77 00:06:20,380 --> 00:06:24,508 to fend off war from our shores. 78 00:06:26,803 --> 00:06:30,055 (man) More than 16 million young Americans 79 00:06:30,139 --> 00:06:35,894 are reviving the 300-year-old American custom of the muster, 80 00:06:35,978 --> 00:06:39,481 by which, from the earliest colonial times, 81 00:06:39,565 --> 00:06:42,192 every able-bodied citizen 82 00:06:42,276 --> 00:06:46,613 was subject to the call for service in the national defence. 83 00:06:57,917 --> 00:07:04,089 The first number drawn by the secretary of war 84 00:07:04,173 --> 00:07:09,553 is serial number 158. 85 00:07:09,637 --> 00:07:11,972 (cheering) 86 00:07:12,056 --> 00:07:14,975 l am honoured to be one of those first called 87 00:07:15,059 --> 00:07:18,770 and l'll try very hard to make a real good soldier. 88 00:07:18,855 --> 00:07:20,897 And l'm proud of you. 89 00:07:20,982 --> 00:07:24,568 (Willkie) If you eIect me president of the United States, 90 00:07:24,652 --> 00:07:31,867 l shall never send an American boy to fight in any European war. 91 00:07:33,661 --> 00:07:40,375 l consider it a public duty to answer falsifications with facts. 92 00:07:40,460 --> 00:07:46,756 l will not pretend that l find this an unpleasant duty. 93 00:07:46,841 --> 00:07:49,384 (laughter) 94 00:07:52,096 --> 00:07:57,392 l am an old campaigner and l love a good fight. 95 00:07:57,477 --> 00:07:59,895 (cheering) 96 00:07:59,979 --> 00:08:02,939 (narrator) Roosevelt got his good fight, 97 00:08:03,024 --> 00:08:06,568 though to stay in the race he had promised, like his opponent, 98 00:08:06,652 --> 00:08:11,198 not to send American boys to fight in foreign wars. 99 00:08:12,200 --> 00:08:14,743 - Name, please? - Franklin D Roosevelt. 100 00:08:15,870 --> 00:08:19,039 (narrator) November 5, 1940, was election day, 101 00:08:19,123 --> 00:08:21,166 and by midnight America's choice 102 00:08:21,250 --> 00:08:23,877 of president for another four years was clear. 103 00:08:23,961 --> 00:08:28,006 (man) The results are now conclusive - Roosevelt wins. 104 00:08:28,090 --> 00:08:30,342 (cheering) 105 00:08:44,148 --> 00:08:47,817 (narrator) Now Roosevelt felt he had a mandate 106 00:08:47,902 --> 00:08:50,987 to give Britain all aid short of war. 107 00:08:51,072 --> 00:08:54,199 But he could only move slowly, for America was still deeply divided. 108 00:08:55,034 --> 00:08:59,037 (Corwin) Many of the war measures, such as steps to give aid to Britain 109 00:08:59,121 --> 00:09:03,500 at the time when England was standing alone and was beleaguered, 110 00:09:03,584 --> 00:09:06,127 just squeaked by in Congress. 111 00:09:06,212 --> 00:09:12,300 Even a programme of armament, of military preparedness, 112 00:09:12,385 --> 00:09:16,221 got through Congress on very, very close votes, 113 00:09:16,305 --> 00:09:21,560 one-vote margins in a total of 400 votes. 114 00:09:21,686 --> 00:09:25,021 (Harriman) Then the extraordinary legislation, Lend-Lease, 115 00:09:25,106 --> 00:09:31,236 was proposed in December of 1940 and became law in March of '41 , 116 00:09:31,320 --> 00:09:32,862 and under that the president 117 00:09:32,989 --> 00:09:36,199 did everything he possibly could to give aid to Britain. 118 00:09:36,284 --> 00:09:40,954 My instructions when l went over to represent him 119 00:09:41,080 --> 00:09:44,374 were very simple, very brief. 120 00:09:44,458 --> 00:09:47,836 They were to contact the British government 121 00:09:47,920 --> 00:09:54,217 to find out what we could do to help Britain - short of war. 122 00:09:54,302 --> 00:09:56,803 And we began at once doing all sorts of things 123 00:09:56,887 --> 00:10:01,308 which were not really neutral under the literal interpretation - 124 00:10:01,392 --> 00:10:05,854 for instance, we were preparing British naval vessels in American ports 125 00:10:05,938 --> 00:10:10,984 and we escorted convoys across the Atlantic as far as lceland, 126 00:10:11,068 --> 00:10:14,529 and we transferred two million tons of ships. 127 00:10:16,741 --> 00:10:20,368 The immediate problem was to get people to understand what it was. 128 00:10:20,453 --> 00:10:25,165 ln this, l think Mr Roosevelt's very simple analogy 129 00:10:25,249 --> 00:10:29,544 of lending your neighbour a fire hose when there's a fire 130 00:10:29,629 --> 00:10:34,174 was a most persuasive simple illustration. 131 00:10:34,258 --> 00:10:38,011 (Roosevelt) The people of Europe who are defending themselves 132 00:10:38,095 --> 00:10:41,973 do not ask us to do their fighting. 133 00:10:42,099 --> 00:10:45,518 They ask us for the implements of war - 134 00:10:45,603 --> 00:10:49,856 the planes, the tanks, the guns, the freighters - 135 00:10:49,940 --> 00:10:55,945 which will enable them to fight for their liberty and our security. 136 00:10:56,030 --> 00:11:00,784 We must be the great arsenal of democracy. 137 00:11:00,868 --> 00:11:07,123 For us, this is an emergency as serious as war itself. 138 00:11:07,208 --> 00:11:13,505 ln those days, the business community regarded Roosevelt 139 00:11:13,589 --> 00:11:19,761 as, at a minimum, a major deputy of the devil, 140 00:11:19,845 --> 00:11:24,265 and Roosevelt was deeply suspicious of the businessmen, 141 00:11:24,350 --> 00:11:30,730 so that the people who were associated with the mobilising of the war 142 00:11:30,815 --> 00:11:33,191 had a divided interest. 143 00:11:33,275 --> 00:11:36,945 Some of them felt that their main purpose in being in Washington 144 00:11:37,029 --> 00:11:41,741 was to put a curb on the socialist excesses of the New Deal. 145 00:11:41,826 --> 00:11:44,202 Some of them were uneasy about being there - 146 00:11:44,286 --> 00:11:51,209 they had the feeling of people who were playing in an orchestra in a brothel. 147 00:11:51,293 --> 00:11:58,258 And there was also a great unwillingness... 148 00:11:58,342 --> 00:12:02,387 We hear now about the military-industrial complex - 149 00:12:02,471 --> 00:12:05,640 in those days there was a great unwillingness 150 00:12:05,725 --> 00:12:08,226 to convert from civilian industry. 151 00:12:08,310 --> 00:12:13,606 There was a feeling that war production would be a very unprofitable business, 152 00:12:13,733 --> 00:12:18,695 it would lose markets for automobiles, for tyres, for chemicals, and so forth. 153 00:12:21,490 --> 00:12:24,909 (Galbraith) There was a problem with some of the unions 154 00:12:24,994 --> 00:12:28,204 up until June of 1941 . 155 00:12:28,289 --> 00:12:30,832 Until Russia was in the war, 156 00:12:30,916 --> 00:12:34,127 and in the days of the Molotov-Ribbentrop pact, 157 00:12:34,211 --> 00:12:38,089 there was foot-dragging on the part of some of the union leaders. 158 00:12:38,174 --> 00:12:40,258 And there were strikes. 159 00:12:40,342 --> 00:12:42,385 (narrator) Four times as many workers 160 00:12:42,470 --> 00:12:44,929 were on strike in 1941 as in the year before. 161 00:12:45,014 --> 00:12:49,934 That spring, nearly half a million coal miners struck for almost a month, 162 00:12:50,019 --> 00:12:53,855 while on the west coast a walk-out that summer at North American AViation 163 00:12:53,939 --> 00:12:58,318 delayed deliveries of planes to Britain for several weeks. 164 00:12:58,402 --> 00:13:02,405 lt took troops to get production moving again. 165 00:13:13,292 --> 00:13:17,545 But although Roosevelt was still reluctant to lead America into war, 166 00:13:17,630 --> 00:13:20,757 the war was now catching up with America. 167 00:13:20,841 --> 00:13:28,056 June 11th, 1941 : an American freighter, the Robin Moor, was sunk by a U-boat. 168 00:13:28,140 --> 00:13:31,351 Roosevelt used this as a pretext for occupying lceland 169 00:13:31,435 --> 00:13:34,562 and relieving the British garrisons there. 170 00:13:34,647 --> 00:13:40,151 September 4th: a US destroyer, Greer, was attacked by a U-boat near lceland. 171 00:13:40,236 --> 00:13:44,280 Roosevelt now told his navy to shoot on sight. 172 00:13:44,365 --> 00:13:49,452 October 16th: the US destroyer Kearney was struck by a German torpedo 173 00:13:49,578 --> 00:13:53,915 while escorting a convoy in mid-Atlantic and 1 1 of her crew were killed. 174 00:13:53,999 --> 00:13:55,542 Roosevelt used this incident 175 00:13:55,668 --> 00:13:58,878 to push through Congress the repeal of the Neutrality Act. 176 00:13:58,963 --> 00:14:03,132 We have wished to avoid shooting. 177 00:14:03,217 --> 00:14:07,178 But the shooting has started. 178 00:14:07,263 --> 00:14:14,894 And history has recorded who fired the first shot. 179 00:14:14,979 --> 00:14:17,856 ln the long run, however, 180 00:14:17,940 --> 00:14:24,445 all that will matter is who fired the last shot. 181 00:14:24,530 --> 00:14:26,197 (applause) 182 00:14:26,282 --> 00:14:33,496 The repeal of our Neutrality Act will be the last step on the road to war. 183 00:14:33,581 --> 00:14:38,126 lf we load our ships with contraband of war 184 00:14:38,210 --> 00:14:41,588 and send them into combat zones, 185 00:14:41,672 --> 00:14:44,674 they will most certainly be sunk. 186 00:14:44,758 --> 00:14:50,638 And that means war - a war which in the opinion of many of us, 187 00:14:50,723 --> 00:14:54,434 although designed to save democracy abroad, 188 00:14:54,518 --> 00:14:59,898 will surely destroy it at home right here in America. 189 00:15:00,608 --> 00:15:05,111 (narrator) On October 30 the US destroyer Reuben James was sunk 190 00:15:05,195 --> 00:15:07,405 with the loss of 1 15 lives. 191 00:15:07,489 --> 00:15:11,034 Officers and all hands forward perished. 192 00:15:11,118 --> 00:15:15,038 Myself and 45 men are all that are alive. 193 00:15:15,164 --> 00:15:17,707 (narrator) Despite pressure from Churchill, 194 00:15:17,791 --> 00:15:21,294 who dearly wanted America in the war, Roosevelt now did nothing. 195 00:15:21,378 --> 00:15:25,673 lt was clear it would take much more than the drowning of 100 or so US seamen 196 00:15:25,758 --> 00:15:27,592 to bring America into the war. 197 00:15:27,676 --> 00:15:31,804 There was even a sentiment - l remember this being expressed - 198 00:15:31,889 --> 00:15:36,517 to the effect that England would fight to the last American. 199 00:15:36,602 --> 00:15:41,397 There were steps that were developing - gradual steps, to be sure - 200 00:15:41,482 --> 00:15:45,693 somewhat comparable to the steps that took place in World War l. 201 00:15:45,778 --> 00:15:49,989 One incident affer another - the torpedoing of the Sussex got us excited, 202 00:15:50,074 --> 00:15:52,617 then there was the Lusitanla episode... 203 00:15:52,701 --> 00:15:57,330 ln the same way, l think that with the moves that Mr Roosevelt was making, 204 00:15:57,414 --> 00:16:01,334 the cash-and-carry programme that he had, 205 00:16:01,418 --> 00:16:06,255 the protection of the convoys, the destroyer deal... 206 00:16:06,340 --> 00:16:10,927 One thing and another was occurring that would be apt to produce, l think, 207 00:16:11,011 --> 00:16:13,888 an incident that would set the war off. 208 00:16:14,473 --> 00:16:16,474 (narrator) That incident was massive 209 00:16:16,558 --> 00:16:19,894 and it came in an unexpected place: Pearl Harbour. 210 00:16:19,979 --> 00:16:22,105 (redid) All army and navy bases 211 00:16:22,189 --> 00:16:26,109 on the island of Oahu in Hawaii are now under air attack. 212 00:16:26,193 --> 00:16:29,821 For the latest news, keep tuned to this station. 213 00:16:29,905 --> 00:16:32,699 (Galbraith) My superior, who was in charge 214 00:16:32,783 --> 00:16:35,910 of all civilian operations of the war, was away, 215 00:16:35,995 --> 00:16:40,790 so l was then sent on to the great meeting of the wartime leaders 216 00:16:40,874 --> 00:16:44,919 that convened in Washington on the night of Pearl Harbour. 217 00:16:45,004 --> 00:16:50,425 l remember my sense of mission in going to that meeting. 218 00:16:50,509 --> 00:16:52,844 We had all seen the war coming. 219 00:16:52,928 --> 00:16:55,013 Here was the day and here was the hour, 220 00:16:55,097 --> 00:16:59,642 and here was l, attending the meeting with the other great men. 221 00:16:59,727 --> 00:17:04,856 We got to the meeting and the other "great men" - myself included - 222 00:17:04,940 --> 00:17:06,858 were one hell of a disappointment, 223 00:17:06,942 --> 00:17:09,777 because nobody could think of anything to say or do. 224 00:17:09,862 --> 00:17:11,446 lt seemed a good idea to see 225 00:17:11,530 --> 00:17:15,700 what materials were threatened by the Japanese advance. 226 00:17:15,784 --> 00:17:18,828 Everybody was coming in during the course of this, 227 00:17:18,912 --> 00:17:23,458 some in sport jackets, some in tennis shoes, 228 00:17:23,542 --> 00:17:29,422 and it became terribly evident that nobody had any real information 229 00:17:29,548 --> 00:17:32,967 as to where these strategic commodities came from. 230 00:17:33,052 --> 00:17:37,680 And eventually the whole discussion bogged down, l remember, 231 00:17:37,765 --> 00:17:39,932 on the question of kapok. 232 00:17:40,017 --> 00:17:46,689 Kapok, everybody thought... lt was clearly listed as a strategic material, 233 00:17:46,815 --> 00:17:49,692 it evidently came from that part of the world, 234 00:17:49,818 --> 00:17:53,863 and nobody could think, for God's sake, what the stuff was used for. 235 00:17:53,989 --> 00:17:56,616 (sirens) 236 00:18:02,581 --> 00:18:07,585 l ask that the Congress declare 237 00:18:07,669 --> 00:18:15,635 that since the unprovoked and dastardly attack by Japan 238 00:18:15,719 --> 00:18:21,766 on Sunday December 7, 1941 , 239 00:18:21,850 --> 00:18:27,396 a state of war has existed 240 00:18:27,523 --> 00:18:32,527 between the United States and the Japanese empire. 241 00:18:32,611 --> 00:18:35,363 (applause) 242 00:18:35,447 --> 00:18:41,077 (narrator) Even now Roosevelt didn't ask that the US declare war on Germany - 243 00:18:41,161 --> 00:18:45,414 although Britain had already allied herself with the US against Japan. 244 00:18:45,499 --> 00:18:48,501 But Hitler decided for him. 245 00:18:49,586 --> 00:18:54,423 For some unexplained reason, Hitler declared war on the United States, 246 00:18:54,508 --> 00:18:57,844 which relieved Roosevelt of all of his difficulties. 247 00:18:57,928 --> 00:19:02,515 l was practising law in Chicago - that is, at the time of Pearl Harbour - 248 00:19:02,599 --> 00:19:06,561 and l can tell you that if Hitler had not made this decision, 249 00:19:06,645 --> 00:19:09,564 if he had simply done nothing, 250 00:19:09,648 --> 00:19:13,317 that there would have been enormous sentiment 251 00:19:13,402 --> 00:19:19,198 in many parts of the United States that the Pacific war now was our war, 252 00:19:19,283 --> 00:19:22,743 that the European war was for the Europeans 253 00:19:22,828 --> 00:19:26,414 and we should concentrate all our efforts against the Japanese. 254 00:19:36,550 --> 00:19:39,468 ♪ Oh, give me land, lots of land 255 00:19:39,553 --> 00:19:42,513 ♪ Under starry skies above 256 00:19:42,598 --> 00:19:45,266 ♪ Don't fence me in 257 00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:50,229 ♪ Let me ride through the wide open country that l love 258 00:19:50,314 --> 00:19:52,231 ♪ Don't fence me in 259 00:19:52,316 --> 00:19:55,610 (Corwin) People sold their homes at a fraction of their value, 260 00:19:55,694 --> 00:19:59,739 they were certain the west coast would be under attack, that we'd be bombed. 261 00:19:59,823 --> 00:20:02,575 There were even blackouts along the west coast, 262 00:20:02,659 --> 00:20:04,702 as there were along the east coast. 263 00:20:04,786 --> 00:20:07,997 And there were even some false alerts here. 264 00:20:08,081 --> 00:20:10,416 (air-raid siren) 265 00:20:29,144 --> 00:20:34,106 (narrator) Not everybody took these precautions seriously. 266 00:20:47,621 --> 00:20:50,498 To European eyes, America's going to war 267 00:20:50,582 --> 00:20:54,794 had moments both ludicrous and familiar. 268 00:21:07,808 --> 00:21:11,936 (♪ "When Johnny Comes Marching Home") 269 00:21:32,332 --> 00:21:34,750 ♪ The men will cheer and the boys will shout 270 00:21:34,876 --> 00:21:36,836 ♪ The ladies they will all turn out 271 00:21:36,920 --> 00:21:39,046 ♪ And we'll all feel gay 272 00:21:39,131 --> 00:21:43,009 ♪ When Johnny comes marching home 273 00:21:43,093 --> 00:21:46,762 Living among us are those we call aliens. 274 00:21:47,514 --> 00:21:53,185 We must remember that our parents or our grandparents 275 00:21:53,270 --> 00:21:55,813 or our great-grandparents 276 00:21:55,897 --> 00:21:59,900 all were aliens in their day. 277 00:21:59,985 --> 00:22:06,532 lf you believe you have knowledge of any improper activity of any alien 278 00:22:06,616 --> 00:22:11,203 you should report the fact to the nearest FBl office. 279 00:22:11,288 --> 00:22:14,915 Don't try to be the law yourself. 280 00:22:18,420 --> 00:22:20,129 There was a tremendous change - 281 00:22:20,213 --> 00:22:22,965 the change being that we were the same individuals 282 00:22:23,050 --> 00:22:24,884 as prior to December 7; 283 00:22:24,968 --> 00:22:29,597 on December 8, when we went to school, many of our classmates and friends 284 00:22:29,681 --> 00:22:33,893 called us "dirty Japs", teased us, harassed us, 285 00:22:33,977 --> 00:22:37,480 and our so-called friends were no longer friends. 286 00:22:37,564 --> 00:22:41,484 ln the First World War, as you know, the Germans were hated thoroughly 287 00:22:41,568 --> 00:22:44,028 and there was a great deal of discrimination 288 00:22:44,154 --> 00:22:45,863 and harassment of the Germans. 289 00:22:45,947 --> 00:22:50,034 ln the Second World War, we were at war with three different nationalities, 290 00:22:50,118 --> 00:22:52,578 the ltalians, the Germans and the Japanese. 291 00:22:52,662 --> 00:22:55,081 And l remember that Thomas Mann 292 00:22:55,165 --> 00:22:58,376 and Bruno Walter spoke up for the Germans 293 00:22:58,460 --> 00:23:02,713 and said they couldn't be removed because that would be the last despair, 294 00:23:02,798 --> 00:23:07,009 having fled Nazi Germany, to be again put into a concentration camp. 295 00:23:07,094 --> 00:23:10,137 And Joe DiMaggio's mother spoke up, 296 00:23:10,222 --> 00:23:13,891 and that was very moving, in San Francisco. 297 00:23:13,975 --> 00:23:16,519 But the Japanese had really nobody. 298 00:23:22,109 --> 00:23:24,110 l think picking on the Japanese 299 00:23:24,194 --> 00:23:30,032 was partly a logistically rational thing that the army could handle - 300 00:23:30,117 --> 00:23:36,497 they said, we can't handle the Germans, but we can handle the Japanese. 301 00:23:36,581 --> 00:23:40,459 Affer all, they couldn't have moved all the Germans and ltalians - 302 00:23:40,544 --> 00:23:42,128 they would have had to move 303 00:23:42,254 --> 00:23:46,090 half the people out of New York. lt would've been ridiculous. 304 00:23:49,469 --> 00:23:51,929 (Ball) These people had always been unpopular 305 00:23:52,013 --> 00:23:57,351 because they competed with the American farmers in truck gardening and so on, 306 00:23:57,477 --> 00:23:58,978 and worked very much harder 307 00:23:59,062 --> 00:24:02,148 and cultivated their land very much more efficiently. 308 00:24:02,232 --> 00:24:05,985 So a lot of people took advantage of their situation 309 00:24:06,069 --> 00:24:08,571 to create antipathy toward them. 310 00:24:08,655 --> 00:24:11,532 And the government acted hastily and rather brutally 311 00:24:11,616 --> 00:24:13,659 - it's not a very attractive chapter. 312 00:24:13,743 --> 00:24:17,955 (narrator) More than 100,000 Japanese Americans were interned en masse, 313 00:24:18,039 --> 00:24:20,207 mostly those on the west coast, 314 00:24:20,292 --> 00:24:25,629 whereas the 600,000 German and ltalian Americans were treated individually. 315 00:24:25,714 --> 00:24:28,841 (Uno) Although we had heard rumours of an evacuation, 316 00:24:28,925 --> 00:24:33,637 we didn't realise that it was going to indeed take place. 317 00:24:33,722 --> 00:24:38,684 We were told that we could only take what we could carry. 318 00:24:40,103 --> 00:24:44,231 Evacuees had three choices: they either had to sell their property, 319 00:24:44,316 --> 00:24:46,567 abandon it or store it. 320 00:24:46,651 --> 00:24:50,321 And in many cases, because of the uncertainty of the situation, 321 00:24:50,405 --> 00:24:54,492 many people just disposed of their property as best they could. 322 00:24:54,576 --> 00:24:59,413 We were then put on buses and taken to assembly centres. 323 00:25:02,417 --> 00:25:04,251 From the assembly centres 324 00:25:04,336 --> 00:25:08,672 we lived in horse stalls or in quickly made tarpaper barracks. 325 00:25:08,757 --> 00:25:11,592 The mental anguish that my mother went through, 326 00:25:11,676 --> 00:25:15,804 having four of her sons in the serVice of the United States government 327 00:25:15,931 --> 00:25:20,351 and having her husband labelled a dangerous enemy alien... 328 00:25:30,904 --> 00:25:34,281 We had guards, watch towers, machine guns... 329 00:25:34,366 --> 00:25:37,910 lt was a picture of incarceration. 330 00:25:37,994 --> 00:25:41,539 We felt that we were prisoners - prisoners in our own country. 331 00:26:22,414 --> 00:26:25,374 lt was certain there'd be no more rubber for a while 332 00:26:25,458 --> 00:26:29,003 and we'd have to make do with the stock of rubber tyres that we had. 333 00:26:29,129 --> 00:26:33,215 And it wasn't in the authority of our agency to stop the sale of rubber tyres, 334 00:26:33,300 --> 00:26:35,217 so we drew up an order anyway 335 00:26:35,302 --> 00:26:38,554 and we had an anonymous young man circulate it 336 00:26:38,638 --> 00:26:45,352 in the Office of Production Management that had to clear all pieces of paper. 337 00:26:45,437 --> 00:26:50,149 Walked in, with "Here's the tyre order, sir." Everybody signed it. 338 00:26:55,238 --> 00:26:59,617 And we froze the whole nation's stock of rubber tyres. 339 00:27:31,733 --> 00:27:33,692 Everybody got work. 340 00:27:33,777 --> 00:27:38,656 This was very much appreciated affer the long, deep depression of the 1930s. 341 00:27:38,740 --> 00:27:41,950 You might've thought inflation would be the major problem, 342 00:27:42,035 --> 00:27:45,621 because in most countries, in most wars, it's been a major problem. 343 00:27:45,705 --> 00:27:48,415 But very early we mobilised, 344 00:27:48,500 --> 00:27:53,337 we put in a rationing, and, although there was a small amount of grumbling, 345 00:27:53,421 --> 00:27:56,632 it's amazing how well the rationing system worked. 346 00:27:56,758 --> 00:28:01,512 (Galbraith) There was a tendency to accept shortages with one exception. 347 00:28:01,596 --> 00:28:05,766 People were very resistant to gasoline rationing. 348 00:28:05,850 --> 00:28:10,979 Clothing shortages, food shortages, coffee, sugar, people would accept. 349 00:28:11,064 --> 00:28:17,903 But there was no form of rascality, chicanery, thievery, larceny 350 00:28:17,987 --> 00:28:21,990 that people wouldn't engage in to get extra gasoline. 351 00:28:22,075 --> 00:28:25,452 l think the thing they most resented 352 00:28:25,537 --> 00:28:29,790 was the extreme youth of many of us who were doing it. 353 00:28:29,874 --> 00:28:32,334 The Office of Price Administration, 354 00:28:32,419 --> 00:28:35,754 as l look back on it, must've been very hard to take. 355 00:28:35,839 --> 00:28:38,590 l was then 31 . 356 00:28:38,675 --> 00:28:43,846 David Ginsberg, my immediate associate, general counsel, was 29, 357 00:28:43,930 --> 00:28:48,225 and most everybody else was younger than we were - 358 00:28:48,309 --> 00:28:49,810 including Richard Nixon, 359 00:28:49,894 --> 00:28:53,105 who was one of the more obscure employees of the agency. 360 00:28:53,189 --> 00:28:56,984 There's a famous wartime picture of Sewell AVery, 361 00:28:57,068 --> 00:28:59,361 a great tycoon of the last age, 362 00:28:59,446 --> 00:29:03,198 who was head of Montgomery Ward and brought it out of the Depression, 363 00:29:03,283 --> 00:29:07,161 being carried out of his office by two American soldiers in uniform 364 00:29:07,245 --> 00:29:11,665 because he wouldn't comply with the War Labor Board. 365 00:29:11,750 --> 00:29:16,044 Our war programme for the coming fiscal year 366 00:29:16,129 --> 00:29:21,467 will cost 56 billion dollars. 367 00:29:21,551 --> 00:29:26,513 That means taxes and bonds... 368 00:29:26,598 --> 00:29:29,475 and bonds and taxes. 369 00:29:29,559 --> 00:29:33,270 - Ohh... - We have a squeal with each orchid. 370 00:29:35,982 --> 00:29:39,902 Want to get your orchid? Come this way, please. 371 00:29:40,779 --> 00:29:43,363 2250. This is really a handsome thing to have. 372 00:29:43,448 --> 00:29:46,992 You're getting this as a premium for a war bond for $2250, 373 00:29:47,076 --> 00:29:49,536 so it's really a good purchase for anybody. 374 00:29:49,621 --> 00:29:51,914 Let's have a look at that. 375 00:29:51,998 --> 00:29:56,043 Hope is looking at the shoe. He may increase his bid to $2255. 376 00:29:56,127 --> 00:29:58,086 (laughter) 377 00:29:58,171 --> 00:30:01,173 You're going to come up a little, aren't you, flabby? 378 00:30:01,257 --> 00:30:02,925 (laughter) 379 00:30:03,009 --> 00:30:06,011 l shouldn't, but l'll go 25. 380 00:30:06,971 --> 00:30:12,726 Our enemies aren't pushovers. They're savage, skilful and relentless. 381 00:30:12,811 --> 00:30:16,563 They've trained for years for just this chance to ensgave the worgd, 382 00:30:16,648 --> 00:30:21,068 and that's just what they intend to do. And they'll use every trick and tool. 383 00:30:21,152 --> 00:30:25,614 But on the other hand, they aren't supermen. 384 00:30:25,698 --> 00:30:28,867 They didn't come down from Mars. 385 00:30:28,952 --> 00:30:32,412 They can be licked and they will be licked. 386 00:30:32,539 --> 00:30:34,164 By men. 387 00:30:34,249 --> 00:30:36,542 (cheering) 388 00:30:36,626 --> 00:30:38,836 ♪ We fought in 1917 389 00:30:38,920 --> 00:30:40,963 ♪ Rum-di-di dum dum dum 390 00:30:41,047 --> 00:30:43,590 ♪ And drove the tyrants from the sea 391 00:30:43,675 --> 00:30:45,717 ♪ Rum did-di dum dum dum 392 00:30:45,802 --> 00:30:48,136 ♪ We're in a bigger, better war 393 00:30:48,221 --> 00:30:50,430 ♪ For your patriotic pastime 394 00:30:50,515 --> 00:30:54,852 ♪ We don't know what we're fighting for But we didn't know the last time 395 00:30:54,936 --> 00:30:57,688 ♪ So load the cannon, draw the blade 396 00:30:57,772 --> 00:30:59,648 ♪ Rum-di-di dum dum dum 397 00:30:59,732 --> 00:31:04,778 ♪ Come on and join the big parade... 398 00:31:08,575 --> 00:31:12,744 ♪ Rum-di-di dum dum, rum-di-di dum dum, rum-di-di dum dum dum 399 00:31:12,829 --> 00:31:15,289 ♪ Let the drums roll out 400 00:31:15,373 --> 00:31:17,416 ♪ Let the trumpets call 401 00:31:17,500 --> 00:31:19,501 ♪ While the people shout 402 00:31:19,586 --> 00:31:21,587 ♪ Strike up the band 403 00:31:21,671 --> 00:31:24,047 lt was the airplanes of the treacherous foe 404 00:31:24,132 --> 00:31:26,216 that brought my husband to his death, 405 00:31:26,301 --> 00:31:29,928 and if l can qualify as an airplane worker at Vega 406 00:31:30,013 --> 00:31:32,431 and with my hands help to keep 'em flying, 407 00:31:32,515 --> 00:31:35,017 l will feel that l am carrying on for him. 408 00:31:35,101 --> 00:31:37,060 ♪ Hear the cymbals ring 409 00:31:37,145 --> 00:31:39,354 ♪ Calling one and all 410 00:31:39,439 --> 00:31:41,398 ♪ To the martial swing 411 00:31:41,482 --> 00:31:43,692 ♪ Strike up the band 412 00:31:43,776 --> 00:31:46,069 ♪ There is work to be done, to be done 413 00:31:46,154 --> 00:31:48,238 ♪ There's a war to be won, to be won 414 00:31:48,323 --> 00:31:50,699 ♪ Come, you son of a, son of a gun 415 00:31:50,783 --> 00:31:53,243 ♪ Take your stand 416 00:31:53,328 --> 00:31:55,329 ♪ Fall in line, yea a bow 417 00:31:55,413 --> 00:31:58,248 ♪ Come along, let's go 418 00:31:58,333 --> 00:32:01,335 ♪ Hey, leader, strike up the band 419 00:32:01,419 --> 00:32:03,003 We are doing our share, 420 00:32:03,129 --> 00:32:06,965 but we're going to do infinitely more than we have done. 421 00:32:07,050 --> 00:32:10,969 We have in our town today two mothers, 422 00:32:11,054 --> 00:32:15,390 each of whom has given two sons already. 423 00:32:15,475 --> 00:32:20,520 And, as l said before, we'll give our sons, we'll give our lives, 424 00:32:20,605 --> 00:32:22,814 but, by the help and grace of God, 425 00:32:22,899 --> 00:32:28,111 we will not give up our free America or our democratic way of life. 426 00:32:28,905 --> 00:32:31,573 ♪ Strike up the band 427 00:32:33,493 --> 00:32:35,494 ♪ Yankee-doo doodle-doo doodle-doo 428 00:32:35,578 --> 00:32:37,996 ♪ We'll come through, doodle-doo doodle-doo 429 00:32:38,081 --> 00:32:40,248 ♪ For the red, white and blue, doodle-doo 430 00:32:40,333 --> 00:32:43,210 ♪ Lend a hand 431 00:32:43,294 --> 00:32:45,170 ♪ With the flag unfurled 432 00:32:45,254 --> 00:32:47,714 ♪ We can lick the world 433 00:32:47,799 --> 00:32:55,806 ♪ Hey, leader, strike up the band 434 00:32:59,519 --> 00:33:02,396 (narrator) On the night of Pearl Harbour, 435 00:33:02,480 --> 00:33:05,399 one man had been happy - Winston Churchill. 436 00:33:05,483 --> 00:33:08,694 For now he knew Britain was saved. 437 00:33:08,778 --> 00:33:11,238 A few days later he journeyed to Washington 438 00:33:11,322 --> 00:33:13,782 to make sure the war was going to be fought 439 00:33:13,866 --> 00:33:17,953 on the British plan of Europe first and the Pacific second, 440 00:33:18,037 --> 00:33:21,581 and to cement the new Anglo-American alliance. 441 00:33:21,666 --> 00:33:25,419 What kind of a people do they think we are? 442 00:33:25,503 --> 00:33:28,463 ls it possible they do not realise 443 00:33:28,548 --> 00:33:33,135 that we shall never cease to persevere against them 444 00:33:33,219 --> 00:33:35,887 until they have been taught a lesson 445 00:33:35,972 --> 00:33:39,224 which they and the world will never forget. 446 00:33:47,608 --> 00:33:52,195 (narrator) Time, Churchill knew, was on the Allies' side. 447 00:33:52,280 --> 00:33:58,035 With America's industrial might behind them, they could not lose. 448 00:33:59,287 --> 00:34:00,454 (shouts order) 449 00:34:07,879 --> 00:34:11,798 1942 began badly for the Americans in the Pacific. 450 00:34:11,883 --> 00:34:17,846 Manila, capital of the Philippines, fell to the Japanese on January 1 . 451 00:34:20,391 --> 00:34:23,060 The Japanese pushed the American forces 452 00:34:23,144 --> 00:34:25,979 back into the narrow peninsular of Bataan. 453 00:34:33,196 --> 00:34:35,280 The American plan was to hold out there 454 00:34:35,364 --> 00:34:38,909 for six months or so, until reinforcements came. 455 00:34:38,993 --> 00:34:41,787 But the reinforcements never did come, 456 00:34:41,871 --> 00:34:46,625 and nor had Bataan been really prepared for a siege. 457 00:35:09,982 --> 00:35:13,860 The American troops besieged at Bataan had no air support, 458 00:35:13,945 --> 00:35:18,240 were short of medical supplies and their morale was poor. 459 00:35:18,324 --> 00:35:21,660 Even their commander-in-chief, General MacArthur, 460 00:35:21,786 --> 00:35:24,579 had leff them for safer shores. 461 00:35:26,332 --> 00:35:30,669 Their bitter ballad: "We are the battling bastards of Bataan 462 00:35:30,753 --> 00:35:33,713 No mama, no papa, no Uncle Sam 463 00:35:33,798 --> 00:35:37,092 No aunts, no uncles, no cousins, no nieces, 464 00:35:37,176 --> 00:35:40,220 No pills, no planes or artillery pieces 465 00:35:40,304 --> 00:35:43,348 And nobody gives a goddamn." 466 00:35:45,560 --> 00:35:48,353 Cock-a-hoop with the ease of their victory so far, 467 00:35:48,437 --> 00:35:54,901 the Japanese called on the Americans beleaguered in Bataan to surrender. 468 00:35:54,986 --> 00:36:01,533 The voice of the Philippines calling the attention of everyone everywhere. 469 00:36:02,326 --> 00:36:09,708 Everyone everywhere, Filipinos and Americans all over the country... 470 00:36:12,211 --> 00:36:14,963 (narrator) They tried leaflets too... 471 00:36:17,633 --> 00:36:23,763 aimed mostly at the Filipino soldiers among the American forces. 472 00:36:24,807 --> 00:36:28,935 The Japanese closed in for the kill. 473 00:37:07,892 --> 00:37:09,434 ln early May, 1942, 474 00:37:09,518 --> 00:37:13,396 the American commander in the Philippines, General Wainwright, 475 00:37:13,481 --> 00:37:18,109 bowed to the inevitable and surrendered the remainder of his forces. 476 00:37:18,194 --> 00:37:23,198 (mterpreter) l've decided to accept, in the name of humanity, 477 00:37:23,282 --> 00:37:31,164 the formal surrender of all American and Philippine army troops 478 00:37:31,249 --> 00:37:33,375 in the Philippine lslands. 479 00:37:33,459 --> 00:37:41,466 You will - repeat, will - surrender all troops to the proper Japanese officer. 480 00:37:42,551 --> 00:37:45,679 (narrator) 80,000 Americans surrendered, 481 00:37:45,763 --> 00:37:51,184 the largest mass capitulation in American military history. 482 00:37:51,269 --> 00:37:54,312 The Japanese made the Americans march in the blazing sun 483 00:37:54,397 --> 00:37:58,191 to prison camps 100 or so miles from Bataan. 484 00:37:58,276 --> 00:38:03,446 Deprived of water and medicine, starVed and brutally beaten, 485 00:38:03,531 --> 00:38:07,117 some 10,000 soldiers died along the way - 486 00:38:07,201 --> 00:38:11,246 more than had been killed in the actual fighting for Bataan. 487 00:38:21,340 --> 00:38:25,969 By that spring of 1942, the Japanese conquests were at their peak. 488 00:38:26,053 --> 00:38:30,348 Surely the British and Americans would now want to make peace, argued Tokyo - 489 00:38:30,433 --> 00:38:34,686 a peace that would allow the Japanese to retain their conquests. 490 00:38:34,770 --> 00:38:39,566 But already bold steps were being taken to strike back at the Japanese 491 00:38:39,650 --> 00:38:43,486 here in the heart of their empire, Tokyo. 492 00:38:43,571 --> 00:38:47,073 l was on this cruiser called the Northampton 493 00:38:47,158 --> 00:38:52,454 and we were several days out at sea when we saw the Hornet coming up. 494 00:38:52,580 --> 00:38:55,957 And the Hornet had very unusual planes on deck - 495 00:38:56,042 --> 00:38:58,168 you could see them from a long way. 496 00:38:58,252 --> 00:39:02,589 They were large land-based planes - B-25s. 497 00:39:04,008 --> 00:39:11,681 (man) We had only one real worry - that would have been a dead calm. 498 00:39:11,766 --> 00:39:13,308 Under those conditions, 499 00:39:13,392 --> 00:39:16,978 taking off the carrier deck with the heavy loads that we had 500 00:39:17,104 --> 00:39:19,356 would have been at best precarious. 501 00:39:19,440 --> 00:39:21,941 The worst thing we thought might happen 502 00:39:22,026 --> 00:39:25,445 would be a completely alerted Japan waiting for us. 503 00:39:25,529 --> 00:39:31,076 What did happen was that the morning just before take-off 504 00:39:31,160 --> 00:39:34,079 we encountered two Japanese fishing boats. 505 00:39:34,163 --> 00:39:39,501 They spotted our task force, sent a message to the mainland, 506 00:39:39,585 --> 00:39:42,879 but, unfortunately for the Japanese, 507 00:39:42,963 --> 00:39:47,092 were sunk before they could repeat the message. 508 00:39:50,679 --> 00:39:54,391 So we achieved almost complete surprise. 509 00:40:16,288 --> 00:40:21,376 The actual amount of damage done was minimal. 510 00:40:21,460 --> 00:40:26,256 We were 16 aeroplanes, each with one ton of bombs. 511 00:40:26,340 --> 00:40:31,594 ln the later stages of World War ll, the 20th Air Force under LeMay 512 00:40:31,679 --> 00:40:36,266 was sending out 500 aeroplanes, each with 10 tons of bombs. 513 00:40:36,392 --> 00:40:40,728 So we dropped 16 against a later raid of 5,000, 514 00:40:40,813 --> 00:40:43,982 so the damage was not at all great. 515 00:40:44,066 --> 00:40:46,860 However, it did have some advantages. 516 00:40:46,944 --> 00:40:50,947 One, we had had nothing but bad news at home, 517 00:40:51,031 --> 00:40:53,575 so it was the first good news our folks got 518 00:40:53,659 --> 00:40:57,162 and it was appreciated as good news. 519 00:40:57,246 --> 00:41:00,707 lt caused the Japanese to question their warlords, 520 00:41:00,791 --> 00:41:04,627 who had informed them that Japan would never be attacked. 521 00:41:07,548 --> 00:41:12,594 (narrator) The Doolittle raid stung Japan's leaders and made them careless. 522 00:41:13,179 --> 00:41:14,387 Ever since Pearl Harbour, 523 00:41:14,472 --> 00:41:18,391 Japan's navy had sought a decisive battle with America's navy, 524 00:41:18,476 --> 00:41:24,272 a battle that would decide once and for all mastery of the Pacific. 525 00:41:31,614 --> 00:41:34,866 ln early June, 1942, the Japanese carriers 526 00:41:34,950 --> 00:41:38,161 rendezvous'd close to Midway lsland, 527 00:41:38,245 --> 00:41:41,956 some 1300 miles northwest of Hawaii. 528 00:41:56,931 --> 00:41:59,015 (speaking Japanese) 529 00:41:59,934 --> 00:42:02,936 (translator) We had ceased to be as wary as before. 530 00:42:03,020 --> 00:42:06,898 The Americans knew in advance that we would attack Midway. 531 00:42:06,982 --> 00:42:10,151 They were waiting for us and we walked into their trap. 532 00:43:44,496 --> 00:43:46,748 (narrator) But while the Japanese navy's 533 00:43:46,874 --> 00:43:49,167 attention was focused on Midway lsland, 534 00:43:49,251 --> 00:43:51,210 the American navy were preparing 535 00:43:51,295 --> 00:43:53,713 to strike back at the Japanese carrier fleet. 536 00:43:53,797 --> 00:43:57,175 (man) We had a wonderful advantage - we were breaking their code 537 00:43:57,259 --> 00:43:58,718 and they didn't know it. 538 00:43:58,802 --> 00:44:01,804 So we had some idea what was going to happen there. 539 00:44:01,889 --> 00:44:03,765 We were on the scene 540 00:44:03,849 --> 00:44:09,103 with the carrier force in the right spot to meet them. 541 00:45:14,044 --> 00:45:17,755 (narrator) Midway, one of the greatest sea battles of all time, 542 00:45:17,840 --> 00:45:21,676 meant the US regained naval control of the Pacific 543 00:45:21,760 --> 00:45:26,806 and was the end of Japan's hope of any further conquests. 544 00:45:28,267 --> 00:45:29,851 The four Japanese carriers 545 00:45:29,935 --> 00:45:33,396 that had launched the raid on Pearl Harbour six months before 546 00:45:33,480 --> 00:45:37,150 were destroyed by planes from the very American carriers 547 00:45:37,234 --> 00:45:42,029 that had been at sea and escaped destruction that day. 548 00:45:46,118 --> 00:45:50,455 The Battle of Midway doomed Japan. 549 00:45:50,539 --> 00:45:56,085 The Midway battle was, many people say, the turning point of the Pacific war - 550 00:45:56,170 --> 00:46:01,466 that is, the turning point from complete retreat on our part, 551 00:46:01,550 --> 00:46:06,804 or at least an attempt to establish a stalemate, and offensive. 552 00:46:06,889 --> 00:46:12,602 (narrator) Turning point not just at sea, but on land too. 553 00:46:14,730 --> 00:46:17,690 The island of Guadalcanal in the Solomons, 554 00:46:17,775 --> 00:46:22,403 the southernmost limit of the Japanese conquests. 555 00:46:27,159 --> 00:46:30,036 ln August 1942, the Allies returned. 556 00:46:30,120 --> 00:46:33,956 For the Americans, it was their first invasion of the war. 557 00:46:34,041 --> 00:46:38,920 (man) We had such a tiny fraction of America's force and money - 558 00:46:39,004 --> 00:46:41,464 resources and manpower resources. 559 00:46:41,548 --> 00:46:44,217 90% went to Europe. 560 00:46:44,301 --> 00:46:48,846 We had such a tiny little thread of existence down there. 561 00:46:48,931 --> 00:46:51,432 lt was our first offensive in the Pacific 562 00:46:51,517 --> 00:46:55,269 and we went in with only one division. 563 00:47:14,873 --> 00:47:19,460 The Japanese were tough fighters and they never would give up. 564 00:47:19,545 --> 00:47:22,463 We had isolated a Japanese regiment 565 00:47:22,548 --> 00:47:25,925 in what was known as the Gifu strongpoint, 566 00:47:26,009 --> 00:47:29,262 and they fought until we actually had to annihilate them. 567 00:47:29,346 --> 00:47:33,140 We used loudspeakers affer we had surrounded them 568 00:47:33,225 --> 00:47:36,727 and tried to persuade them to surrender, but they wouldn't. 569 00:47:36,812 --> 00:47:43,776 Japanese shouldn't have made such a great effort in Guadalcanal. 570 00:47:43,861 --> 00:47:46,612 They could have saved their strength. 571 00:47:47,990 --> 00:47:50,116 (flies buzzing) 572 00:48:27,279 --> 00:48:31,616 (narrator) At long last the tide had turned for the Allies in the Pacific. 573 00:48:31,700 --> 00:48:34,869 But it was still as yet only a sideshow. 574 00:48:34,953 --> 00:48:38,539 The main energies were being reserVed for Europe. 575 00:48:38,624 --> 00:48:40,458 lt was really a little odd 576 00:48:40,542 --> 00:48:44,253 to the Americans in the general public at that time 577 00:48:44,338 --> 00:48:48,299 that we were spending so little effort in the Pacific. 578 00:48:48,383 --> 00:48:52,470 President Roosevelt made up his mind that the defeat of Hitler 579 00:48:52,554 --> 00:48:57,683 was by far the most important to achieve first - 580 00:48:57,768 --> 00:49:00,686 he was the most dangerous of the enemies. 581 00:49:00,771 --> 00:49:02,438 And he was very skilful 582 00:49:02,564 --> 00:49:07,276 in keeping American public opinion directed towards Europe, 583 00:49:07,361 --> 00:49:09,862 although we did have a very major operation 584 00:49:09,947 --> 00:49:12,406 in Japan and a very successful operation, 585 00:49:12,491 --> 00:49:15,034 affer we recovered from the tremendous blow 586 00:49:15,118 --> 00:49:18,454 of the loss of a substantial part of our navy at Pearl Harbour. 587 00:49:18,538 --> 00:49:25,711 l think that generally public opinion had the feeling, as we say in baseball, 588 00:49:25,796 --> 00:49:28,506 the big league was in Europe 589 00:49:28,590 --> 00:49:33,344 and in the United Kingdom - l include that in Western Europe. 590 00:49:33,428 --> 00:49:36,263 The decision was made early 591 00:49:36,348 --> 00:49:41,560 that Europe came first - and it was a wise decision - 592 00:49:41,645 --> 00:49:43,062 in spite of the fact 593 00:49:43,146 --> 00:49:47,984 we got the devil knocked out of us in the Pacific for a long time. 594 00:49:48,068 --> 00:49:52,863 That was the right decision and l think everybody recognised it. 595 00:49:52,948 --> 00:49:56,158 Now, of course, the navy protested 596 00:49:56,243 --> 00:50:00,621 at being leff way underpowered in the Pacific. 597 00:50:00,706 --> 00:50:07,878 And it did put us up to very heavy casualties and all of that. 598 00:50:07,963 --> 00:50:13,467 But l think the country in general agreed with the decision 599 00:50:13,552 --> 00:50:17,263 that the real threat was in Europe. 600 00:50:17,347 --> 00:50:20,349 We could take care of the Japs in our own good time, 601 00:50:20,434 --> 00:50:26,480 but the real thing that had to be met was on the Continent. 602 00:50:37,534 --> 00:50:41,078 ♪ This is the army, Mr Jones 603 00:50:41,163 --> 00:50:45,458 ♪ No private rooms or telephones 604 00:50:45,542 --> 00:50:48,919 ♪ You had your breakfast in bed before 605 00:50:49,004 --> 00:50:53,090 ♪ But you won't have it there any more 606 00:50:53,175 --> 00:50:55,009 Here we teach you how to kill: 607 00:50:55,093 --> 00:50:58,345 get the opponent on the ground as quick as possible 608 00:50:58,430 --> 00:51:01,140 and snuff out his life by kicking with both feet, 609 00:51:01,224 --> 00:51:02,933 one foot, the flat of the hand, 610 00:51:03,018 --> 00:51:06,103 a rabbit punch, gouging the eyes out, ripping the mouth. 611 00:51:06,188 --> 00:51:08,564 The gentle art of killing a man 612 00:51:08,690 --> 00:51:13,027 is to get him on the ground and kick in this manner. See? 613 00:51:17,824 --> 00:51:20,534 Come on, all of you do that. Come on. 614 00:51:21,661 --> 00:51:25,331 ♪ Do what the buglers command 615 00:51:25,415 --> 00:51:29,543 ♪ They're in the army and not in a band 616 00:51:29,628 --> 00:51:33,798 ♪ This is the army, Mr Brown 617 00:51:33,882 --> 00:51:37,343 ♪ You and your baby went to town 618 00:51:37,427 --> 00:51:40,846 ♪ She had you worried, but this is war 619 00:51:40,931 --> 00:51:44,767 ♪ And she won't worry you any more 620 00:51:44,851 --> 00:51:48,938 ♪ Mr Jones, Mr Green 621 00:51:49,022 --> 00:51:50,940 ♪ Mr Brown... 622 00:51:51,024 --> 00:51:57,321 Mr Churchill did have a real antipathy, l think, 623 00:51:57,405 --> 00:52:04,620 toward getting ashore what he would call prematurely onto the European continent. 624 00:52:04,704 --> 00:52:06,956 He had very vivid memories 625 00:52:07,040 --> 00:52:11,669 of the sacrifice of a British generation in World War l. 626 00:52:11,753 --> 00:52:15,798 Passchendaele and the Somme - they were always nightmares to him. 627 00:52:15,924 --> 00:52:17,842 Affer all this passion 628 00:52:17,968 --> 00:52:20,928 that had been aroused as a result of Pearl Harbour 629 00:52:21,054 --> 00:52:24,807 and our being in the war, marching and counter-marching and training, 630 00:52:24,891 --> 00:52:26,976 we just had to get ashore someplace. 631 00:52:27,060 --> 00:52:28,811 ln view of the British attitude, 632 00:52:28,895 --> 00:52:33,440 which felt we weren't prepared to go into the main theatre, 633 00:52:33,525 --> 00:52:36,944 we sniffed around for another spot to express our strength 634 00:52:37,028 --> 00:52:38,863 and it turned out it was Africa. 635 00:52:38,947 --> 00:52:43,492 ♪ Over there 636 00:52:43,577 --> 00:52:45,744 ♪ Send the word, send the word 637 00:52:45,829 --> 00:52:47,955 ♪ Over there 638 00:52:48,039 --> 00:52:50,499 ♪ That the Yanks are coming 639 00:52:50,584 --> 00:52:53,002 ♪ The Yanks are coming 640 00:52:53,086 --> 00:52:56,463 ♪ The drums rum-tumming everywhere 641 00:52:57,048 --> 00:52:59,133 ♪ So prepare 642 00:52:59,217 --> 00:53:01,552 ♪ Say a prayer 643 00:53:01,636 --> 00:53:03,679 ♪ Send the word, send the word 644 00:53:03,763 --> 00:53:05,931 ♪ To beware 645 00:53:06,016 --> 00:53:08,100 ♪ We'll be over 646 00:53:08,185 --> 00:53:10,477 ♪ We're coming over 647 00:53:10,562 --> 00:53:24,241 ♪ And we won't come back till it's over over there 648 00:53:26,703 --> 00:53:29,455 (narrator) November, 1942. 649 00:53:29,539 --> 00:53:32,333 600 ships, loaded with men and material, 650 00:53:32,459 --> 00:53:36,212 set sail for North Africa - Operation Torch. 651 00:53:36,296 --> 00:53:41,342 Said Roosevelt, when he heard the news, "At last we're on our way."