1 00:00:00,360 --> 00:00:03,030 Now it's time to go over the question. 2 00:00:03,030 --> 00:00:07,110 Types and structures for academic writing task number one. 3 00:00:07,470 --> 00:00:08,760 So let's get started. 4 00:00:09,760 --> 00:00:15,940 When it comes to task number one is really, really important that you truly understand all of the different 5 00:00:15,940 --> 00:00:18,100 structures you might encounter. 6 00:00:18,520 --> 00:00:24,730 So through this lecture, I'm going to help you become very familiar with the different types of academic 7 00:00:24,730 --> 00:00:30,100 tasks one structures that you'll have to possibly write on the exam. 8 00:00:32,140 --> 00:00:38,110 So when we're talking about question types, question structures, you have a bar chart. 9 00:00:38,980 --> 00:00:41,260 You could have to write a pie chart. 10 00:00:42,180 --> 00:00:43,230 A table. 11 00:00:44,080 --> 00:00:53,530 Two different charts, a line graph, or possibly write a diagram that could be a process or a map. 12 00:00:54,550 --> 00:00:55,570 So again. 13 00:00:56,480 --> 00:01:06,770 You could possibly write a bar chart, table pie chart, two different charts, a line graph or a diagram 14 00:01:06,770 --> 00:01:09,050 that involves a process or a map. 15 00:01:09,080 --> 00:01:09,890 Now. 16 00:01:10,620 --> 00:01:15,360 You'll only have to write one of these one of these types. 17 00:01:15,870 --> 00:01:21,050 You're not going to have to do a bar chart and then also do a second writing task. 18 00:01:21,060 --> 00:01:22,200 That's a pie chart. 19 00:01:22,590 --> 00:01:23,370 Now. 20 00:01:24,550 --> 00:01:33,370 It is possible then when you're doing a to different charts question type that one might be a bar graph 21 00:01:33,580 --> 00:01:38,860 and the other might be a table or one is a line graph and the other is a pie chart. 22 00:01:39,430 --> 00:01:45,760 So now I'm going to go ahead and show you what these different question types actually look like. 23 00:01:45,790 --> 00:01:47,980 So you could become very, very familiar. 24 00:01:51,340 --> 00:01:56,080 This, of course, is what you would call a bar graph or some call it a bar chart. 25 00:01:56,410 --> 00:01:59,140 I typically, typically call it a bar graph. 26 00:02:00,040 --> 00:02:03,010 This is one that comes up quite often. 27 00:02:03,400 --> 00:02:10,270 And really you just need to be able to practice doing it over and over and over again until you become 28 00:02:10,270 --> 00:02:15,010 really comfortable with being able to analyze the information on a bar graph. 29 00:02:18,350 --> 00:02:20,340 This, of course, is a pie chart. 30 00:02:20,360 --> 00:02:21,300 I mean, look at it. 31 00:02:21,320 --> 00:02:22,880 It's shaped like a pie. 32 00:02:23,180 --> 00:02:24,980 That's why it's called a pie chart. 33 00:02:25,370 --> 00:02:31,850 Now, typically, with every question you can see here at the bottom, you're always going to be given 34 00:02:31,850 --> 00:02:33,320 some type of summary. 35 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:41,170 Like here, it says you should spend about 20 minutes on this task and then they give you involved down 36 00:02:41,170 --> 00:02:46,600 here a summary of the of what this information is really talking about. 37 00:02:48,220 --> 00:02:55,120 The pie charts show the electricity generated in Germany and France from all sources and renewables 38 00:02:55,120 --> 00:02:56,980 in the year 2009. 39 00:02:57,430 --> 00:03:03,400 Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant. 40 00:03:03,610 --> 00:03:04,030 Right? 41 00:03:04,030 --> 00:03:08,500 At least 150 words anti question type you get. 42 00:03:09,220 --> 00:03:12,220 Is going to have that type of standard information. 43 00:03:14,200 --> 00:03:19,180 Now, of course, you can't repeat the information verbatim. 44 00:03:19,450 --> 00:03:26,890 Show your talent in English by paraphrasing this information using synonym language to restate this 45 00:03:26,890 --> 00:03:27,790 information. 46 00:03:30,800 --> 00:03:32,810 Now here we have a line graph. 47 00:03:33,790 --> 00:03:35,500 Again, quite obvious. 48 00:03:36,040 --> 00:03:42,860 The chart below shows the changes in three different areas of crime in Manchester City Centre from 2003 49 00:03:42,860 --> 00:03:44,320 to 2012. 50 00:03:45,690 --> 00:03:48,240 Then you have to be able to look at this line graph. 51 00:03:48,720 --> 00:03:54,780 And over here, you can see the basic structure, a basic strategy for any question type. 52 00:03:55,660 --> 00:03:58,060 It's always going to be four paragraphs. 53 00:03:58,420 --> 00:04:02,200 You're going to have an introduction, a general overview. 54 00:04:02,890 --> 00:04:05,100 Specific paragraph, number one. 55 00:04:05,110 --> 00:04:07,270 Specific paragraph, number two. 56 00:04:08,170 --> 00:04:10,510 It's always going to be that structure. 57 00:04:11,510 --> 00:04:18,890 You got to write an introduction which basically paraphrases this this summary, and also might include 58 00:04:18,890 --> 00:04:24,890 some other details that you see on the graph, like burglary, car theft, robbery, dates and numbers. 59 00:04:25,400 --> 00:04:29,930 In terms of really what types of numbers in the millions in the thousands. 60 00:04:30,290 --> 00:04:33,980 So that kind of information is what goes in the introduction. 61 00:04:34,400 --> 00:04:42,650 And then for a general overview, you will be looking at this and really talking about the general obvious 62 00:04:42,650 --> 00:04:43,460 things. 63 00:04:44,390 --> 00:04:44,620 Right. 64 00:04:44,660 --> 00:04:45,980 What is the big picture here? 65 00:04:45,980 --> 00:04:48,380 What can we see in terms of the big picture here? 66 00:04:50,360 --> 00:04:57,860 And then you have the specific paragraphs, specific paragraph one and specific paragraph number two. 67 00:04:58,490 --> 00:05:01,610 And that's when you're talking about specific time periods. 68 00:05:02,120 --> 00:05:08,780 So you might take 2003 to 2005 and talk about what was happening on the three. 69 00:05:09,260 --> 00:05:19,820 In terms of comparing the three lines from 2003 to 2005 and then also talking about 2005 to 2007 and 70 00:05:19,820 --> 00:05:24,500 talking specifically about the details relating the information. 71 00:05:26,860 --> 00:05:32,680 And then for a specific paragraph, number two, you'll be doing the same thing, talking about the 72 00:05:32,680 --> 00:05:42,580 specific details data from 2007 and 2009, and then also talking about 2009 to 2012. 73 00:05:43,090 --> 00:05:48,640 Now, of course, here you're going to talk about things in what verb tense? 74 00:05:49,780 --> 00:05:50,950 Past tense. 75 00:05:52,370 --> 00:05:55,220 Everything should be in the past tense. 76 00:05:56,670 --> 00:06:01,350 Because everything is happening before 2012. 77 00:06:02,440 --> 00:06:04,330 Before 2012. 78 00:06:04,330 --> 00:06:05,980 Everything is happening. 79 00:06:06,940 --> 00:06:13,390 So really when you're talking about it and discussing it, you should be using the past tense. 80 00:06:16,330 --> 00:06:17,770 Then we have a table. 81 00:06:18,890 --> 00:06:20,240 We have a table here. 82 00:06:21,380 --> 00:06:22,020 Right. 83 00:06:22,040 --> 00:06:25,130 But again, you can see it's the exact same strategy. 84 00:06:25,160 --> 00:06:26,240 Introduction. 85 00:06:26,240 --> 00:06:27,290 General Overview. 86 00:06:27,290 --> 00:06:28,940 Specific paragraph one. 87 00:06:28,940 --> 00:06:30,980 Specific paragraph number two. 88 00:06:31,520 --> 00:06:35,090 Now here, we're not given a date. 89 00:06:36,450 --> 00:06:38,070 We're not given a date. 90 00:06:39,240 --> 00:06:45,240 The table illustrates the proportion of monthly household income five European countries spend on food, 91 00:06:45,240 --> 00:06:47,340 drink, housing, clothing and entertainment. 92 00:06:48,640 --> 00:06:49,810 Now here. 93 00:06:51,170 --> 00:06:54,770 My advice is to use the present tense. 94 00:06:56,380 --> 00:06:56,810 Right. 95 00:06:56,830 --> 00:06:57,850 However. 96 00:06:59,230 --> 00:07:01,210 Because we're not given a date. 97 00:07:02,110 --> 00:07:09,820 There's nothing wrong with you writing this table in the past tense because obvious this obviously this 98 00:07:09,820 --> 00:07:11,770 is information from the past. 99 00:07:12,890 --> 00:07:13,360 Right. 100 00:07:13,370 --> 00:07:20,210 This is information in terms because it's talking about the household income that five year five European 101 00:07:20,210 --> 00:07:21,440 countries spend. 102 00:07:22,340 --> 00:07:24,140 This is how much money they're spending. 103 00:07:24,740 --> 00:07:34,160 So my my standard advice is my preference is to write about when there's no date given for me to write 104 00:07:34,160 --> 00:07:35,180 in the present tense. 105 00:07:35,180 --> 00:07:37,370 I like to write in the active voice. 106 00:07:37,370 --> 00:07:39,050 The active present voice. 107 00:07:39,050 --> 00:07:41,210 I think that's really effective writing. 108 00:07:41,930 --> 00:07:44,840 So that's really what I would advise you to do. 109 00:07:48,320 --> 00:07:52,580 This is an example of when you're dealing with two different charts of graphs. 110 00:07:53,120 --> 00:07:56,840 Like for this one, you have a bar chart at the top. 111 00:07:57,750 --> 00:07:59,370 And you have a lying graph at the top. 112 00:07:59,370 --> 00:07:59,970 At the bottom. 113 00:07:59,970 --> 00:08:00,380 I'm sorry. 114 00:08:00,390 --> 00:08:01,200 At the bottom. 115 00:08:01,710 --> 00:08:05,550 And we're talking about hamburgers, fish and chips and pizza. 116 00:08:07,160 --> 00:08:08,240 And now. 117 00:08:08,630 --> 00:08:10,010 And for this one. 118 00:08:10,700 --> 00:08:17,930 You, of course, going to have an introduction, but your introduction might involve two sentences, 119 00:08:18,500 --> 00:08:24,950 one sentence to describe the bar graph and the second sentence to describe the line graph. 120 00:08:26,030 --> 00:08:31,970 And then you have a general overview again for the general overview. 121 00:08:32,540 --> 00:08:36,500 You will look and look at it and say, What do I obviously see? 122 00:08:37,550 --> 00:08:38,960 What is obvious. 123 00:08:39,200 --> 00:08:40,060 We can see here. 124 00:08:40,070 --> 00:08:40,640 What? 125 00:08:40,940 --> 00:08:42,320 The hamburgers. 126 00:08:42,800 --> 00:08:47,720 The hamburger is, you know, it's steadily falling in terms of income. 127 00:08:49,490 --> 00:08:50,690 Higher income. 128 00:08:51,050 --> 00:08:53,880 More expenditure on hamburgers. 129 00:08:53,900 --> 00:08:55,150 Average income. 130 00:08:55,160 --> 00:08:56,360 Then lower income. 131 00:08:56,360 --> 00:08:59,990 It steadily falls as income decreases. 132 00:09:01,010 --> 00:09:02,270 We see the same thing. 133 00:09:02,270 --> 00:09:03,050 For what? 134 00:09:03,230 --> 00:09:04,100 Pizza. 135 00:09:05,410 --> 00:09:05,810 Right. 136 00:09:05,830 --> 00:09:08,400 The lower the income, the less pizza. 137 00:09:08,410 --> 00:09:10,690 That is what you call a general overview. 138 00:09:10,690 --> 00:09:12,010 That's information. 139 00:09:12,670 --> 00:09:15,940 That's the kind of information that will go in a general overview. 140 00:09:17,610 --> 00:09:21,490 And then we have the pizza and the pizza. 141 00:09:21,510 --> 00:09:23,970 You know, really it really stands out. 142 00:09:25,200 --> 00:09:28,170 It really stands out because it doesn't follow the same pattern. 143 00:09:28,380 --> 00:09:35,670 But when we're talking about general overview, that's those are that's the obvious clear information 144 00:09:35,670 --> 00:09:37,260 that everybody can see. 145 00:09:38,330 --> 00:09:44,090 When it comes to the specific paragraphs, one and two, we might be comparing different details, and 146 00:09:44,090 --> 00:09:45,050 that's okay. 147 00:09:46,720 --> 00:09:52,450 You might choose to compare other interesting details that I find that I don't find interesting. 148 00:09:53,660 --> 00:09:55,460 And that's perfectly fine. 149 00:09:56,500 --> 00:10:01,270 But our general overviews should be pretty much the same. 150 00:10:03,820 --> 00:10:09,610 In terms of the specific paragraphs, you would have a specific paragraph that talks about the bar chart, 151 00:10:09,670 --> 00:10:14,320 and then you have a specific paragraph that talks about the line graph that would be your paragraph 152 00:10:14,320 --> 00:10:15,610 one and paragraph two. 153 00:10:18,580 --> 00:10:24,010 Next, you might encounter a question that's called a diagram map, where they give you some type of 154 00:10:24,010 --> 00:10:32,320 diagram like you see here, which is the city of Trenton in 1990 and the city of Trenton in 2012. 155 00:10:32,740 --> 00:10:40,210 And your job is to talk about the your job is to talk about the similarities and differences between 156 00:10:40,210 --> 00:10:42,880 1990 and 2012. 157 00:10:44,580 --> 00:10:44,940 Right. 158 00:10:44,940 --> 00:10:50,340 And so that's something that's really, really straightforward in terms of how you do it. 159 00:10:51,490 --> 00:10:52,090 Okay. 160 00:10:54,150 --> 00:11:00,750 In terms of the specific paragraphs, one and two, you're going to be choosing. 161 00:11:00,750 --> 00:11:02,040 You have to choose. 162 00:11:03,040 --> 00:11:05,170 Which which of these aspects you're going to talk about? 163 00:11:05,170 --> 00:11:10,780 You're going you're going to compare in paragraph one and then which aspects are going to compare in 164 00:11:10,780 --> 00:11:12,010 paragraph number two. 165 00:11:12,580 --> 00:11:22,810 So in paragraph number one, I might talk about the I, I talk about the trees from 1990, the trees, 166 00:11:22,930 --> 00:11:27,160 the shops, the housing and the cafe park. 167 00:11:27,820 --> 00:11:33,700 And then in specific paragraph number two, I'll talk about other similarities and differences. 168 00:11:34,030 --> 00:11:39,250 But you divide up the information that really helps your task achievement and also your coherence. 169 00:11:39,250 --> 00:11:39,850 Great. 170 00:11:43,150 --> 00:11:47,380 And then finally, you could encounter a diagram process question. 171 00:11:48,300 --> 00:11:51,960 And here you can see we're dealing with a process. 172 00:11:53,080 --> 00:11:59,140 How things go or how the elements I should, I should say, be more specific. 173 00:11:59,650 --> 00:12:06,130 The elements go from snow to runoff to groundwater. 174 00:12:06,970 --> 00:12:15,760 And then some goes into the saltwater intrusion that intrudes on that groundwater flows out to the ocean. 175 00:12:16,330 --> 00:12:19,060 Evaporation goes up into the clouds. 176 00:12:19,600 --> 00:12:20,890 Cloud formation. 177 00:12:21,190 --> 00:12:22,420 Precipitation. 178 00:12:22,960 --> 00:12:26,260 The whole discussing the process. 179 00:12:27,430 --> 00:12:35,440 Personally, I love the the diagram map and the diagram process questions. 180 00:12:35,920 --> 00:12:42,460 I think those are the easiest ones to do actually, because they give you a lot of the specific vocabulary. 181 00:12:42,940 --> 00:12:47,980 And your job is basically to take that information and create sentences. 182 00:12:51,450 --> 00:12:51,900 All right. 183 00:12:51,900 --> 00:12:57,420 So coming up next, we're going to go over the standard question strategy. 184 00:12:57,690 --> 00:13:01,530 And you've kind of you've kind of heard me talk about that a little bit already. 185 00:13:02,160 --> 00:13:09,090 I'm going to talk about that in a little bit more detail in the upcoming strategy and really talking 186 00:13:09,090 --> 00:13:13,440 about how we have one strategy for all question types. 187 00:13:14,370 --> 00:13:15,780 Thank you very much. 188 00:13:16,230 --> 00:13:19,260 As always, it's a pleasure being your instructor. 189 00:13:19,440 --> 00:13:20,850 I'll talk to you soon. 190 00:13:20,880 --> 00:13:22,230 Keep studying hard.